學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)-醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)課件：Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases

1、Unit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases. Here come some fundamental questions: Which play a more important role in

2、 causing human diseases, genes or environmental factors? Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer? What are the major steps in developing a new drug? In this unit, we will probably find theanswers to these questions.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit

3、 ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 9Lead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesMedical Terminology常見(jiàn)的醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)詞綴（1） 痛 headache, stomachache .the pain of ; ache, -algia; -agraneuralgia神經(jīng)痛; neur/o: nerve;gastralgia胃痛 ; gastr/o: gast

4、er, stomacharthralgia關(guān)節(jié)痛; arthr/o: jointabdominalgia腹痛; abdomin/o: abdomen（2）.與檢查有關(guān)的詞綴 鏡檢：-scopy鏡檢法; scope鏡 gastroscopy 胃鏡法；量具：-meter: instrument for measuring cardiometer心力計(jì)； thermometer溫度計(jì)心電圖： electrocardiogram =ECG; eletrocardiograph心電圖儀腦電圖: electroencephalogram=EEGB超:type B ultrasonicCT：computer

5、ized tomography計(jì)算機(jī)x射線斷層 尿檢 urine analysis血常規(guī) blood routine（3）其他方面的詞綴 怕， 畏懼 phobia: fear photophobia phot/o:light畏光困難 dys-： bad, difficulty dysfunction功能障礙; dyspepsia消化不良dyspnea呼吸困難 -pnea：breathing 不良 mal-： bad malnutrition營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良； malpractice事故 malfunction機(jī)能障礙 malignant惡性的maladministration管理不善好， 正， eu-

6、： goodeugenic優(yōu)生的adj. eugenics優(yōu)生學(xué); gen/o: producing euthanasia安樂(lè)死; -thanasia: death瘤，腫塊 oma: tumor; cancer; swelling lymphoma淋巴瘤； hematoma血腫血癥 emia： blood condition leukemia白血??； septisemia敗血癥高：hyper- ：high，above; hyperdynamia: 肌力過(guò)度; hypertension高血壓（ high blood pressure）低：hypo-; low; below hypotonia h

7、ypotonic張力/壓力過(guò)低（的）dynam/o: power, force; dynamic adj. dynamics hypotension ;low blood pressure, hyposensitive療法：-therapy radiotherapy放療; radiotherapist(放療專家) chemotherapy化療 physiotherapy理療 psychotherapy心理療法 therapist治療師無(wú)， 沒(méi)有 a- an-: without atypical 非典型性的 asexual無(wú)性的 asymptomatic無(wú)癥狀的 anemia貧血 anorexi

8、a厭食癥 orex/o: appetiteanesthesia麻醉(感覺(jué)缺失: esthesi/o: feeling, perception Lead-inIssues to be covered The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseasesThe different roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health The m

9、ajor steps in designing and developing new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inYour experience when you fell ill last time TimeVisits to doctorDiagnosisTreatmentUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of

10、the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesLead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest, clear fluids, cool damp washcloth to reduce fever,

11、 warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine, antiviral medications, usually no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work, excessive reading corrective lenses, refractory surgeryHepatitisviral (HBV, HCV, etc.), bacterial, parasitic, fungal infectionsalcohol, autoimmune, inherited antiviral medica

12、tionsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesPhotos taken at 70 years old.Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for prese

13、ntation1. How was Terrys life before she was diagnosed with?loved practicing Tae Kwon Doloved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournamentscompeted nationally, even winning a bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Gamesattended medical school, practiced as an i

14、nternal medicine residency, became an academic general internistmarried and got a son and a daughterUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? Symptoms as mentioned by the authorloss o

15、f stamina and strengthproblems with balancebouts of horrific facial paindips in visual acuityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? Cause as mentioned by the authorthe assault of i

16、mmune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factorsTreatment as mentioned by the authorinterferon and copolymer-1Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3. What did Terry do before

17、 she self-experimented? Picking up basic science such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiologyReading articles about new MS drugs in animal models and neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Di

18、seasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation4. What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal modelsself-experimentation with neuromuscular electrica

19、l stimulation still based on literature online search to identify the sources of micronutrientsreduction of food allergy and toxic loadUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation5. One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load

20、 and disease.With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutritio

21、n and reducing our toxic load.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterthe surge of adrenaline (P55)medical school (P55)an internal medicine residency (P55)an academic general internist (P55)to develop a chronic disease (P55)I had

22、only two options: accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment, or increased involvement in my own health care. (P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterMy doctor said that genetics accounted

23、for only 10 to 30% of the risk of MS; the rest was due to some combination of unknown environmental factors. (P55) He never told me what I could do to address those unknown factors, only offering interferon and copolymer-1 to reduce the risk of relapse. (P55)It was increasingly apparent that, with t

24、ime, becoming bedridden due to my illness was inevitable. (P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI began my own study of the literature, reading article after article on PubMed, knowing that the seeds for todays clinical car

25、e were laid years, sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature. (P56) At first, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. (P56)articles concerning neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (P56)Unit 3 Pre

26、vention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI asked my physical therapist to let me have a test session. (P56) patient autonomyHe told me that e-stim (as he called it) was not an approved treatment for MS. (P56) paternalistic approachI returned

27、 to the literature. (P57)I turned eventually to Google. (P57) Which is more helpful and to what extent is Google a reliant source of medical information?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI next looked more deeply at the envi

28、ronmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (P57) Two stood out: food allergies and toxic load. (P57)Food allergies can cause a myriad of neurological and psychological symptoms, typically without any abdominal complaints, decades before diagnosis and

29、are very difficult to identify. (P57)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsbouts of horrific facial painWhen I developed the foot drop, the diagnosis was made: multiple sclerosis (MS).He said that fewer relapses would mean less disability, a

30、 greater chance that Id still be walking, working, and living my life as I once knew it ten years later.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful

31、 expressionsthere was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.It did hurt. A lot.I felt the best Id f

32、elt in years.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsMy therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise.As good as the article was, it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal brain health.The medical li

33、terature didnt have that information, nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted, nor did I see it in the food science literature.But he did let me have a test session.I turned eventually to Google, which did help me, nutrient by nutrient, to understand where various micronutrients I wa

34、s taking by pill each day were located in the food supply.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsPhysician self-experimentation sometimes does not go as anticipated.The unthinkablethe unimaginablehappened, stunning me, my family, and my physi

35、cians.As a result, Ive changed how I practice medicine.Three years into my healing, I am again experimenting.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading and thinking1. D 2. literature, nutrients, stimulation, micronutrients, environmental Unit 3

36、 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 1/ Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different forms3of or relating to an imm

37、une response by the body against one of its own tissues, cells, ormolecules4epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla5a polymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy藥物療法多態(tài)性polymorphism自體免疫的autoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline腎上腺素Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 3 Preven

38、tion and Treatment of DiseasesText A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemical activity of an enzyme7a substance that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various diseases characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or process of testing, trying, or pu

39、tting to the proofsclerosis硬化（癥）coenzyme輔酶herbicide除草劑internist內(nèi)科醫(yī)生trial試驗(yàn)Task1 / Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.Suggested answers2Language building-upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The

40、 following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first. _, standing for any time became difficult. _, despite my use of the

41、 most current pharmacotherapies, walking and even sitting was tiring, so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair. (Para. 5) 2 _, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. _, realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial, I turned to articles concernin

42、g neurodegeneration of all types dementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (Para. 8) ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost langua

43、ge and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal, I _ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological sym

44、ptoms. (Para. 15)4 _ I focus on teaching my patients how to optimize their nutrition,reduce their toxic load, and reduce their risk of food allergies. (Para. 19) nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less fo

45、rmal style.Language building-upSuggested answersMany things have happened since then. I went to a medical school, completed an internal medicine residency, and became a mother of a son and a daughter. 2. When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. 3. He neve

46、rtheless allowed me a test session. It did hurt severely as he previously told me. 4. I am again experimenting three years after my healing. The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation. Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Text A Additi

47、onal activity Group presentationAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you: the definition of Social

48、 Neurosciencethe mechanism through which brain-to-brain link worksthe application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseasesthe prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText BCritical reading and thinkingSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Disea

49、sesText B Critical Reading and Thinking1. the friends relationship with his students (P65-66) He was not just inspiring in class but taking a genuine interest in themin their studies, their progress through life, their fears and hopes. A wide circle of former students count themselves among his life

50、long friends; He and his wife have always welcomed a steady stream of visitors to their home.Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking2. the discovery of mirror neuro

51、ns(P66) Mirror neurons, a widely dispersed class of brain cells that operate like neural WiFi, track the emotional flow, movement and even intentions of the person we are with, and replicate this sensed state in our own brain by stirring in our brain the same areas active in the other person. Mirror

52、 neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking3. Diamond and Aspinwalls research (P 66)Psychologists a

53、t the University of UtahReviewed research data about coordination of emotions, cardiovascular reactions or brain states between mothers with their infants, marital partners arguing and even among people in meetings in the past few decades. Offered the infelicitous term “a mutually regulating psychob

54、iological unit” to describe the merging of two discrete physiologies into a connected circuit. Argue/conclude that emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influence that of the other. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit

55、 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking4. significance of Cacioppos research (P 66)Director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of ChicagoProposed that the emotional status of our main relationships has a significant impact on our

56、 overall pattern of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity. This theory radically expands the scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a time. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers

57、 with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Critical Reading and Thinking5. the meaning of a “broken heart”(P67)Social rejection activates the very zones of the brain that generate, among other things, the sting of physical pain.Therefore, the term “broken heart” may actuall

58、y refer not only to the psychological pain from rejection or the disappearance of loved ones but also the genuine physical hurt. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsA wide

59、circle of former studentsa steady stream of visitors to their homethis flow of people who love himA wide circle of former studentsa steady stream of visitors to their homethis flow of people who love himMirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagionthe tendency of one pers

60、on to catch the feelings of another, particularly if strongly expressed.This brain-to-brain link may also account for feelings of rapportCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesText B Useful expressionsReviewing decades of such data, Lisa ., offerTo the degree that th