研究報(bào)告生英語綜合教程下課文+翻譯

1、. 課文原文1-7 Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways. Nobody asks for any of it. But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the bet

2、ter.Their refrain might go something like this: I wish it hadnt happened, but Im a better person for it.1颶風(fēng)、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機(jī)、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發(fā)現(xiàn)遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會(huì)使他們向好的方面轉(zhuǎn)變。他們可能都會(huì)這樣說:我希望這事沒發(fā)生，但因?yàn)樗易兊酶昝懒恕? We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulatio

3、ns, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances. Positive responses to profoundly disturbing e*periences are not

4、limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我們都愛聽人們經(jīng)歷苦難后發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的故事，可能是因?yàn)檫@些故事證實(shí)了一條真正的心理學(xué)上的真理，這條真理有時(shí)會(huì)湮沒在無數(shù)關(guān)于災(zāi)難的報(bào)道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種在的發(fā)奮向上的能力會(huì)進(jìn)發(fā)出來。對(duì)那些令人極度恐慌的經(jīng)歷作出積極回應(yīng)的并不僅限于最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最勇敢的人。實(shí)際上，大約半數(shù)與逆境抗

5、爭過的人都說他們的生活從此在*些方面有了改善。3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesnt kill you can actually make you stronger. Po

6、st-traumatic stress is far from the only possible oute. In the wake of even the most terrifying e*periences, only a small proportion of adults bee chronically troubled. More monly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.3諸如此類有關(guān)危機(jī)改變一生的發(fā)現(xiàn)有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創(chuàng)傷后成長這一新學(xué)科的研究領(lǐng)域。這一新興領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)證實(shí)了曾經(jīng)被視為詞濫調(diào)的一個(gè)真理:大難不死，意志彌

7、堅(jiān)。創(chuàng)傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結(jié)果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經(jīng)歷之后，也只有一小局部成年人會(huì)受到長期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會(huì)恢復(fù)過來甚至最終會(huì)成功興旺。 4 Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the parado*es of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life. Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life p

8、rotected from bad feelings,free from pain and confusion. 4那些經(jīng)受住苦難打擊的人是有關(guān)幸福悖論的生動(dòng)例證:為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的人對(duì)幸福的追求已經(jīng)縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。5 This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that es from a meaningful life. It is the dark m

9、atter of happiness,the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives. It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have t

10、he most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for the good life.5這種對(duì)幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質(zhì)是我們?cè)诿髦堑哪心信砩纤蕾p到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質(zhì)。事實(shí)證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應(yīng)付他們未曾預(yù)料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義或許對(duì)那種深刻的、給人以強(qiáng)烈滿足感的人生經(jīng)歷

11、(哲學(xué)家們過去稱之為對(duì)美好生活的探尋)最有發(fā)言權(quán)。 6 This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy. It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret. Happiness is only one among many values in human life, contends Laura King,

12、a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia. passion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change. To live a full human life, a tr

13、anquil, carefree e*istence is not enough. We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6這種對(duì)美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯(lián)系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時(shí)也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密里大學(xué)哥倫比亞分校的心理學(xué)家勞拉金認(rèn)為:幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價(jià)值中的一種。慈悲、智慧、無私、.洞察力及創(chuàng)造力有時(shí)只有經(jīng)歷逆境的考驗(yàn)才能培育這些品質(zhì)，因?yàn)橛袝r(shí)只有極端的情形才能迫使我們?nèi)コ惺芡纯嗟母淖冞^程。只過安寧的、無憂無慮的生活是缺乏以體驗(yàn)一段完整的人生的。(此文來自袁

14、勇兵博客)我們也需要成長-盡管有時(shí)成長是痛苦的。7 In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying. A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check. She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal react

15、ions that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown. The slightest movement-trying to swallow, fqr e*ample-was e*cruciating. Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.7在紐約市皇后區(qū)一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時(shí)裝設(shè)計(jì)師特蕾西塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個(gè)月前，她已經(jīng)停頓服用控制她關(guān)節(jié)炎的強(qiáng)效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預(yù)見到接下來將要發(fā)生的事

16、:停藥之后的反響最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重問題。最輕微的動(dòng)作比方說試著吞咽對(duì)她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8 Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments (drugs, surgery) her whole life. But this time,she was way6 past her limits, and nothing her doctors

17、did seemed to help. Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時(shí)就被診斷得了幼年型類風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術(shù))的折磨。但是這一次，她實(shí)在不堪忍受了，她的醫(yī)生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病完畢她的生命，要么她就得很快了結(jié)自己的生命了。9 As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts b

18、egan to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude. She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, bined with an all-enpassing feeling of sympathy and passion. I felt stripped of everything Id ever identified myself with, she said si* month

19、s later. Everything I thought Id known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception. Recognizing that was so freeing.9然而，在經(jīng)歷了假設(shè)干個(gè)不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開場被新的感謝之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識(shí)每一夜都變得更加強(qiáng)烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結(jié)合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。我感到一切我曾經(jīng)用來認(rèn)同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，六個(gè)月后她這樣說道，一切我認(rèn)為我知道或相信的事物時(shí)間、金錢、自我形象、對(duì)事物的看法都毫無

20、價(jià)值了。意識(shí)到這一點(diǎn)真是讓我感到解脫。10 Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs. She says now theres no question that her life is better. l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why were here: to be happy and to nurture other life. Its tha

21、t simple.10在幾個(gè)月，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開場能夠更加自如地活動(dòng)了。她說，毫無疑問她現(xiàn)在的生活狀況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時(shí)扶持他人。就這么簡單!11 Her mind-blowing e*perience came as a total surprise. But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of Nor

22、th Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term post-traumatic growth. His studies of people who have endured e*treme events, like bat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and an*ious in the immediate aftermath; they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been

23、 shattered. A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder 7. But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately bees richer and more Gratifying.11她這種不可思議的經(jīng)歷完全是個(gè)驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學(xué)夏洛特分校

24、心理學(xué)教授里奇特德斯基認(rèn)為，這種轉(zhuǎn)變的感覺從*些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇特德斯基教授首創(chuàng)了創(chuàng)傷后成長一詞。他對(duì)那些經(jīng)歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進(jìn)展了研究，這些研究說明，在剛經(jīng)歷不幸后大多數(shù)人隨即都會(huì)感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少局部人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學(xué)者發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數(shù)人)來說，生活最終會(huì)變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。12 Something similar happens to many people who e*perience a terrifying ph

25、ysical threat. In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away. Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a

26、 raw e*perience of the world.12許多經(jīng)歷過恐懼的人身威脅的人會(huì)遇到類似的情況。在事情發(fā)生的那一瞬間，我們的平安感被沖破了，平時(shí)處于我們與我們對(duì)世界的種種看法之間的自我保護(hù)的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習(xí)慣、自我認(rèn)識(shí)和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對(duì)世界的原始體驗(yàn)。13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully ing to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort. Being willing

27、 and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it. The people who find value in adversity arent the toughest or the most rational. What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened i

28、nto the story of their own life.13盡管如此，要實(shí)際實(shí)現(xiàn)這些轉(zhuǎn)變并完全承受新的現(xiàn)實(shí)，通常需要有意識(shí)地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承當(dāng)這個(gè)過程，就是那些在災(zāi)難中成長和那些被災(zāi)難所摧毀的人之間主要的區(qū)別之一。認(rèn)為災(zāi)難有價(jià)值的人并不是最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠?qū)⑺庥龅氖氯谌胨麄冏约旱娜松鷼v程中。14 Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say theyhave bee more tolerant and forgiving

29、of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships. They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最終，他們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說他們變得

30、更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關(guān)系。他們說物質(zhì)追求突然間變得很無聊，而朋友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機(jī)使他們能夠按照這些新的優(yōu)先之事來重新認(rèn)識(shí)生活。15 People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things theyve been through. They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life t

31、hrows at them. People dont say that what they went through was wonderful, says Tedeschi. They werent meaning to grow from it. They were just trying to survive. But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.15從災(zāi)難中成長起來的人盡管經(jīng)歷過恐懼的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對(duì)自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們

32、都能應(yīng)付。特德斯基說:人們不會(huì)說他們所經(jīng)歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經(jīng)歷來成長。他們只是盡其所能生存下來。但回憶起來，他們的收獲遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于他們所預(yù)料的。16 In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to e*treme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time. They cycle through the same sequence

33、of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery. For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal. After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, petitors sometim

34、es forget who they are and what they are doing.16埃默里大學(xué)精神病學(xué)家格列高利伯思斯在他的近作滿足中指出，極限耐力運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)每次訓(xùn)練都要使自己的身體連續(xù)數(shù)天處于極限狀態(tài)。他們和經(jīng)歷創(chuàng)傷的幸存者所經(jīng)歷的感覺過程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對(duì)于經(jīng)常跑超過24小時(shí)的l00英里比賽的超級(jí)馬拉松運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)來說，嘔吐和產(chǎn)生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競賽者有時(shí)會(huì)忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。17 For a more mon e*ample of growth through adversity, look to one of l

35、ifes biggest challenges: parenting. Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness. The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the ro

36、cks. Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings. The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful Legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數(shù)生命中最大的挑戰(zhàn)之一:為人父母。

37、生育孩子一直被認(rèn)為會(huì)降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠缺乏并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機(jī)。然而，長遠(yuǎn)看來，養(yǎng)育孩子是所有人類活動(dòng)中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時(shí)間犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比方滿足感、無私以及有時(shí)機(jī)留下一筆意義深遠(yuǎn)的遺產(chǎn)。18 Ultimately, the emotional reward can pensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity. This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it p

38、uts it all in a different conte*t:that its possible to live an e*traordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face. In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization. Youre not going to be the person you thought you were, but heres who you are going

39、 to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.18總之，情感上的回報(bào)可以彌補(bǔ)災(zāi)難帶來的痛苦和困難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發(fā)生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個(gè)不同的背景中來對(duì)待，.那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們?nèi)匀豢梢陨娴脴O有價(jià)值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經(jīng)歷這種覺悟。你將不再是自己心目中曾經(jīng)的你，取而代之的是一個(gè)新的你而事實(shí)會(huì)證明生活從此將非常美好。Unit2 mercialization and Changes in Sports1.Throughout history sport

40、s have been used as forms of public entertainment. However,sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as mercial products as they are today. Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by econo

41、mic factors. The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer e*ist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves. Fun and good games are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and adv

42、ertising potential. Then, what happens to sports when they bee mercialized Do they change when they bee dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights1在整個(gè)歷史長河中，人們都是把體育當(dāng)作*種形式的公眾娛樂。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業(yè)產(chǎn)品被如此盛包裝、推廣、呈現(xiàn)和開展，有關(guān)體育的決策以及與體育相關(guān)的社會(huì)關(guān)系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業(yè)因素的影響。對(duì)許多人來說，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)們自身的興趣而

43、存在。今天，樂趣和好比賽的定義取決于門票收入、特許權(quán)收人、媒體傳播權(quán)的出售、市場份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。則，當(dāng)體育變得商業(yè)化時(shí)，它會(huì)怎樣當(dāng)體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權(quán)的出售時(shí)，它會(huì)發(fā)生變化嗎2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into mercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal. Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to spo

44、rts, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a bination of three factors: the uncertainty of an events oute, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of e*cellence or heroics by the athletes. In other words, when spectator

45、s refer to a good game or an e*citing contest, they are usually talking about one in which the oute was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes were so high that athletes were totally mitted to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of e*cellent

46、or heroic performances. When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.2我們知道，每當(dāng)任何一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)被轉(zhuǎn)化為商業(yè)性娛樂活動(dòng)時(shí)，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對(duì)于體育的擁護(hù)背后潛藏著多種動(dòng)機(jī)，但他們對(duì)體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結(jié)合的因素有關(guān):比賽結(jié)果的不確定性，參加一項(xiàng)比賽相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)或經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào)，以及預(yù)期中的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)的卓越、英勇表現(xiàn)。換句話說，當(dāng)觀眾提及一場不錯(cuò)的比賽或一場沖動(dòng)人心的比賽時(shí)，這場比賽，

47、通常在比賽即將完畢的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時(shí)，結(jié)果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎(jiǎng)金，因而運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)們都全身心地投入比賽?；蛘弑荣愓故玖嗽S多出色的或者英雄式的表現(xiàn)。只要運(yùn)動(dòng)比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會(huì)長時(shí)間記得并討論這場比賽。3.mercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintain

48、ed their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than pletely dismantling the design of a game. For e*ample, the mercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the sam

49、e as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商業(yè)化對(duì)于大多數(shù)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)的構(gòu)造和目標(biāo)沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會(huì)對(duì)其產(chǎn)生影響，但在歷史上，運(yùn)動(dòng)工程保持了它們的根本構(gòu)造。創(chuàng)新也是在這一框架進(jìn)展的，并不會(huì)完全廢除這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的根本設(shè)計(jì)。例如、奧運(yùn)會(huì)的商業(yè)化導(dǎo)致了*些賽事規(guī)則的微小變化但其每項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的根本構(gòu)造還是和商家贊助及電視轉(zhuǎn)播權(quán)出售之前根本一致。4.mercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport partic

50、ipants more than it does the format and goals of sports. To make money on a sport, its necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television. Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because its made up of many people who dont have technical knowledge a

51、bout the ple* athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches. Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things e*trinsic to the game or match itself; they get taken in by hype. During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand. They enjo

52、y situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger; they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic e*pression or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being; and they like to see players mitted

53、to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看來，與運(yùn)動(dòng)的構(gòu)造和目的相比，商業(yè)化更多的是影響運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者的取向。假設(shè)要通過一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)盈利，就必須吸引廣闊觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂廣闊觀眾并非易事，因?yàn)檫@些觀眾中有很多人沒有技木性的知識(shí)，因而不懂得運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)和教練采取的復(fù)雜競技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術(shù)性知識(shí)，人們?nèi)菀资艿竭\(yùn)動(dòng)或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽期間，他們經(jīng)常關(guān)注那些他們?nèi)菀桌斫獾氖虑椤Ｋ麄兿矚g那種運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)冒險(xiǎn)并明顯面臨身體危險(xiǎn)的情境，他們喜愛那些搜長戲劇化表現(xiàn)或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的平

54、安和安康的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)。他們喜歡看到運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)不惜代價(jià)，立志求勝。5.For e*ample, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice

55、skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored. They like athletes who project e*citing or controversial personas,and they often rate performances

56、 in terms of dramatic e*pression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully pete for years without going beyond them.5比方，當(dāng)人們?nèi)狈@球方面的技術(shù)知識(shí)時(shí)，他們更津津樂道于*一個(gè)灌籃，而不會(huì)關(guān)注球隊(duì)取勝必需的因素:自始至

57、終配合得天衣無縫的后防。同樣，那些對(duì)滑冰技術(shù)知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設(shè)計(jì)并訓(xùn)練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒有驚險(xiǎn)的跳躍，無知的觀眾會(huì)感到厭倦。他們喜歡那些表現(xiàn)得沖動(dòng)人心或有爭議性的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)。他們往往根據(jù)戲劇化的表現(xiàn)是否導(dǎo)致戲劇化的結(jié)果來評(píng)價(jià)比賽。他們想看運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)在超越自己極限時(shí)偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來穩(wěn)操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)。6.When a sport es to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ide

58、as about what is important in sport. This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as show-time, an iey may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as a

59、thletes. This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who dont know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6當(dāng)一項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)變得依賴于娛樂廣闊觀眾時(shí)，對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)中什么才是重要的，運(yùn)動(dòng)參與者們往往會(huì)

60、改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學(xué)取向向英雄主義取向轉(zhuǎn)變。其實(shí)，運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)可能甚至把運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽稱為表演秀，并把自己稱作表演者兼運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)。這并不意味著美學(xué)取向不復(fù)存在了，但是這確實(shí)意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后。英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識(shí)欣賞運(yùn)動(dòng)或比賽的策略和技術(shù)的觀眾。7.As the need to please naive audiences bees greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations. This is why television mentators for US football game