英漢翻譯教程--全套課件

1、導(dǎo)學(xué)課程要求 Meeting Time & Classroom:Description: This course named Translation Theory and Practice aims at cultivating the SS ability of translating between E-C and C- Ethey have the ability to understand and master some basic theories and techniques about translation. E.g. the brief history of Chinese

2、and western translation theory, the differences between E and C, the eight basic techniques in translation, some methods to deal with the special sentences, etc. In a word, the SS will have the first impression to English language and Chinese, and through these discussions they will have a higher ab

3、ility in their English writing. It will take us at least a span of 4 lectures to finish one topic in the syllabus.Course Description & Requirements導(dǎo)學(xué)課程要求 To pass this course, students must attain an average of 60% in the following categories:Participating: 10% Participating is vital to the learning

4、process and it includes attendances, being on times, coming to class prepared, interacting with other students, and participating in classroom discussions. Students who are frequently absent, tardy, or refuse to participate will receive a poor participation grade. Note: there are NO excused absences

5、. Any absences or tardy will result in a lower participation grade.Requirements and Grading: 導(dǎo)學(xué)課程要求 Homework: 20% Students will have to complete periodic homework assignments related to this course. (Including reviewing and previewing the text, etc) The teacher may also give homework/ assignments on

6、 each topic discussed in the class if there is a need.Tests: 70% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be several short quizzes through the term.Attendance: Daily attendance will be recorded. Each day a student will get 1.5 points. 0.5 point for attendance, 0.5 point for being on

7、time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates. 導(dǎo)學(xué)課程要求 4Classroom polices: Late work: Assignments must be turned in on the due date for full credit. Unless otherwise indicated, all assignments will be due at the beginning of the class period. As

8、signments that are turned in late will lose 5% per day.Copying and Plagiarism: Students should do their own work in order to maximize learning. Collaborating on assignments is permitted, but copying another students work is prohibited. Similarly, students who are caught copying or plagiarizing will

9、fail the assignment. 導(dǎo)學(xué)課程要求 譯者的素質(zhì)： 外語(yǔ)素質(zhì) 母語(yǔ)素質(zhì) 語(yǔ)言敏感度 百科能力 心理素質(zhì) 政治素質(zhì)翻譯的輔助工具： 工具書(shū)百度 電子辭典在線詞典導(dǎo)學(xué)學(xué)法指導(dǎo) 譯者素養(yǎng)：6提高方法：導(dǎo)學(xué)學(xué)法指導(dǎo) 翻譯理論+翻譯技巧+翻譯實(shí)踐 研究有關(guān)翻譯的論述，弄懂翻譯的基本問(wèn)題。 （ 閱讀理論著作；專題論文；翻譯教材；譯品的前言后語(yǔ)）研究譯作范本 從中摸索翻譯的規(guī)律和技巧，對(duì)比不同譯本的處理和效果。 研究典型譯例，注意翻譯技巧的說(shuō)明和譯句的得失，為翻譯實(shí)踐打好基礎(chǔ)不斷進(jìn)行翻譯實(shí)踐（1） 依照詞語(yǔ)-句子-段落-語(yǔ)篇的順序；（2） 選擇不同題材和體裁的練習(xí)材料；（3） 難易循序漸進(jìn)

10、；（4） 譯文反復(fù)修改，不斷提高譯文質(zhì)量；（5） 選擇有參考譯文的文本，進(jìn)行對(duì)比學(xué)習(xí)；（6） 可請(qǐng)別人修改或校正。Tips：read more;practice more;think more; discuss more7導(dǎo)學(xué)參考書(shū) 英漢互譯實(shí)用教程，郭著章、李慶生 編著，武 漢大學(xué)出版社，2019年。英漢漢英翻譯教程，張春柏 編著， 高等教育出版社，2019年。英漢翻譯概要，靳梅林 編著， 南開(kāi)大學(xué)出版社，2019年。新編漢英翻譯教程，陳宏薇 編著，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2019年。英漢翻譯教程，連淑能 編著，高等教育出版社，2019年。參考書(shū)：8導(dǎo)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站中國(guó)翻譯協(xié)會(huì) /tran/inde

11、x.htm中國(guó)科技翻譯 gotoread/2019/magazine/index.asp?MagID=1917 譯路網(wǎng) translatingway/html/e/2019-11/10/12_47_12_734.html譯商網(wǎng) transbiz/Resourcehtml/Resource413.html 譯龍翻譯網(wǎng)hostran/transtudy.asp詞匯術(shù)語(yǔ)網(wǎng) /news/a1/1.htm英語(yǔ)之聲 4english/englishstudy/ch/jgmc/index2.html舍生取譯網(wǎng) ascetlan.bokee/ 9導(dǎo)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)站1. 我們?cè)谌魏螘r(shí)候都需要爭(zhēng)取外援，特別需要學(xué)習(xí)外國(guó)

12、一切對(duì)我們有益的先進(jìn)事物。It is necessary for us to try to win foreign aid and , in particular, to learn all that is advanced and beneficial from other country.2. 在我們同東歐各國(guó)各黨的關(guān)系這個(gè)問(wèn)題上，我們有相當(dāng)?shù)呢?zé)任。So far as our relations with the countries and parties of eastern Europe are concerned, we are largely responsible for the

13、 problems that occurred. We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse. 101. What is translation?(翻譯的定義)The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(從一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語(yǔ)言);Websters third New International Dictionary of the English L

14、anguage: to turn into ones own or another language(轉(zhuǎn)換成本族語(yǔ)或另一種語(yǔ)言)。翻譯是一種“語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換”活動(dòng)。第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的定義 11The definition is:Translation is a rendering from one language into another, i.e., the faithful representation in one language of what is written or said in another language.To be more exact, in Nidas & Ty

15、tlers words第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的定義 12美國(guó)翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida：Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所謂翻譯，是指在譯語(yǔ)中用最切近而又自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原語(yǔ)的信息，首先在語(yǔ)義上，其次在文體上。)第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的定義 13A good

16、 translation is one which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language as to be as distinctly apprehended and as strongly felt by a native of the country to which that language belongs as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. 好的翻譯應(yīng)該是把原作的長(zhǎng)處完全地

17、移注到另一種語(yǔ)言，以使譯人語(yǔ)所屬國(guó)家的本地人能明白地領(lǐng)悟、強(qiáng)烈地感受，如同使用原作語(yǔ)言的人所領(lǐng)悟、所感受的一樣。(泰特勒，1790)Alexander Fraser Tytler: 第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的定義 14綜合各家之長(zhǎng):翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言傳達(dá)出來(lái)，以達(dá)到溝通思想情感、傳播文化知識(shí)、促進(jìn)社會(huì)文明，特別是推動(dòng)譯語(yǔ)文化興旺昌盛的目的。Translation is an activity of reproducing in one language the ideas which have been expressed in another language.第一章：翻譯概

18、述翻譯的定義 152. Scope of Translationin terms of languages:in terms of the mode:in terms of materials to be translated:in terms of disposal: (full-text translation, abridged translation, adapted translation)第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的分類 1.按語(yǔ)言分類：語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation）語(yǔ)際翻譯（interlingual translation）2. 按活動(dòng)形式分類：筆譯（tr

19、anslation）口譯（oral interpretation）： 連續(xù)傳譯（consecutive translation） 和同聲傳譯（simultaneous translation）3. 按翻譯材料的文體分類：應(yīng)用文體翻譯 科技文體翻譯論述文體翻譯新聞文體翻譯藝術(shù)文體翻譯4. 按處理方式分類：全譯 節(jié)譯 摘譯 編譯 譯述163. Criteria in China A. Yan Fus (嚴(yán)復(fù)) “three character guide”, which was first proposed in 1898, is the principle of “faithfulness, e

20、xpressiveness, and elegance” (信、達(dá)、雅). “譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅”B. Some revisions such as faithfulness, expressiveness and closeness (信、達(dá)、切); faithfulness, expressiveness and fitness (信、達(dá)、貼), 第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 17C. Fu Leis (傅雷) spiritual conformity/resemblance in spirit （神似)D. Qian Zhongshu (錢鐘書(shū)) transmigration (化境)

21、E. 魯迅：翻譯：一當(dāng)然力求其易解,一則保存原作的豐姿。反對(duì)牛頭不對(duì)馬嘴，提出“寧信而不順”之原則。 林語(yǔ)堂的“忠實(shí)、通順、美” 梁實(shí)秋的“寧錯(cuò)務(wù)順”瞿秋白的“信順統(tǒng)一” 許淵沖的“音美、形美、意美（三美）”第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Criteria for beginners: FaithfulnessSmoothness18“泰特勒三原則” 奈達(dá)（美）的“動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)等”和“功能對(duì)等” 紐馬克（英）的“文本中心”論 Criteria in the West (reading after class)第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 19 十八世紀(jì)末的英國(guó)學(xué)者亞歷山大泰特勒(Alexander Fra

22、ser Tytler, 1747-1814)。他在論翻譯的原則(Essay on the Principles of Translation)一書(shū)中提出了著名的翻譯三原則：（1）譯文應(yīng)完全復(fù)寫出原作的思想（A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.）（2）譯文的風(fēng)格和筆調(diào)應(yīng)與原文的性質(zhì)相同(The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.)（3）譯

23、文應(yīng)和原作同樣流暢(A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）Three Principles of Translation: 第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 20美國(guó)翻譯理論家Eugene A. Nida：把翻譯中的“意義”概括成“語(yǔ)義”和“語(yǔ)體”:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first

24、 in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. （所謂翻譯，是指在譯語(yǔ)中用最切近而又自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)原語(yǔ)的信息，首先在語(yǔ)義上，其次在文體上。)第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 21SL emphasisTL emphasisVWord-for-word translationAdaptation translationLiteral translationIdiomatic translationFree translationFaithful translationSemantic translationCommunicative tran

25、slationNote: The gap between emphasis on source and target language can be narrowed if semantic translation and communicative translation are applied.Peter Newmark 第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 交際翻譯注重譯文讀者產(chǎn)生于原文讀者相同的效果,語(yǔ)義翻譯注重譯出原文的所有含義,它們的根本區(qū)別在于交際翻譯強(qiáng)調(diào)信息產(chǎn)生的效果,語(yǔ)義翻譯強(qiáng)調(diào)信息內(nèi)容,但是,它們之間的區(qū)別是相對(duì)的,在翻譯實(shí)踐中,往往是兩種翻譯方法交替使用,相輔相成,以期達(dá)到譯文的最

26、佳效果.Commenting on these methods, I should first say that only semantic and communicative translations fulfill the two main aims of translation” (Newmark，Peter,2019)22A. Preparation: basic knowledge about both languages as well as the background knowledge; basic skills in translation are necessary;B.

27、 Comprehension: understanding accurately the meaning of the source language; How?C. Expression/Representation: try to express the meaning in idiomatic Chinese;D. Revision /proofreading: check again and again to polish the language. The Process of Translation第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的過(guò)程 23第一章：翻譯概述翻譯的過(guò)程 Eugene A. Ni

28、da 的翻譯過(guò)程244. History of Translation in China 1)佛經(jīng)翻譯時(shí)期，從東漢開(kāi)始至唐宋，1000余年（支謙、道安，鳩摩羅什、真諦、玄奘）2）明末清初：西方科技翻譯 （徐光啟、利瑪竇；李之藻）3）清朝后期：西方哲學(xué)、文學(xué)翻譯 重要人物：林紓、嚴(yán)復(fù)4）中國(guó)近代翻譯史：“五四”運(yùn)動(dòng)是分水嶺； 重要人物：魯迅、瞿秋白、林語(yǔ)堂、朱生豪 5）繁榮階段：新中國(guó)的成立第一章：翻譯概述中西譯史 25第一章：翻譯概述中西譯史 Western translation history (reading after the Class) 第一個(gè)高潮是在公元前3世紀(jì)中葉。第二個(gè)高潮發(fā)

29、生于公元4世紀(jì)至6世紀(jì)之間。 第三個(gè)高潮是11世紀(jì)至12世紀(jì)之間。第四次高潮是14-16世紀(jì)的歐洲文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期。第五次高潮，是第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束以來(lái)。26a.) word meaning in context-No context, no text.維特根斯坦（1953：31）: The meaning of a word is its use in the language.一個(gè)詞的意義就是它在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用。Hymes (1972: xix ) points out, “The key to understanding language in context is to start not

30、with language, but with context.”Each word when used in a new context is a new word.（J.R. Firth,1890-1960,a famous linguist in England P.30）How to understand?27Dear Mark, New York is finally getting a real sales manager. Congratulations on your new promotion. Your marketing ability has put you well

31、above everyone else in the company, and probably everyone else in the industry. The company will benefit from the enthusiasm and intelligence youve always shown, and I imagine that before long youll be moving the whole firm into the number - one position. Version第一章：翻譯概述練習(xí) 28親愛(ài)的馬克: 紐約終于有了位真正的 銷售(部)經(jīng)

32、理， 祝賀你(的)又一次高升。 你所具有的市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷知識(shí)(能力）使你 在公司里出人頭地，很可能 在整個(gè)營(yíng)銷業(yè)中 你也 高人一籌。 你一貫表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的 熱情 及 聰明才智將會(huì) 使你的公司受益匪淺，我想 不久你就會(huì)使你的公司名列同行之首。 Original第一章：翻譯概述練習(xí) 29 As you know, our native language Chinese is quite different from English. There is really a big gap between the characteristics of the two languages. In order to

33、learn the translation course better, we have to study the comparison between the source language and the target language. Just because all the theories, methods, techniques concerning English-Chinese translation are based on the comparison, it is very important, so to say, to master the languages pe

34、culiarities. 第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較30 Only by doing so can we raise our distinguishing ability, have a good command of the characteristics and apply the techniques consciously in our translation. Thus we can achieve better comprehension and better representation. The comparison here will be shown in the follo

35、wing points:I. Language Families (語(yǔ)系)第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較語(yǔ)系比較31 English belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family(印歐語(yǔ)系). Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family（漢藏語(yǔ)系）. It is well known that English has the richest vocabulary of any European language. On the basis of Ang

36、les language (Anglo-Saxon), English was built by absorbing words in various languages:E.g. Latin: Pen, pencil, cup, butter, silk French: pork, feast, sir, noble, Italian: piano, solo, studio, opera, umbrella, pilgrim,第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較語(yǔ)系比較32Spanish: cargo, cigarette, cigar,Greek: paper, alphabet, dialogue

37、, comedyChinese: tea, chow mein, kowtow, toufu, Originally English had its gender, case, number, conjugationthese complicated changes. Because of the wide borrowings, English couldnt keep the changes, case disappearing, gender being not so strict as some other languages, only subjective case and obj

38、ective case remaining and only pronouns having the changes. As English absorbed foreign words only, without absorbing grammar rules, new words can only be formed by means of derivation, composition and conversion, etc.第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較語(yǔ)系比較33II. Word-building The major ways of word-building in English are

39、 composition, conversion, and derivation (affixation). And in Chinese we have the same major ways.English：Composition: motherland, blackboard, waterworks, handwriting, silkworm, outbreak, easy-going, home-made, whitewash; The United Stated is a “do-it-yourself” country.Conversion: paper the window,

40、empty the basket, elbow ones way, ups and downs, many ifs;He bicycled off a moment ago.第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較構(gòu)詞比較34Derivation: able-unable, take-mistake, hope-hopeless- hopelessness, act- inactionChinese:Composition: 并列式：語(yǔ)言，改革，樹(shù)立，遙遠(yuǎn)，左右，出入，好歹；偏正式：學(xué)分，本科，紅糖，笑聲，新衣；主謂式（主從式）：耳聞，目睹，臉紅，膽小，月明；動(dòng)賓式：思甜，攻關(guān)，滅火，開(kāi)車，憶苦，踢球；補(bǔ)充式

41、：提前，救活，改善，說(shuō)明，調(diào)好；重迭式：平平安安，高高興興，懶洋洋，亮晶晶，方方面面英語(yǔ)中也有主謂式，但較少：eyestrain, heartburn, face-ache英語(yǔ)中也有動(dòng)賓式或動(dòng)補(bǔ)式，但一樣較少：do-all, breakneck, make-peace第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較構(gòu)詞比較35Conversion: 一棵大樹(shù)， 十年樹(shù)人；出售油漆，油漆門窗； 雞鴨魚(yú)肉，魚(yú)肉百姓；他在辦公室，他在辦公室打電話； 安全第一，不太安全；今天真熱，把飯熱一下；廉頗老矣，尚能飯否？ 第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較構(gòu)詞比較36Derivation: 前綴 （Prefix）超 超人，超額，超支，超音速，

42、超短波；非 非人，非常，非原則，非正式，非軍事化，無(wú) 無(wú)視，無(wú)限，無(wú)線電，無(wú)名氏，無(wú)疑；漢語(yǔ)中的“非”，“無(wú)”相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)中的前綴un-,in-, il- 和后綴-less: invalid, inorganic, unconscious, unmatched, informal, illegal, endless, fearless, merciless,第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較構(gòu)詞比較37Derivation: 前綴 （Prefix）反 反動(dòng)，反攻， 反駁，反問(wèn)，反腐敗，反法西斯；可 可親，可愛(ài)，可口，可調(diào)整，可憐兮兮；某些相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)的后綴able, 和ful: shameful, reli

43、able, hateful, pitiful, fearful, valuable, considerable, 后綴（Suffix）：手 助手，舵手，選手，幫手，一把手； 年 幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年；子 金子，銀子，票子，耗子，妻子，愛(ài)面子；頭 外頭，對(duì)頭，拳頭，風(fēng)頭，枕頭，苗頭；其中表示人的后綴有“員，者，家，師，士”等，相當(dāng)于英語(yǔ)中的后綴：-er, -or, -eer, -ian, -ist等。第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較構(gòu)詞比較38III. 音節(jié)及其他. 英漢兩種語(yǔ)言里都有單音節(jié)詞（monosyllabic）， 雙音節(jié)詞(dissyllabic) 和多音節(jié)詞(poly-syllab

44、ic): e.g. 我，study 學(xué)習(xí)，perseverance 鍥而不舍；2. 還有，漢語(yǔ)中既有字也有詞，而英語(yǔ)中一般只稱作詞。如漢語(yǔ)里的連綿詞，分開(kāi)則叫字，合起來(lái)才叫詞。如：澎湃，鴛鴦，徘徊等； 英語(yǔ)句子中，詞與詞之間有空格，而漢語(yǔ)句子中，詞與詞之間無(wú)空格，每個(gè)字所占位置幾乎一樣大。 當(dāng)然在書(shū)寫成漢語(yǔ)拼音時(shí)，詞與詞之間有空格。 如：Xuexi yingyu yao xia kugong. 第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較音節(jié)比較393. 兩種語(yǔ)言中均有擬聲詞， 如：Tick 嘀嗒（鐘表聲） baa 咩咩（綿羊或羔羊叫聲）4. 英語(yǔ)中有縮略詞，類似漢語(yǔ)中的簡(jiǎn)化字或縮略語(yǔ)，如：Advertiseme

45、ntad numberno. 馬克思主義、列寧主義馬列主義；業(yè)業(yè)；鞏鞏；高等院校高校， 公共關(guān)系公關(guān)； 5. 因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)中不僅有詞，還有字，所以除了構(gòu)詞法外， 還有“六書(shū)”構(gòu)字法，即：指事、象形、會(huì)意、形聲、轉(zhuǎn)注、假借。這是英語(yǔ)中所沒(méi)有的。第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較音節(jié)比較40 I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elop

46、ement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield)譯文1： 我愛(ài)我的愛(ài)人為了一個(gè)E，因?yàn)樗荅nticing (迷人的)；我恨我的愛(ài)人為了一個(gè)E, 因?yàn)樗荅ngaged (訂了婚的)。我用我的愛(ài)人象征Exquisite (美妙)， 我勸我的愛(ài)人從事Elopement (私奔)，她的名字是Emily (愛(ài)彌麗)，她的住處在East (東方)。（董秋斯）R第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較練習(xí)41譯2：我愛(ài)我的愛(ài)人，因?yàn)樗苊匀?；我恨我的?ài)人，因已許配他人；他在我心中是美人，我?guī)奖?，以避開(kāi)外人；

47、她名叫虞美人，是東方麗人。（姜秋霞、張柏然） I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield)R第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較練習(xí)42譯文3： 我愛(ài)我的那個(gè)“麗”，可愛(ài)迷人

48、有魅力；我恨我的那個(gè)“麗”，要和他人結(jié)伉儷；她文雅大方又美麗，和我出逃去游歷； 她芳名就叫愛(ài)米麗，家住東方人俏麗。（馬紅軍） I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfi

49、eld)R第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較練習(xí)43譯文4： 我愛(ài)我的心上人，因?yàn)樗菢拥亟腥巳朊裕╡nticing）；我恨我的心上人，因?yàn)樗延喕閷⒆魉似蓿╡ngaged）；她花容月貌無(wú)可比擬（exquisite），我勸她私奔跟我在一起（elopement）；她的名字叫埃米莉（Emily），她的家就在東城里（east）。我為我的心上人呀，一切都因?yàn)檫@個(gè)E?。懩耸ィ?I love my love with an E, because shes enticing; I hate her with an E, because shes engaged; I took her to the sign of

50、 the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement; her names Emily, and she lives in the east. (Dickens, David Copperfield)R第二章：英漢語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較練習(xí)44 第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的選擇 詞義的選擇 英漢兩種語(yǔ)言都有一詞多類、一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類就是指一個(gè)詞往往屬于幾個(gè)詞類，具有幾個(gè)不同的意義。一詞多義就是說(shuō)同一個(gè)詞在同一個(gè)詞類中，又往往有幾個(gè)不同的詞義。在英漢翻譯過(guò)程中，我們?cè)谂逶浣Y(jié)構(gòu)后就要善于選擇和確定原句中關(guān)鍵詞的詞義。選擇和確定詞義通常從以下幾個(gè)方面著手（

51、教材P30-46）：1. 根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來(lái)選擇和確定詞義 選擇某個(gè)詞的詞義，首先要判明這個(gè)詞在原句中應(yīng)屬哪一種詞類，然后再進(jìn)一步確定其詞義。例如： Like charges repel. Unlike charges attract. 12345 45但在下面例句中，like又分屬其他幾個(gè)不同詞類：1) He likes mathematics more than physics.他喜歡數(shù)學(xué)甚于喜歡物理學(xué)。（動(dòng)詞）2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like g

52、old.在射入窗內(nèi)的陽(yáng)光里，細(xì)微的塵埃象金子一般在閃閃發(fā)光。（前置詞）3) Like knows like.英雄識(shí)英雄。（名詞）12345第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的選擇 464). 啟事：信招領(lǐng)啟事 推薦信鳴謝啟事 證明信征稿啟事 口信更正啟事 表 病歷表 履歷表 時(shí)間表 日程表Case History FormAcknowledgementsCertificateCorrectionsLetter of RecommendationContributions WantedFoundTimetableResumeScheduleAn Oral Message第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的選擇 472.

53、 根據(jù)上下文聯(lián)系以及詞在句子中的搭配關(guān)系來(lái)選擇和確定詞義 英語(yǔ)中同一個(gè)詞，同一詞類，在不同場(chǎng)合往往也有不同的含義，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系以及詞的搭配關(guān)系或句型來(lái)判斷和確定某個(gè)詞在特定場(chǎng)合下所應(yīng)具有的詞義。例如“Last”這一形容詞：1)He is the last man to come. 他是最后來(lái)的。(Being, coming, or placed after all others; final) 2)He is the last man to do it. 他絕對(duì)不會(huì)干那件事。 (Least likely or expected)3)He is the last person for s

54、uch a job.他最不配干這個(gè)工作。(The least desirable or suitable) 12345“Each word when used in a new context is a new word.” J.R. Firth第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的選擇 48再如“take （off）這一動(dòng)詞：1)To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脫鞋或穿鞋對(duì)她是一種痛苦，但這已經(jīng)是多年以來(lái)的痛苦了。 The flyers prac

55、ticed taking off time after time from this restricted space. 飛行 人員反復(fù)地在一塊有限空地上練習(xí)起飛。 123453）took the brake off， took 20 percent off. 松開(kāi)剎車 優(yōu)惠百分之二十第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的選擇 49何為詞義的引申詞義的引申是指在一個(gè)詞所具有的原始意義的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)上下文和邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)一步加以引申，選擇適當(dāng)確切的目標(biāo)語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá)，避免生搬硬套地逐句死譯，使譯文更加通順流暢。由于英語(yǔ)詞義對(duì)上下文的依賴性強(qiáng)，可變性大，因此詞義引申對(duì)英譯漢尤為重要。當(dāng)然，詞義的引申不得超出原始意義所

56、允許的范圍。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 50詞義引申的手段詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化詞義的具體化詞義的抽象化第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 51詞義的轉(zhuǎn)化翻譯時(shí)，如果完全生搬硬套字典所給的字面意思，“對(duì)號(hào)入座”，會(huì)使譯文生硬晦澀，含糊不清，甚至令人不知所云。因此，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文和原詞的字面意思，作適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)化。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 52Case 1The factors which are likely to influence investment spending do not stop here.譯：可能影響投資開(kāi)支的因素并不止這些。析：do not stop here 由“不停留在這里”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“并

57、不止這些”。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 53Case 2Whether you like it or not, globalization is here to stay. We are not going to reverse the trend.譯：不管你對(duì)它的態(tài)度如何，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為我們生活的一部分，這個(gè)趨勢(shì)不可逆轉(zhuǎn)。析：若把它死譯為“呆在這里”，不通順。但引申為“已成為我們生活的一部分”，把原文的信息充分地傳達(dá)出來(lái)，且易于讀者理解。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 54Case 3Our products, if maintained properly and regularly, c

58、an at least see twenty years service.譯：我們的產(chǎn)品如果適當(dāng)?shù)囟ㄆ跈z修，至少可以使用20年。析：see twenty years service 由“看見(jiàn)20年的服務(wù)”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“使用20年”。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 55Case 4Thats a tall story about the towns high street.原譯：這就是有關(guān)鎮(zhèn)上高處街道的大故事。 改譯: 有關(guān)這城主街的說(shuō)法是在令人難以置信。 high street: the main street of a town or a city; tall: a. hard to believe

59、, exaggerated 第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 56詞義的具體化詞義的具體化是指把原義抽象籠統(tǒng)的詞語(yǔ)，根據(jù)目標(biāo)語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，引申為意義明確具體的詞語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中常用代表抽象意義的詞表示一種具體事物，譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)一般須作具體化的引申，否則意義會(huì)不明朗。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 57Case 1There is more to their life than political and social and economic problem, more than transient everydayness.譯：他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。析：

60、everydayness 由“日常性”具體引申為日常生活所必需的“柴米油鹽”。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 58Case 2The factory is famous for its arsenal of technical geniuses.譯：這家工廠以擁有眾多技術(shù)精英而著稱。析：arsenal 由“軍火庫(kù)”具體引申為“眾多”。第三章 詞語(yǔ)的翻譯詞義的引申 59詞義的抽象化詞義的抽象化是指是將表示具體形象的詞作概括性的引申，譯成意義抽象的詞。例如，將“之乎者也”譯成“l(fā)iterary jargons”或 “pedantic jargons”就是一種詞義抽象化的處理?，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)常用表示具體形象