大學(xué)英語1（遠(yuǎn)程英語1）輔導(dǎo)資料十七

1、大學(xué)英語1（遠(yuǎn)程英語1）輔導(dǎo)資料十七主 題：復(fù)習(xí)Unit 1Unit 6所學(xué)過的語法知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間：2014年7月21日7月27日內(nèi) 容：我們這周主要復(fù)習(xí)Unit 1Unit 6所學(xué)過的語法知識(shí)。這6個(gè)單元我們主要學(xué)習(xí)了動(dòng)詞的功能、動(dòng)詞不定式的構(gòu)成和在句子中的作用、特殊不定式的用法及句子的類別等語法知識(shí)，希望通過下面的內(nèi)容能使同學(xué)們加深對(duì)相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)的理解。一、學(xué)習(xí)要求1復(fù)習(xí)Unit 1Unit 6所學(xué)過的語法知識(shí)。二、主要內(nèi)容（一）動(dòng)詞的種類1.動(dòng)詞分為實(shí)意動(dòng)詞和非實(shí)意動(dòng)詞，實(shí)意動(dòng)詞包括及物動(dòng)詞、不及物動(dòng)詞和系動(dòng)詞。非實(shí)意動(dòng)詞包括助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 及物動(dòng)詞：后面可直接跟名詞、代詞等，如grab

2、：抓取，強(qiáng)奪 grab ones armannounce：宣布 announce the newsdesign：設(shè)計(jì) design a new plan 不及物動(dòng)詞：后面需加上介詞才能跟名詞或代詞。例如這兩單元中出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用法：scrub with soap 及物動(dòng)詞+不及物動(dòng)詞：bathe: vt.浸入，弄濕；vi.沐浴，洗澡shower: vt.為洗淋??；vi.淋浴scrub: vt.擦洗，使凈化；vi.搓mount: vt.安裝，爬上；vi.增加，上升rinse: vt.沖洗；vi.被漂洗干凈freeze: vt.使結(jié)冰；vi.冷藏，結(jié)凍shoot: vt.射擊，射中；vi.噴出，發(fā)芽c

3、elebrate: vt.慶祝，舉行；vi.慶祝，舉行宗教儀式 助動(dòng)詞：助動(dòng)詞是語法功能詞，自身沒有詞義，不可單獨(dú)使用，它沒有對(duì)應(yīng)的漢譯，主要的助動(dòng)詞有do, be, have等。e.g. He doesnt like English. 他不喜歡英語。 （doesnt是助動(dòng)詞，無詞義；like是主要?jiǎng)釉~，有詞義) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：它是一種本身有一定的詞義，但要與動(dòng)詞原形及其被動(dòng)語態(tài)一起使用，給謂語動(dòng)詞增添情態(tài)色彩，表示說話人對(duì)有關(guān)行為或事物的態(tài)度和看法，認(rèn)為其可能，應(yīng)該或必要等。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加動(dòng)詞原形。主要的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can, could, need, must, may 等。e.g. She ma

4、y lose her way. He must stay here.We cant carry the heavy box.2.動(dòng)詞的變化動(dòng)詞有數(shù)的變化、時(shí)態(tài)的變化、語態(tài)的變化、語氣的變化。 動(dòng)詞數(shù)的變化動(dòng)詞數(shù)的變化主要指的是單復(fù)數(shù)的變化，根據(jù)主語的數(shù)的形式?jīng)Q定動(dòng)詞的形式，如果主語是單數(shù)（例如 他、她、它或單個(gè)名詞）那么謂語動(dòng)詞需用單數(shù)形式（一般而言即在動(dòng)詞后面直接加s或es,特殊動(dòng)詞需要在動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾變換一些形式），如果主語是復(fù)數(shù)，那么謂語動(dòng)詞直接用原形即可。e.g. He likes playing basketball.The teacher often encourages her stu

5、dents.The cake is yummy. We all pass the final examination. 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的變化主要指的是某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，根據(jù)時(shí)間的不同劃分為不同的時(shí)態(tài)，例如現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過去時(shí)、將來時(shí)等。 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：動(dòng)詞根據(jù)主語而定，主語是單數(shù)時(shí)動(dòng)詞加s或es，主語是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)用動(dòng)詞原形。 過去時(shí)：需用動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)態(tài)，一般情況下是直接在動(dòng)詞后加ed或d，特殊動(dòng)詞需改變?cè)~尾的形式。 將來時(shí)：需要使用助動(dòng)詞will，后面跟動(dòng)詞原形，這個(gè)和主語的單復(fù)數(shù)沒有關(guān)系。e.g. It takes place in the USA on the third Sunday of J

6、uly every year.(現(xiàn)在時(shí))It was certainly a good month to choose, being in the middle of summer.(過去時(shí)) When a woman and a man are hit by his arrows, they will fall in love.(將來時(shí)) 動(dòng)詞語態(tài)的變化動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)，用哪種語態(tài)和主語有關(guān)，如果主語是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者則用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，如果是動(dòng)作的承受者則用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)的主語不一定都是人，也可指物，被動(dòng)語態(tài)也可用人作主語。 主動(dòng)語態(tài)：動(dòng)詞根據(jù)主語的單復(fù)數(shù)及時(shí)態(tài)而定。 被動(dòng)語態(tài)

7、：be + 過去分詞，be(am，is，are)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)時(shí)態(tài)和主語單復(fù)數(shù)的不同而發(fā)生變化。e.g. Children often take a bath each night.It celebrates one of the worlds best-loved desserts.It is made of milk and has other vitamins and minerals.(前半句是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，后半句是主動(dòng)語態(tài)) 動(dòng)詞語氣的變化動(dòng)詞語氣包括真實(shí)語氣和虛擬語氣兩種。真實(shí)語氣指的是確實(shí)發(fā)生的或?qū)砟軌虬l(fā)生的，虛擬語氣表達(dá)的是一種假設(shè)，是不存在的。e.g. Americans eat m

8、ore ice cream than anyone else in the world.(真實(shí)語氣)If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. (虛擬語氣)注：虛擬語氣是英語中的難點(diǎn)，在以后的章節(jié)中我們會(huì)詳細(xì)介紹，現(xiàn)在同學(xué)們只要有個(gè)大概的印象就可以了。（二）動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式的用法非常靈活也很廣泛，它可以在句中作各種成分，包括主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補(bǔ)足語，還可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)，包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法是to+動(dòng)詞原形，但在有些情況下，to要省略，這取決于謂語動(dòng)詞的用法?，F(xiàn)就以上幾個(gè)方面對(duì)動(dòng)詞不

9、定式進(jìn)行介紹。1.不定式的結(jié)構(gòu) 帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)常見的能直接跟帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like, love, stop, go, come等。e.g. I want to go to movies with you.Please do not forget to turn off the light before you leave.My mother told me not to wake up Kate. 注意：動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是在不定式前直接加not，即

10、not to do sth. 不帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)以下幾種情況使用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式： 在固定詞組had better之后。e.g. You had better go home now.Its cold outside. Youd better not go out. 注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth. 在let，make，see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役動(dòng)詞后，要跟不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。e.g. I made them give me the money back.I didnt see you come

11、 in. 在引導(dǎo)疑問句的why not之后。Why not+不帶to的不定式是why dont you do的省略，可以用來提出建議或勸告。e.g. Why not study with us?Why not take a holiday? = Why dont you take a holiday? 不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時(shí)，如這些介詞前有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do的各種形式，則后接不帶to的不定式，否則帶to。e.g. I have no choice but to accept the fact.What do you like to do besides swi

12、m? 在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后不帶to，如can, may, must, need, could, dare.e.g. We can and must overcome our shortcomings.She may come or she may not.2.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)不定式常用的時(shí)態(tài)有一般時(shí)、完成時(shí)、進(jìn)行時(shí)和完成進(jìn)行時(shí)四種，常用的為前三種。 一般時(shí)動(dòng)詞不定式的一般時(shí)表示不定式的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或在之后發(fā)生。e.g. I plan to attend the meeting. 完成時(shí)不定式的完成時(shí)表示不定式的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。e.g. I am sorry

13、to have kept you waiting. 進(jìn)行時(shí)不定式的進(jìn)行時(shí)表示不定式的動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。e.g. He seems to be eating something. 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)不定式的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語動(dòng)詞之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生，并且一直進(jìn)行著。e.g. He is said to have been working in that company for ten years.3.動(dòng)詞不定式在句中的作用 作主語e.g. To live is to work. 通常情況下用it作形式主語，真正的主語是動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。e.g. Its our duty to tak

14、e good care of the old.Its important for students to study English. 作定語 不定式作定語，要放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞的后面。e.g. I have nothing to say on this question. 如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就應(yīng)有必要的介詞。e.g. Give me a piece of paper to write on. 有些名詞?？捎貌欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ。e.g. Our teacher had no time to think about rest. 作賓語 以下動(dòng)詞只能跟不定式作賓語：afford, agr

15、ee, appear, attempt, ask, choose, decide, demand, determine, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, neglect, offer, plan, prepare, promise, prove, seem, tend, want, wishe.g. The driver fails to see the other car in time.We plan to finish this task next week. 動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+不定式decide, know, consider, forge

16、t, learn, remember, show, see, hear, find out, tell例如：Please show us how to do that. 當(dāng)復(fù)合賓語中的賓語是不定式時(shí)，先用形式賓語it代替不定式，把不定式置于補(bǔ)語之后，即主語+動(dòng)詞+it+補(bǔ)語+to do.e.g. We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.He feels it his duty to help the poor. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語 作動(dòng)詞ask, like, tell等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，to不可以省略。e.

17、g. He asks me to talk about this novel. 作使役動(dòng)詞let，have，make以及感官動(dòng)詞feel，hear，see，watch等的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，to要省略。e.g. If I find out the result I will let you know. 作動(dòng)詞help的賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，to可以帶也可以不帶。e.g. Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box? 作狀語 作目的狀語e.g. He stopped to have a rest. 作結(jié)果狀語e.g. He searched the room only

18、 to find nothing. 在某些表示喜怒哀樂等形容詞后作原因狀語。e.g. Im glad to see you. 在帶有enough或too的句子里作狀語，表程度。e.g. He is old enough to go to school. 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞不定式所表示的目的時(shí)，可用in order to或so as to+動(dòng)詞原形，so as to 不用于句首。e.g. The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.（三）句子的類別1.四種英語句式從語法角度來看，英語句式共有四種，即簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句和并列復(fù)合句。 簡單句英語中，只含有一個(gè)主

19、謂結(jié)構(gòu)并且句子各成分都只由單詞或短語構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立句子或分句叫做簡單句。在簡單句中主語和謂語是句子的主干，是句子的核心。 主語+謂語e.g. Things change. (這是最簡單的句型，只有一個(gè)主語和一個(gè)謂語。) 主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語e.g. He is a teacher. (be 是連系動(dòng)詞，連系動(dòng)詞之后的是表語。) 主語+謂語+賓語e.g. We never beat children. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語e.g. He gave the book to his sister. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓補(bǔ)e.g. I found the book easy.我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書不難。（形容詞e

20、asy作補(bǔ)語） 并列句兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子,叫做并列句,其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句”。并列連詞有：and, but, or, so等。并列句中的各簡單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。 表并列關(guān)系的,由and, both.and, as well as, not only.but (also),neither.nor等組成。e.g. She not only sings but also dances. 表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的,與but, however(然而),while(然而),still, yet等連用。e.g.

21、He wants to make friends but he does not open up to others. 表選擇關(guān)系的,由or, either.or.,not.but.,or else(否則)連接。e.g. You should work hard or you will fail. 表因果關(guān)系的,與for, so/so that, therefore(因此),because等連用。 e.g. Id better take an umbrella, for it is going to rain. 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句由一個(gè)主句（Principal Clause)和一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句(

22、Subordinate Clause)構(gòu)成。用疑問詞作引導(dǎo)詞，主句是全句的主體，通?？梢元?dú)立存在；從句則是一個(gè)句子成分，不能獨(dú)立存在。從句不能單獨(dú)成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，就像一個(gè)句子一樣。所不同在于，從句須由一個(gè)關(guān)聯(lián)詞（connective）引導(dǎo)。根據(jù)從句功能的不同，復(fù)合句一般可分為：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。名詞性從句包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句。e.g. They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.All (that) she lacked was training.（that 可以省

23、略）He must be ill, for he is absent today.I am interested in what she is doing.Thats why I want you to work there.He made a promise that he would never come late. 并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句是指包含復(fù)合句的并列句的句子，有并列連詞：and、or、but連接。e.g. When I was a child, I liked playing with my friends and we often had a good time together

24、.She began to open up to others but she found that it was difficult to get on well with them.2.句子的類別 陳述句陳述句(Declarative Sentence)是陳述一個(gè)事實(shí)或者說話人的看法。它包括肯定句（The Affirmative Sentence）和否定句（The Negative Sentence）兩種。陳述句在書寫時(shí)句末用句號(hào)，在朗讀時(shí)用降調(diào)。這里主要介紹一下否定句的用法。 完全否定用not, no, never, neither, none, nothing等否定。表示“完全不是，完

25、全不”的意思。e.g. Nothing is wrong with me. 半否定在句子里用否定詞hardly, scarcely, little, few, seldom, rarely等。e.g. I hardly see anything in the room.=I can see little in the room.“all/both/every/each/+謂語+not”表示概念為“有的是，有的不是”。e.g. All of them are not students.=Some of them are students, some are not. 賓語從句的否定形式 用在th

26、ink, believe, suppose引導(dǎo)的賓語從句里則否定主句。e.g. I dont think hell come. = He will not come in fact, I think.(注意：主語是I時(shí)要進(jìn)行否定轉(zhuǎn)移，在前面否定。) 疑問句疑問主要有四大句型，一般疑問句、選擇疑問句、特殊疑問句和反意疑問句。 一般疑問句e.g. Have you been living here?Cant he drive? 選擇疑問句選擇疑問句提出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上可能的答案供對(duì)方選擇。這類疑問句有兩種形式：一種是以一般疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)形式為基礎(chǔ)，只是在語調(diào)上有所區(qū)別。這一類選擇疑問句通常都是在前一個(gè)

27、供選擇的答案用低升調(diào)，后一個(gè)用降調(diào)；如果有兩個(gè)以上供選擇的答案，則在最后一個(gè)用降調(diào)，其余都用低升調(diào)。e.g. Would you like a cup of tea, or coffee, or juice? 特殊疑問句以疑問詞開頭，對(duì)句中某一成分提問的句子叫特殊疑問句。常用的疑問詞有：what, who, whose, which, when, where, how, why等。e.g. Who is singing in the room？What class are you in? 反義疑問句a.陳述部分的謂語是wish，疑問部分要用may +主語。e.g. I wish to have

28、 a word with you, may I？b. 陳述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含義的詞時(shí)，疑問部分用肯定含義。e.g. Nobody answered this question, did they?c. 陳述部分的謂語是used to時(shí)，疑問部分用didnt +主語或usednt +主語。e.g. He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he？d. 陳述部分主語是指示代詞或不定代詞everything, that

29、, nothing, this,疑問部分主語用it。e.g. Everything is ready, isnt it？e. 陳述部分為主語從句或并列復(fù)合句，疑問部分有三種情況：并列復(fù)合句疑問部分，謂語動(dòng)詞根據(jù)鄰近從句的謂語而定。 e.g. Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he？帶有定語從句，賓語從句的主從復(fù)合句，疑問部分謂語根據(jù)主句的謂語而定：e.g. He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he？H

30、e said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he？上述部分主句謂語是think, believe, expect, suppose ,imagine等引導(dǎo)的定語從句，疑問部分與賓語從句相對(duì)應(yīng)構(gòu)成反意疑問句。e.g. I dont think he is bright, is he？We believe she can do it better, cant she？f. 省去主語的祈使句的反義疑問句，疑問部分用will you。e.g. Dont do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / wont you?

31、注意：Lets開頭的祈使句，后用Shall we，Let us開頭的祈使句，后用will you。e.g. Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you? 祈使句用于表達(dá)命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句，祈使句最常用于表達(dá)命令，因此在學(xué)校文法中也常稱為命令句。祈使句因?qū)ο螅粗髡Z）是第二人稱，所以通常都省略。祈使句的動(dòng)詞都為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，句末則使用句號(hào)來表示結(jié)束。e.g. Be quiet, please.（Please be quiet.）Watch your steps.No parking.“l(fā)et”帶頭