第2章商業(yè)銀行管理

1、第二章第二章 商業(yè)銀行的資本管理商業(yè)銀行的資本管理第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 銀行資本的性質(zhì)與作用銀行資本的性質(zhì)與作用第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 銀行資本的構(gòu)成銀行資本的構(gòu)成第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健第四節(jié)第四節(jié) 資本的籌集與管理資本的籌集與管理第一節(jié)第一節(jié)銀行資本的性質(zhì)與作用銀行資本的性質(zhì)與作用一、一、銀行業(yè)面臨的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)銀行業(yè)面臨的主要風(fēng)險(xiǎn)1. 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)2. 匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)3. 利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)4. 經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)5. 流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)6. 犯罪風(fēng)險(xiǎn)犯罪風(fēng)險(xiǎn)二、商業(yè)銀行資本的多種功能二、商業(yè)銀行資本的多種功能1. 為銀行避免破產(chǎn)提供緩沖余地為銀行避免破產(chǎn)提供緩沖余地2. 提供銀

2、行的啟動(dòng)資金提供銀行的啟動(dòng)資金3. 樹(shù)立公眾對(duì)銀行的信心，顯示銀行實(shí)力樹(shù)立公眾對(duì)銀行的信心，顯示銀行實(shí)力4. 為銀行的拓展提供資金為銀行的拓展提供資金5. 保證單個(gè)銀行增長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)性保證單個(gè)銀行增長(zhǎng)的長(zhǎng)期可持續(xù)性第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 銀行資本的構(gòu)成銀行資本的構(gòu)成一、銀行資本的類型一、銀行資本的類型1. 實(shí)收資本實(shí)收資本2. 資本公積資本公積3. 盈余公積盈余公積4. 未分配利潤(rùn)未分配利潤(rùn)5. 重估儲(chǔ)備重估儲(chǔ)備6. 權(quán)益準(zhǔn)備金權(quán)益準(zhǔn)備金7. 次級(jí)債務(wù)次級(jí)債務(wù)二、二、 巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議I對(duì)對(duì)資本構(gòu)成資本構(gòu)成 的規(guī)定的規(guī)定 1988年，國(guó)際清算銀行通過(guò)了關(guān)年，國(guó)際清算銀行通過(guò)了關(guān)于統(tǒng)一國(guó)際銀行資本衡

3、量和資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)于統(tǒng)一國(guó)際銀行資本衡量和資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的的巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議，規(guī)定，規(guī)定12個(gè)參加國(guó)個(gè)參加國(guó)應(yīng)以國(guó)際可比性及一致性為基礎(chǔ)制定應(yīng)以國(guó)際可比性及一致性為基礎(chǔ)制定各自的銀行資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。商業(yè)銀行的最各自的銀行資本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。商業(yè)銀行的最低資本由銀行資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)形成的資產(chǎn)風(fēng)低資本由銀行資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)形成的資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)所決定。險(xiǎn)所決定。巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議I的核心思想是：的核心思想是：銀行最低資本由其資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)所形銀行最低資本由其資產(chǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)所形成的資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決定。最低資本為成的資產(chǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決定。最低資本為銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)總銀行風(fēng)險(xiǎn)總資產(chǎn)的資產(chǎn)的8%，核心資本，核心資本不低于不低于4%。1. 核心資本核心資本（1）股本）股本普通股普通股永

4、久非累積優(yōu)先股永久非累積優(yōu)先股（2）公開(kāi)儲(chǔ)備）公開(kāi)儲(chǔ)備2. 附屬資本附屬資本（1）未公開(kāi)儲(chǔ)備）未公開(kāi)儲(chǔ)備（2）重估儲(chǔ)備）重估儲(chǔ)備（3）普通準(zhǔn)備金）普通準(zhǔn)備金（4）混合資本工具）混合資本工具（5）長(zhǎng)期附屬債務(wù)）長(zhǎng)期附屬債務(wù)3. 扣除項(xiàng)目扣除項(xiàng)目（1）商譽(yù)：一種虛擬的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，）商譽(yù)：一種虛擬的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)，是銀行公允價(jià)值與賬面價(jià)值之差是銀行公允價(jià)值與賬面價(jià)值之差（2）對(duì)從事銀行業(yè)務(wù)和金融活動(dòng)）對(duì)從事銀行業(yè)務(wù)和金融活動(dòng)的附屬機(jī)構(gòu)的投資的附屬機(jī)構(gòu)的投資1. 不同規(guī)模銀行資本構(gòu)成的差異不同規(guī)模銀行資本構(gòu)成的差異（1）大銀行資本構(gòu)成中股票溢價(jià)和）大銀行資本構(gòu)成中股票溢價(jià)和未分配利潤(rùn)占有較大比重，其次是未分配

5、利潤(rùn)占有較大比重，其次是銀行發(fā)行的長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)和普通股的股銀行發(fā)行的長(zhǎng)期債務(wù)和普通股的股票票（2）小銀行資本的組成更主要地依）小銀行資本的組成更主要地依賴自身的未分配利潤(rùn)，較少?gòu)慕鹑谫囎陨淼奈捶峙淅麧?rùn)，較少?gòu)慕鹑谑袌?chǎng)上獲得資本市場(chǎng)上獲得資本三、銀行規(guī)模與資本構(gòu)成三、銀行規(guī)模與資本構(gòu)成2. 我國(guó)我國(guó)商業(yè)銀行的資本構(gòu)成商業(yè)銀行的資本構(gòu)成（1）核心資本）核心資本 1）實(shí)收資本）實(shí)收資本 2）資本公積）資本公積 3）盈余公積）盈余公積 4）未分配利潤(rùn)）未分配利潤(rùn) 5）少數(shù)股權(quán)）少數(shù)股權(quán)（2）附屬資本）附屬資本 1）重估儲(chǔ)備）重估儲(chǔ)備 2）一般準(zhǔn)備）一般準(zhǔn)備 3）優(yōu)先股）優(yōu)先股 4）可轉(zhuǎn)換債券）可轉(zhuǎn)換債券

6、5）長(zhǎng)期次級(jí)債務(wù)）長(zhǎng)期次級(jí)債務(wù)（3）資本的扣除項(xiàng)）資本的扣除項(xiàng) 1）商譽(yù)）商譽(yù) 2）銀行對(duì)未合并報(bào)表的銀行機(jī)構(gòu)的）銀行對(duì)未合并報(bào)表的銀行機(jī)構(gòu)的資本投資資本投資 3）銀行對(duì)非自用不動(dòng)產(chǎn)、非銀行金）銀行對(duì)非自用不動(dòng)產(chǎn)、非銀行金融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)的資本投資融機(jī)構(gòu)和企業(yè)的資本投資第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健一、資本與銀行倒閉風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一、資本與銀行倒閉風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 資本規(guī)模與銀行股東利益之間資本規(guī)模與銀行股東利益之間存在著矛盾。銀行資本收益率與存在著矛盾。銀行資本收益率與資產(chǎn)收益率存在著差異。銀行在資產(chǎn)收益率存在著差異。銀行在日常經(jīng)營(yíng)中的三種情況見(jiàn)以下三日常經(jīng)營(yíng)中的三種情況見(jiàn)以下三個(gè)表格：個(gè)表格：非

7、盈利資產(chǎn)非盈利資產(chǎn)存款和其他負(fù)債存款和其他負(fù)債盈利資產(chǎn)資本資本（A）（B）非盈利資產(chǎn)非盈利資產(chǎn)存款和其他負(fù)債存款和其他負(fù)債盈利資產(chǎn)盈利資產(chǎn)資本資本資產(chǎn)損失資產(chǎn)損失（C）非盈利資產(chǎn)非盈利資產(chǎn)存款和其他負(fù)債存款和其他負(fù)債盈利資產(chǎn)盈利資產(chǎn)資產(chǎn)損失資產(chǎn)損失資本資本二、資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健二、資本充足與銀行穩(wěn)健1. 資本充足率與銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)資本充足率與銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng) 對(duì)商業(yè)銀行規(guī)定的統(tǒng)一的資本充對(duì)商業(yè)銀行規(guī)定的統(tǒng)一的資本充足率在某些情況下可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)社會(huì)公足率在某些情況下可能會(huì)誤導(dǎo)社會(huì)公眾和銀行的客戶。達(dá)到資本充足率只眾和銀行的客戶。達(dá)到資本充足率只是從銀行的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債的某些側(cè)面反映是從銀行的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債的某些側(cè)面反映

8、銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況，資本充足并不意味銀行的經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況，資本充足并不意味著銀行沒(méi)有倒閉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。著銀行沒(méi)有倒閉的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2. 公眾判斷資本充足的輔助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公眾判斷資本充足的輔助標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（美國(guó)銀行監(jiān)管當(dāng)局推薦）（美國(guó)銀行監(jiān)管當(dāng)局推薦）（1）管理質(zhì)量）管理質(zhì)量（2）資產(chǎn)的流動(dòng)性）資產(chǎn)的流動(dòng)性（3）銀行的歷史收益）銀行的歷史收益（4）銀行股東的情況）銀行股東的情況（5）營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)用）營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)用（6）經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的效率）經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的效率（7）存款的變化）存款的變化（8）當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)行情）當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)行情三、三、巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議II對(duì)國(guó)際銀對(duì)國(guó)際銀行業(yè)資本充足性的測(cè)定行業(yè)資本充足性的測(cè)定1. 國(guó)際銀行業(yè)統(tǒng)一的資本要求國(guó)際銀行業(yè)統(tǒng)一的資本

9、要求（1） 核心資本與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的比率核心資本與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的比率不得低于不得低于4%。（2） 總資本（一級(jí)資本與二級(jí)資本之總資本（一級(jí)資本與二級(jí)資本之和）與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)總資產(chǎn)的比率不得低和）與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)總資產(chǎn)的比率不得低于于8%，二級(jí)資本最高不得超過(guò)一級(jí)資，二級(jí)資本最高不得超過(guò)一級(jí)資本的本的100%。其中，作為二級(jí)資本的次。其中，作為二級(jí)資本的次級(jí)債務(wù)和中期優(yōu)先股的總額最高不得級(jí)債務(wù)和中期優(yōu)先股的總額最高不得超過(guò)一級(jí)資本的超過(guò)一級(jí)資本的50%。按照信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。按照信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法的要求，一般準(zhǔn)備金可以包括標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法的要求，一般準(zhǔn)備金可以包括在二級(jí)資本中，但是不能超過(guò)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加在二級(jí)資本中，但是不能超過(guò)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加

10、權(quán)資產(chǎn)的權(quán)資產(chǎn)的1.25%。按內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法要求，。按內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法要求，一般準(zhǔn)備金不計(jì)入二級(jí)資本。一般準(zhǔn)備金不計(jì)入二級(jí)資本。2. 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的計(jì)算信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的計(jì)算 信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)根據(jù)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重違約信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)根據(jù)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重違約概率（概率（PD）、違約損失率（）、違約損失率（LGD）以及違約）以及違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露（風(fēng)險(xiǎn)暴露（EAD）計(jì)算。）計(jì)算。（1）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法：以外部評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)的評(píng)級(jí)結(jié)果確定）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法：以外部評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)的評(píng)級(jí)結(jié)果確定風(fēng)險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（2）初級(jí)的內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法：只估算）初級(jí)的內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法：只估算PD值，值，LGD值與值與EAD值由央行制定值由央行制定（3）高級(jí)的內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法：銀行自行估算）高級(jí)

11、的內(nèi)部評(píng)級(jí)法：銀行自行估算PD值，值，LGD值與值與EAD值值（4）資產(chǎn)組合信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型法）資產(chǎn)組合信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)模型法3. 資本充足率的計(jì)算（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法）資本充足率的計(jì)算（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法）（1）信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的計(jì)算）信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)資產(chǎn)的計(jì)算 1）計(jì)算表外項(xiàng)目的信用對(duì)等額）計(jì)算表外項(xiàng)目的信用對(duì)等額 2）將表內(nèi)資產(chǎn)及表外資產(chǎn)的信用對(duì)）將表內(nèi)資產(chǎn)及表外資產(chǎn)的信用對(duì)等額乘以相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重等額乘以相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)權(quán)重 3）將以上兩項(xiàng)相加得到信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資）將以上兩項(xiàng)相加得到信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)的總額產(chǎn)的總額（2） 應(yīng)對(duì)操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資本要求應(yīng)對(duì)操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資本要求3/0 ,818131GIMaxKTSAKTSA指用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法計(jì)算的總資本要求。指用

12、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)法計(jì)算的總資本要求。GI1-8指?jìng)€(gè)產(chǎn)品線中各產(chǎn)品線當(dāng)年的總收入。指?jìng)€(gè)產(chǎn)品線中各產(chǎn)品線當(dāng)年的總收入。指由巴塞爾委員會(huì)設(shè)定的固定百分?jǐn)?shù)，指由巴塞爾委員會(huì)設(shè)定的固定百分?jǐn)?shù)，建立建立8個(gè)產(chǎn)品線中各產(chǎn)品線的總收入與資本個(gè)產(chǎn)品線中各產(chǎn)品線的總收入與資本要求之間的聯(lián)系。要求之間的聯(lián)系。（3）應(yīng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資本要求應(yīng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的資本要求 1）利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）利率風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 2）股權(quán)頭寸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）股權(quán)頭寸風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 3）匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）匯率風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 4）商品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）商品風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（4）計(jì)算銀行的資本充足率）計(jì)算銀行的資本充足率 資本充足率資本充足率 = 總資本總資本 /（信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán)（信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)加權(quán) 資產(chǎn)資產(chǎn) + 12.5 市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要市場(chǎng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要 求

13、的資本額求的資本額 + 12.5操作操作 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要求的資本額風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要求的資本額 ）4. 各國(guó)銀行資本充足情況各國(guó)銀行資本充足情況The New Basel Accord (Basel II)Three pillars: The first Pillar-Minimum Capital Requirements The second pillar-Supervisory Review Process The third pillar-Market discipline四、四、巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議II 核心內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介核心內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介Pillar 1 - Minimum Capital Requirement

14、sThe Basel Committee discuses the calculation of the total minimum capital requirements for credit, market and operational risk. The minimum capital requirements are composed of three fundamental elements: a definition of regulatory capital, risk weighted assets and the minimum ratio of capital to r

15、isk weighted assets. In calculating the capital ratio, the denominator or total risk weighted assets will be determined by multiplying the capital requirements for market risk and operational risk by 12.5 (i.e. the reciprocal of the minimum capital ratio of 8%) and adding the resulting figures to th

16、e sum of risk-weighted assets compiled for credit risk. The ratio will be calculated in relation to the denominator, using regulatory capital as the numerator. Pillar 2 - Supervisory Review ProcessFour Key Principles of Supervisory Review:Principle 1: Banks should have a process for assessing their

17、overall capital adequacy in relation to their risk profile and a strategy for maintaining their capital levels. Principle 2: Supervisors should review and evaluate banks internal capital adequacy assessments and strategies, as well as their ability to monitor and ensure their compliance with regulat

18、ory capital ratios. Supervisors should take appropriate supervisory action if they are not satisfied with the result of this process. Principle 3: Supervisors should expect banks to operate above the minimum regulatory capital ratios and should have the ability to require banks to hold capital in ex

19、cess of the minimum. Principle 4: Supervisors should seek to intervene at an early stage to prevent capital from falling below the minimum levels required to support the risk characteristics of a particular bank and should require rapid remedial action if capital is not maintained or restored. Pilla

20、r 3 - Market DisciplineThe purpose of this pillar is to complement the above two . The Committee aims to encourage market discipline by developing a set of disclosure requirements which will allow market participants to assess key pieces of information on the scope of application, capital, risk expo

21、sures, risk assessment processes, and hence the capital adequacy of the institution. The Committee believes that such disclosures have particular relevance under the New Accord, where reliance on internal methodologies gives banks more discretion in assessing capital requirements. The Committee beli

22、eves that providing disclosures that are based on this common framework is an effective means of informing the market about a banks exposure to those risks and provides a consistent and understandable disclosure framework that enhances comparability. Internal Risk AssessmentThe new agreement represe

23、nts a revolutionary change in government regulatory philosophy. Banks will be permitted to measure their own risk exposure and determine how much capital they will need to meet that exposure, subject to review by the regulators to make sure those measurements and calculations are “reasonable”. The b

24、anks are required to carry out their own repeated stress testing over the course of the business cycle, using a so-called internal-rating-based (IRB) approach, to ensure they are prepared for the possibly damaging impacts of ever-changing market conditions.Operational RiskOne of the key innovations

25、proposed for Basel II is requiring banks to hold capital to deal with operational risk in addition to credit and market risks. This type of risk exposure includes such things as losses from employee fraud, product flows, accounting errors, computer breakdowns, and natural disasters that may damage a

26、 banks physical assets and reduce its ability to communicate with its customers. A Dual (Large-Bank, Small-Bank) Set of RulesBasel II is expected to adopt one set of capital rules for the largest multinational banks and another set for smaller banking firms. Regulators are especially concerned that

27、small banks could be overwhelmed by the heavy burdens of gathering risk-exposure information and performing complicated risk calculations. The system may lower the capital requirements of many of the largest banks while it could create a competitive disadvantage for small banks. It is expected that

28、smaller banks will be able to continue to use simpler and more standardized approached in determining their capital requirements and risk exposures.Remaining Problems of Basel IIFirst, the technology of risk measurement has a long way to go before Basel II is fully implemented.Second, there is compl

29、ex issue of risk aggregation.Third, it is difficult to deal with the business cycle.Forth, it is a problem to improve regulator competence.五、五、巴塞爾協(xié)議巴塞爾協(xié)議III 的核心內(nèi)容的核心內(nèi)容44Basel III (1) Components of capital Total regulatory capital will consist of the sum of the following elements: 1) Tier 1 Capital a

30、. Common Equity Tier 1 b. Additional Tier 1 2)Tier 2 Capital1. Strengthening the global capital framework 45Basel III The associated regulatory adjustments of capital requirements are subject to the following : - Common Equity Tier 1 must be at least 4.5% of risk-weighted assets at all times. - Tier

31、 1 Capital must be at least 6.0% of risk-weighted assets at all times. - Total Capital (Tier 1 Capital plus Tier 2 Capital) must be at least 8.0% of risk weighted assets at all times.46Basel III The capital conservation buffer is designed to ensure that banks build up capital buffers outside periods

32、 of stress which can be drawn down as losses are incurred. When buffers have been drawn down, one way banks should look to rebuild them is through reducing discretionary distributions of earnings. This could include reducing dividend payments, share-backs and staff bonus payments. A capital conserva

33、tion buffer of 2.5% is established above the regulatory minimum capital requirement.(2) Capital conservation buffer47Basel III Each Basel Committee member jurisdiction will identify an authority with the responsibility to make decisions on the size of the countercyclical capital buffer. This will va

34、ry between zero and 2.5% of risk weighted assets, depending on their judgment as to the extent of the build up of system-wide risk.(3) Countercyclical buffer48Basel III The Committee is introducing a leverage ratio requirement that is intended to achieve the objectives: - Constrain leverage in the b

35、anking sector, thus helping to mitigate the risk of the destabilizing processes which can damage the financial system and the economy; - Introduce additional safeguards against model risk and measurement error by supplementing the risk-based measure with a simple, transparent, independent measure of

36、 risk.(4) The capital requirement with a leverage ratio49Basel III One of the key lessons of the crisis has been the need to strengthen the risk coverage of the capital framework. Failure to capture major on- and off-balance sheet risks, as well as derivative related exposures, was a key destabilizi

37、ng factor during the crisis.2. Enhancing risk coverage50Basel III In response to above shortcomings, the Committee completed a number of critical reforms to the Basel II framework. These reforms will raise capital requirements for the trading book and complex securitization exposures, a major source

38、 of losses for many internationally active banks. The enhanced treatment introduces a stressed value-at-risk (VaR) capital requirement based on a continuous 12-month period of significant financial stress.In addition, the Committee has introduced higher capital requirements for so-called resecuritis

39、ations in both the banking and the trading book. The reforms also raise the standards of the Pillar 2 supervisory review process and strengthen Pillar 3 disclosures.52Strong capital requirements are a necessary condition for banking sector stability but by themselves are not sufficient. A strong liq

40、uidity base reinforced through robust supervisory standards is of equal importance. The Committee has further strengthened its liquidity framework by developing two minimum standards for funding liquidity. These standards have been developed to achieve two separate but complementary objectives.3. In

41、troducing a global liquidity standardBasel III53The first objective is to promote short-term resilience of a banks liquidity risk profile by ensuring that it has sufficient high quality liquid resources to survive an acute stress scenario lasting for one month. The Committee developed the Liquidity

42、Coverage Ratio (LCR) to achieve this objective. The second objective is to promote resilience over a longer time horizon by creating additional incentives for a bank to fund its activities with more stable sources of funding on an ongoing structural basis. The Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) has a time horizon of one year and has been developed to provide a sustainable maturity structure of assets and liabilities.54The NSFR requires a minimum amount of stable sources of funding at a bank relative to the liquidity profiles of the