Myers+Psy11智力-心理學(xué)課件

1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 11Intelligence Origins of Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testa method of assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scoresOrigins of Intelligence TestingMental Agea measure of intelligence test performance devised by Bi

2、netchronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performancechild who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8Origins of Intelligence TestingStanford-Binetthe widely used American revision of Binets original intelligence testrevised by Terman a

3、t Stanford UniversityOrigins of Intelligence TestingIntelligence Quotient (IQ)defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100What is Intelligence?Int

4、elligenceability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situationsWhat is Intelligence?Factor Analysisstatistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a testused to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie ones

5、 total scoreGeneral Intelligence (g)factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilitiesmeasured by every task on an intelligence testAre There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndromecondition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific s

6、killcomputation drawingAre There Multiple Intelligences?Social Intelligencethe know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfullyEmotional Intelligenceability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotionsIntelligence and CreativityCreativitythe ability t

7、o produce novel and valuable ideasexpertiseimaginative thinking skillsventuresome personalityintrinsic motivationcreative environmentBrain Function and IntelligencePeople who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence testsStimulusMaskQuestion: Long side on

8、left or right?Assessing IntelligenceAptitude Testa test designed to predict a persons future performanceaptitude is the capacity to learnAchievement Testa test designed to assess what a person has learnedAssessing IntelligenceWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)most widely used intelligence test

9、subtestsverbal performance (nonverbal) Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAISFrom Thorndike and Hagen, 1977VERBALGeneral Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit SpanPERFORMANCEPicture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol

10、SubstitutionAssessing IntelligenceStandardizationdefining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributesmost scores fall near the a

11、verage, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremesThe Normal CurveGetting Smarter?Assessing IntelligenceReliabilitythe extent to which a test yields consistent resultsassessed by consistency of scores on:two halves of the testalternate forms of the testretestingValiditythe extent to which a te

12、st measures or predicts what it is supposed toAssessing IntelligenceContent Validitythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasksCriterionbehavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predictthe measure us

13、ed in defining whether the test has predictive validityAssessing IntelligencePredictive Validitysuccess with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predictassessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavioralso called criterion-related validityAssessing

14、 IntelligenceAs the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishesGreater correlationover broad rangeof body weights109876543210Little corre-lation withinrestricted rangeFootball linemens successBody weight in pounds180 250 290 The Dynamics of IntelligenceMental Retardati

15、ona condition of limited mental abilityindicated by an intelligence score below 70produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of lifevaries from mild to profoundDown Syndromeretardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic makeupThe Dynamics of Intellige

16、nceGenetic InfluencesThe most genetically similar people have the most similar scoresGenetic InfluencesHeritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genesvariability depends on range of populations and environments studiedGenetic InfluencesEnvironmental InfluencesThe Schooling EffectGroup DifferencesGroup differences and environmental impactVariation within groupVariation within groupDifference within groupPoor soilFertile soilSeedsGroup DifferencesThe Men