年月英語六級(jí)CET真題

1、12CH3CH2OHOHCH2OH醇羥基連在飽和碳上：乙醇環(huán)己醇苯甲醇(芐醇)OHOHOH苯酚萘酚萘酚酚羥基連在芳環(huán)上：3OCHCHOCH3CH3環(huán)醚環(huán)氧化合物三元的環(huán)醚氧原子與二價(jià)烴基兩端相連CH3OCH3CH3OCH2CH3單(純)醚混(合)醚R=RR=R4 CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3C O HCH3CH3CH3CH2CHCH3OH伯醇仲醇叔醇 CH3CH=CHCH2OHOHCH2OH不芳香醇飽和醇CH3CH2CH2CH2OHOH飽和醇5CH3OHHOCH2CH2OHCH2OHCHOHCH2OHCCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHHOCH2甲醇(一元醇)乙二醇(二元醇)丙三醇(三元醇)

2、季戊四醇(四元醇)6CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CHCH2OHCH3CH3CHCH2CH3OHCCH3CH3CH3OH正丁醇仲丁醇異丁醇叔丁醇位置異構(gòu)碳架異構(gòu)76543213-丙基-2-己醇4-丙-5-己烯-1-醇CH3CH-CH-CH2CH2CH3OHCH2CH2CH3654321CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH2CH2OHCH=CH2選擇含-OH和雙鍵的長碳鏈為主鏈）（ ：以醇為母體。選擇含有OH的最長碳鏈為主鏈，從 靠近OH的一端開始編號(hào)，把支鏈看成取代基。例： 812CH-CH3OHCH2CH2OHCH=CH-CH2OH32121（苯基做為取代基 ）3-苯基-2-丙烯-1-醇1-

3、苯乙醇2-苯乙醇（俗名：肉桂醇）9(CH3)2COHPh2-苯基-2-丙醇CH3OH1-甲基環(huán)己醇SO3HOHOH2,4-二羥基苯磺酸3-苯基-2-羥基苯甲酸COOHOHC6H510 無p- 共軛!ORH普通碳-氧單鍵的性質(zhì)酸性極弱!雜化s 軌道p 軌道sp3 軌道 11 CH3OH (M=32) b.p 65 CCH3CH3 (M=30) b.p -88.6 Cb.p=153.6 C。12 HORHORHORHORHOR(Ar)(Ar)(Ar)(Ar)(Ar)13 HORHOHORHOHORHH(Ar)(Ar)(Ar)14 ROH + Na21RONa + H22ROH + Mg(RO)2M

4、g + H2反應(yīng)活性：CH3OH1 2 3 ROH。隨R ，反應(yīng)活性(1)(2)醇鈉醇鎂2(CH3)2CHO3Al + 3H26(CH3)2CHOH + 2Al(三)異丙醇鋁 15RO-Na+ + HOHNa+OH- + ROH較強(qiáng)酸較弱酸較強(qiáng)堿較弱堿醇鈉遇水即水解：R斥電子(1)酸性：HOHROH(2)16化合物： CH3OHCH3CH2OHCH3CHCH3OHCCH3CH3CH3OH15.515.91819pKa17硝化甘油+ 3HO-NOOCH2ONO2CHONO2CH2ONO2+ 3H2OCH2O-HCHO CH2O-HH民用炸藥、心血管擴(kuò)張藥CH2OHHOCH2-C-CH2OHCH2

5、OH+ 4HONO2CH2ONO2CH2ONO2-C-O2NOCH2CH2ONO2+ 4H2O硝酸季戊四醇、心血管擴(kuò)張藥季戊四醇18 CH3O H + HO SO2OHCH3OSO2OH + H2O硫酸氫甲酯酸性硫酸酯CH3OSO2OH + HOSO2OCH3減壓蒸餾CH3OSO2OCH3 + H2SO4硫酸二甲酯甲基化劑，劇毒（）OHCH3(CH3)2SO4CH3OCH3（產(chǎn)率很高）硫酸二甲酯是一個(gè)很好的甲基化劑：C12H25OH + H2SO4C12H25OSO2OHC12H25OSO3-Na+月桂醇硫酸氫月桂酯酸性硫酸月桂酯十二烷基硫酸鈉（洗滌劑、乳化劑）NaOH193CH3CH2CH2

6、CH2OH + POCl3(CH3CH2CH2CH2O)3P=O + 3HCl吡啶磷酸三丁酯消泡劑、增塑劑、萃取劑20 差的離去基團(tuán)好的離去基團(tuán)CH3SOOOCH3CH2CH3SClOO吡啶72%CH3SOO縮寫為TsCl ，Ts = OH +CH3CH2CH3CH2CHCH2CH3OHCH3CH2CHCH2CH3OTsTsCl吡啶CH3CH2CHCH2CH3BrNaBr二甲基亞砜+ TsONa85%21 CH3CH3CH3OHClCCH3CHHClCH3CH3CH3CCH3CH22CH2-CH-CH3OH酸CH=CHCH31-苯丙烯（主要產(chǎn)物）Saytzeff規(guī)則（）CH3-CH2-OH17

7、0 C。，或350 C。，濃H2SO4Al2O3CH2C H223-H+CH3CH2CHCH2+1 C+。（）CH3CH=CHCH31,2氫遷移重排（主要產(chǎn)物）-H+H例1：CH3CH2CH2CH2OHH+CH3CH2CH2CH2OH2+-H2O1 C+。（）CH3CH2CHCH2+H（慢）2 C+。（）CH3CH2CHCH3+CH3CH2CHCH2（次要產(chǎn)物）24CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3CHC HCH375%H2SO4140 C。350 C。Al2O3CH3CH2CH=CH2（主要產(chǎn)物）CH3-C CH-CH3CH3CH3OHCH3-C CH=CH2CH3CH3Al2O3氣相，+

8、H2O25濃H2SO4135 C。2CH3CH2CH2CH2OHCH3(CH2)3O(CH2)3CH3 + H2OC2H5OH + HOC2H5濃H2SO4140 C。C2H5-O-C2H5+ H2O乙醚正丁醚ROH + ROHR-O-R + R-O-R + R-O-RH+混合物，分離困難！26乙醇 b.p 78.5 C。乙醛 b.p 21 C。乙酸 b.p 118 C。RCH2OHORCHOORCOOH醛，沸點(diǎn)低酸，沸點(diǎn)高RCHO及時(shí)蒸出1 ROH。PCCO = KMnO4、K2Cr2O7+H2SO4、CrO3+C5H5N/HCl、新生MnO2通用伯醇氧化為醛烯丙醇氧化成醛27RC H R

9、OHOR-C-RO2 ROH。RR-C-OHO不被氧化或生成氧化碎片R3 ROH。O = KMnO4、K2Cr2O7+H2SO4、C rO3+HOAc28n-C8H17OHn-C7H15CHOPCCCH2Cl2CH2OHMnO2CH2Cl2CHO MnO2，石油醚4h，20 C。CH3CH=CHCH=CHC=CHCH2OHCH3CH3CH=CHCH=CHC=CHCHOCH329RCH2OHR-CH-ROHCu or Cu2O以上325 C。RCHO + H2R-C-RO+ H230 R-CH-CH2OH OHR-C-H CH2O + HIO3 + H2OHIO4O醛AgNO3AgIO3白R(shí)-C

10、H-C-ROH OHRR-C-H + R-C-R + HIO3HIO4OO醛酮AgNO3AgIO3白31CH3CH CH CHOHOHOHC2H5HIO4CH3CHO + HC-OH + C2H5CHOOHOCH2OHOCH3OHOHOOHCOOHCCH2OHOCH3+ HCOOHHIO432CH3CH2OHOHCH2OH醇羥基連在飽和碳上：乙醇環(huán)己醇苯甲醇(芐醇)OHOHOH苯酚萘酚萘酚酚羥基連在芳環(huán)上：33OHCH3OHHOOHOHHO對(duì)甲苯酚(一元酚)對(duì)苯二酚(二元酚)均苯三酚(三元酚)OHCH3OHCH2CH2CH3OHCH2CH3CH3OHCH(CH3)2OHCH3OHCH3間甲苯酚

11、鄰甲苯酚對(duì)甲苯酚4-丙基苯酚4-異丙基苯酚2-甲基-4-乙基苯酚34有部分雙鍵性質(zhì)，鍵長短，不易斷裂!多電子p- 共軛sp2 軌道p 軌道s 軌道p 軌道OH有酸性!雜化35 OHCH3OHNO2OHOH間甲苯酚對(duì)硝基苯酚萘酚萘酚OH苯酚萘酚萘酚p-硝基苯酚m-甲苯酚OHOCH3鄰甲氧基苯酚o-甲氧基苯酚一元酚：OHNH2OHNO2OHCH3ClOHCHOOHCOOH對(duì)氨基苯酚對(duì)硝基苯酚4-甲基-2-氯苯酚對(duì)羥基苯甲醛鄰羥基苯甲酸水楊酸36多元酚：OHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHOHHO鄰苯二酚對(duì)苯二酚連苯三酚偏苯三酚均苯三酚1,3,5-苯三酚1,2,4-苯三酚1,2,3-苯三酚p

12、-苯二酚o-苯二酚37OHCH2CH=CH23-烯丙基苯酚OHOHCH2(CH2)4CH34-己基-1,2-苯二酚38C6H5OH (M=94) b.p 181.8 CC6H5CH3 (M=92) b.p 110.6 C。b.p = 71.2 C。39 HORHOHORHOHORHH(Ar)(Ar)(Ar)40OHOH + NaOH(5%)溶不溶說明酚的酸性比醇強(qiáng)+ NaOH(5%)OH + NaHCO3(5%)不溶說明酚的酸性比碳酸弱!41 CH3(CH2)2CH2IONaO CH2(CH2)2CH3乙醇回流，80%+ONaClClNO2ClOClClNO2NaOH+使 鍵易斷！CCl Na

13、OHONaOHOCH3CH3Ior (CH3)2SO4苯甲醚42OHCH3(CH3)2SO4CH3OCH3（產(chǎn)率很高）硫酸二甲酯是一個(gè)很好的甲基化劑：43OH+ FeCl3(ArO)6FeH36紫色絡(luò)合物ArOH + FeCl3顯色顯色穩(wěn)定的C COHFeCl344OHOOCrO3CH3COOH,H2O,0 C。OHCH3CH3CH3OOCH3H3CH3CNa2Cr2O7H2SO4OHOH45OH+ 3Br2H2OOHBrBrBr()白Br2/H2OOBrBrBrBr黃()三溴苯酚四溴苯酚幾乎定量完成OHBrOHOHBr+ Br2CS2orCCl40-5 C。6733%+ HBr+46 OH稀

14、H NO325 C。OHNO2NO2OH+o-硝基苯酚p-硝基苯酚一元硝化：用水氣蒸餾分開o-硝基苯酚隨水蒸氣揮發(fā)NOOH-O+-NOOH-O+-分子間氫鍵分子內(nèi)氫鍵OHNOO-+（）47 -OH-OH（締合）游離（）3650-3590cm-13520-3100cm-1特征性強(qiáng)2 ROH。1 ROH。3 ROH。約1050cm-11100cm-11150cm-1約約C-OArOH約1230cmCHCHOCH3CH3環(huán)醚環(huán)氧化合物三元的環(huán)醚氧原子與二價(jià)烴基兩端相連CH3OCH3CH3OCH2CH3單(純)醚混(合)醚R=RR=R53單純醚：O(二) 苯 醚CH3CH2O

15、CH2CH3(二) 乙 醚混合醚：甲乙醚甲叔丁醚苯甲醚CH3OCH2CH3(CH3)3COCH3OCH3（小的R命在前面）（芳基命在前面）54 CH3CH2CHCH2CH3OCH3CH3OCH2CH2OCH3CH3OCH=CH CH33-甲氧基戊烷1,2-二甲氧基乙烷(乙二醇二甲醚)對(duì)甲氧基丙烯基苯55CH2CH2OOOOCH2CHOCH3CH2CHOCH2Cl1,4-二氧六環(huán)(或二 惡 烷)1,4-環(huán)氧丁烷(或四氫呋喃)口環(huán)氧乙烷(或氧化乙烯、氧雜環(huán)丙烷)1,2-環(huán)氧丙烷3-氯-1,2-環(huán)氧丙烷(簡稱為環(huán)氧氯丙烷)56 CH2CH2O61.559.20.147nm0.144nmooOCH3C

16、H30.142nm112o不等性sp3雜化57RROH OH ORR58-OCH3子中（定量進(jìn)行）CH3OCH2CH3 + HICH3I + CH3CH2OHAgNO3AgI根據(jù)AgI的重量可推算出原來分 的含量。（Zeisel法）59H2OCH3CH2OHHICH3CH2I+OCH3OHHICH3I+60 RRORRO+ 濃H Cl (或濃H2SO4）H+Cl-(HSO4-)堿酸鹽羊金61RRO+BF3AlCl3MgRXBF3RROAlCl3RRORROMgRX酸lewis堿lewis62H，易發(fā)生自由基氧化CH3CH2OCH2CH3 + O2CH3CH2OCHCH3O-OH過氧化乙醚來自空氣，受熱易爆炸K4Fe(SCN)6K3Fe(SCN)6過氧化物無色血紅色KI淀粉過氧化物I2淀粉蘭色無色6364HOCH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2OC2H5HOCH2CH2Br乙二醇乙二醇單乙醚溴乙醇2-CH2 CH2OHOH2+-H+-H+CH2 CH2OH2OC2H5OHHBr+H+CH2 CH2OHOC2H5H+65CCHOCH3CH3CH3CH3CHCCH3CH3OCH3OHCH3OHH2SO466O+ R-M