上呼吸道解剖（英文）

1、Anatomy of the Upper AirwayLarynx (cont)Glottic openingnarrowest part of adult tracheadependent on muscle tonecontains vocal bandswhite bands of cartilageproduce voiceArytenoid cartilageposterior attachment of vocal bandsAnatomy of the Upper AirwayLarynx (cont)Cricoid ringfirst tracheal ringcomplete

2、ly cartilaginouscompression occludes esophagusSellick maneuverCricothyroid membranemembrane between cricoid & thyroid cartilagesite for surgical and needle airway placementAnatomy of the Upper AirwayLarynx (cont)associated & adjacent structuresthyroid glandbelow cricoid cartilagelies across trachea

3、and up both sidescarotid arteriesbranches across and lie closely alongside tracheajugular veinsbranch across and lie close to tracheaAnatomy of the Upper AirwayAnatomy of the Upper AirwayPediatric vs Adult Upper AirwayLarger tongue in comparison to size of mouthFloppy epiglottisDelicate teeth and gu

4、msLarynx is more superiorFunnel shaped larynx due to undeveloped cricoid cartilageNarrowest point at cricoid ring before 10 yoaAnatomy of the Upper AirwayFrom: CPEM, TRIPP, 1998Anatomy of the Upper AirwayAnatomy of the Lower AirwayFunctionexchange O2 and CO2LocationFrom the glottic opening to pulmon

5、ary capillary membraneAnatomy of the Lower AirwayTracheaBifurcates at carinaRight and Left mainstem bronchiRight mainstem bronchi has less angleLined with mucous cells & Beta 2 receptorsBronchiBranch into secondary & tertiary bronchi that branch into bronchiolesAnatomy of the Lower AirwayBronchioles

6、Branch into alveolar ducts that end at alveolar sacsAlveoli“Balloon-like” clustersSite of gas exchangeLined with surfactant increases surface tension eases expansion surfactant or alveoli not inflated atelectasisAnatomy of the Lower AirwayLungsRight lung = 3 lobes; Left lung = 2 lobesParenchymal tissueM