英語句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu).課件

1、英語句子成分及基本結(jié)構(gòu) （一）句子成分的定義 構(gòu)成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分； 主要成分有主語和謂語； 次要成分有表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補(bǔ)足語。（二）句子的具體成分主語（subject)：主語是一個句子所敘述的主體，一般位于句首。主語可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。 1During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞） 2 We often speak English in class.（代詞） 3 One-third

2、of the students in this class are girls.（數(shù)詞） 4To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） 5 Smoking does harm to our health.（動名詞） 6 The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞） 7When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句） 8 It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主

3、語，真正的主語為后面的不定式）謂語(predicate) 謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。動詞在句中作謂語，一般放在主語之后。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：1、簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：He practices running every morning.2、復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. 表語(predicative) 表語用以說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)，它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, tur

4、n, seem等）之后。 Our teacher of English is an American. （名詞）Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold. （形容詞）The speech is exciting. （分詞）Three times seven is twenty one? （數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語）Time is up. The cl

5、ass is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）賓語(object) 賓語表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后 面。例如： They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代詞）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their ho

6、usework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）賓語補(bǔ)足語(complement of object) 英語中有些及物動詞，除有一個直接賓語以外，還要有一個賓語補(bǔ)語，才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補(bǔ)足語的一般句型為：某些及物動詞（如make等+賓語+賓補(bǔ)）。賓補(bǔ)可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當(dāng)。His father named h

7、im Dongming.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞）Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語）We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介詞短語）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）定語(attributive) 修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱

8、為定語。定語可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） English spoken in other countries is different from ours.Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）She is a beauty who/whom we all like.(定語從句)狀語種類如下 How about meet

9、ing again at six?（時間狀語）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點(diǎn)狀語）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語）In order to catch up wit

10、h the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結(jié)果狀語）She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）同位語 同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞或名詞短語對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如： We students should study hard. We all are students. Carol , an American teacher, wil

11、l come to our school.獨(dú)立成分 有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等。 肯定詞yes 否定詞no 稱呼語：mum, dad。 插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。 如: The story, I think, has never come to the end情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）:perhaps也許,maybe大概,actually實際上,certainly當(dāng)然，等。 簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句（一）句子種類兩種分類法 1、按句子的用途可分四種： 1）陳

12、述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she? 3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種： 1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often

13、 reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2) 并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you. He wants to go there but I dont hurry up, or you will be late. This house belongs to

14、 Mr.Smith；it costs millions of dollars.3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great WallThis is the book that I want.I think that he is right. 簡單句的五種基本句型 1主語+不及物動詞：( S V) We work. She came My head aches. The bell rang.2主語+系動

15、詞+表語(SVC)系動詞一be動詞類：am、is、are、was、were 二表示變化類：become、get、turn、grow、go 三感官動詞類:look sound smell taste feel appear, seem四表示延續(xù)性的動詞：remain、stay、keepHe is a studentHis face turned redThe apple tastes sweetThe soldier keeps still.3主語+及物動詞+賓語(SVO）e.g. Henry bought a dictionary. Mike ate three cakes she drew

16、a beautiful picture.4、主語+及物動詞+雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）(SVIOO)(SVOiO)e.g. My father bought me a car.-My father bought a car for me He gave me three yuan.-He gave three yuan to me5、主語+及物動詞+復(fù)合賓語（賓語+賓補(bǔ)）(SVOC) Tom made the baby laugh.We made him our monitor.I cant make myself understood. We want to have the desk r

17、epaired. 1. have difficulty (in) dong sth have trouble (in) dong sth have trouble with sth2. cant help doing=couldnt help doing3. go on doing4. give up(doing) sth5. spend st doing sth6. be satisfied with be pleased with (be pleased to do) be content with7. look down on.8. prevent. from. Keepfrom1. l

18、ook forward to doing sth2. share sth with sb3. keep in mind4. keep doing5. keep. from doing sth6. prevent. (from) doing7. be filled with= be full of8. enjoy doing sth9. feed on10. take care of.11have difficulty in doing sth12. succeed in doing sth=manage to do=make it13. be/ get tired of1. avoid doing sth2. come up with.3. at the same time4. carry out5. carry on doing sth6. complain about.7. actually= in fact= as a matter of fact8. as long as9. a great deal of.（u）1. 避免做某事2. 提出.想出3. 同時4. 執(zhí)行；實施5. 繼續(xù)做某事6. 抱怨7. 事實上；實際上8. 只要9. 許多的；大量的1.