幾種遙感數(shù)據(jù)比較

1、NASA對于有這方面興趣的人，我推薦一本書:地球衛(wèi)星遙感共有兩卷。主要是有關中分辨串成像光譜儀（MODIS）產(chǎn)品的信息和應用，介紹了美國國家極軌環(huán) 境衛(wèi)系統(tǒng)（NPOESS）和NPOESS預備計劃（NPP），還探討了其他衛(wèi)星遙感裝備和應用，論及NASA 用于監(jiān)測和探測地球變化的主要衛(wèi)星系一一地球觀測系統(tǒng)（EOS），EOS包括的衛(wèi)星Terra、Aqua 和Aura及其裝載的MODIS、AIRS、AMSU、AMSR-E、OMI等遙感儀器，并討論NPP將攜帶的4 個NPOESS系統(tǒng)重要部件：可見光紅外成像輻射組件（VIIRS），航線交叉紅外探測器（CrIS），先進 技術微波探測器（ATMS）以及臭氧成

2、圖和廓線儀裝置OMPS）。既包括現(xiàn)代遙感技術的基礎知識， 又涉及衛(wèi)星遙感的領域。其中負責觀測陸地的Terra、負責觀測地球水循環(huán)的Aqua和負責搜集大氣數(shù)據(jù)的Aura共同 組成了完整的eos地球觀測系統(tǒng)，服務于nasa的地球科學計劃（ese）。GRACE10. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) 重力恢復與氣候?qū)嶒濼he primary goal of the GRACE mission is to accurately map variations in the Earths gravity field over its 5-yea

3、r lifetime. The GRACE mission has two identical spacecrafts flying about 220 kilometers apart in a polar orbit 500 kilometers above the earth.It will map the Earths gravity fields by making accurate measurements of the distance between the two satellites, using geodetic quality Global Positioning Sy

4、stem (GPS) receivers and a microwave ranging system. This will provide scientists from all over the world with an efficient and cost-effective way to map the Earths gravity fields with unprecedented accuracy. The results from this mission will yield crucial information about the distribution and flo

5、w of mass within the Earth and its surroundings.The gravity variations that GRACE will study include: changes due to surface and deep currents in the ocean; runoff and ground water storage on land masses; exchanges between ice sheets or glaciers and the oceans; and variations of mass within the eart

6、h. Another goal of the mission is to create a better profile of the Earths atmosphere. The results from GRACE will make a huge contribution to NASAs Earth science goals, Earth Observation System (EOS) and global climate change studies.GRACE is a joint partnership between the NASA in the United State

7、s and Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft und Raumfahrt (DLR) in Germany. Dr. Byron Tapley of The University of Texas Center for Space Research (UTCSR) is the Principal Investigator (PI), and Dr. Christoph Reigber of the GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) Potsdam is theCo-Principal Investigator (Co-PI). Pro

8、ject management and systems engineering activities are carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.9. TerraTerra is a multi-national, multi-disciplinary mission involving partnerships withthe aerospace agencies of Canada and Japan. Managed by NASAs GoddardSpace Flight Center, the mission also recei

9、ves key contributions from the JetPropulsion Laboratory and Langley Research Center. Terra is an importantpart of NASAs Science Mission, helping us better understand and protect ourhome planet.NASA launched the Earth Observing Systems flagship satellite Terra,named for Earth, on December 18, 1999. T

10、erra has been collecting data aboutEarths changing climate. Terra carries five state-of-the-art sensors that havebeen studying the interactions among the Earths atmosphere, lands, oceans,and radiant energy. Each sensor has unique design features that will enablescientists to meet a wide range of sci

11、ence objectives. The five Terra onboardsensors are: ASTER, or Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission andReflection Radiometer （先進星載熱發(fā)射和反射輻射儀） CERES, or Clouds and Earths Radiant Energy System MISR, or Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer MODIS, or Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer（中分辨率成像光

12、譜儀） MOPITT, or Measurements of Pollution in the TroposphereCorpus Christi, TexasThe city of Corpus Christi, Texas, is tucked against the southern shore of Corpus Christi Bay on the Gulf of Mexico. Inland, the city is surrounded by the large, green grid of croplands. To the south and east, the landsc

13、ape is dominated by marshes, lagoons, and barrier islands, the longest of which is Padre Island. Although the part of Padre Island visible in this scene is developed with roads, residences, and resorts, just south of the southern edge of the scene, Padre Island National Seashore begins. The seashore

14、 is the longest remaining undeveloped stretch of barrier island in the world.Upstream of Corpus Christi Bay is Nueces Bay, which takes its name from one of the two freshwater inputs to the bay system, the Nueces River. The other is Oso Creek, which flows into Corpus Christi Bay along the south shore

15、. The Corpus Christi Bay estuary is located in a semi-arid region, and the total freshwater input into the system is naturally low. Flows are further diminished by irrigation and urban water demands.These factors combine to make the system particularly sensitive to accumulation of water pollutants a

16、nd salt, which compromises the health of the plants and animals that live in the estuary (including commercially and recreationally important species such as oysters and shrimp.) For these reasons, the Environmental Protection Agency has included the Corpus Christi Bay Estuary in its National Estuar

17、y Program. Their goal is to develop water re-use and conservation strategies that will meet urban, agricultural, and ecological needs as the city continues to grow.Satellite images such as this view from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on NASAs Terra satell

18、ite captured on June 29, 2007, can document land cover changes such as the conversion of natural landscapes to cropland, or cropland to urban development. Information on how fast and where changes are occurring can help scientists and urban planners predict future water supply and demand.AMSRE表2 AMS

19、R- E的k要儀器參數(shù)特征中心頻率6.925 GHz1065GIb18. 7GIIz23. 8GIb365GLh89 0GIIzAB空間分辨率50km25 km15 km5 km波段寬度350MHzlOOMIIz200MIb400MHz1 OOOMIb3 OOOMIIz極化方式垂直利水平入射角5554. 5交叉極化小 J 20dB刈寬度1 445 km檢測范圍2, 7 - 340K精度1K敏感性0 34K0. 7K0 7K06K0, 7KL2K量化位數(shù)12 bit10 bitAMSR - E通過測量來自地球表面的微波輻射來研究全球范圍的水循環(huán)變 化。在水文應用研究中，為了取得兩個降雨事件前后的

20、土壤水分含量變化，頻繁 地獲得研究區(qū)的數(shù)據(jù)是非常重要的。衛(wèi)星的時間分辨率主要取決于刈寬度、衛(wèi)星 高度和傾角。對于AMSR而言，除了極地地區(qū)外，在不到兩天的時間內(nèi)，在升軌 和降軌都可以將全球覆蓋一次。圖1是7AMSR降軌的亮度溫度合成圖。從 圖1可以看出，在高緯度和低緯度地區(qū)數(shù)據(jù)覆蓋比較區(qū)內(nèi)，由于受地球形狀的 影響，在中緯度地區(qū)相對低緯度和高緯度地區(qū)覆蓋的周期可能相對要長。具體地 說，在降軌時,AMSR - E基本是兩天覆蓋一次，有的地方是一天或者三天。但在緯 度55以上的地區(qū)是一天覆蓋一次。MODISMODIS儀器特性、波段范圍通道光譜范疇119nm通道2036p m通道信噪比NE T主要用途

21、分辨率（m）620 670 128 陸地、云邊界250841876 201 250459 479 243 陸地、云特征500545 564 228 5001230 1250 74 5001638 1652 275 5002105 2135 110 500405420 880海洋水色浮游植物生物地理化學10009 438 448 :8380100010 483 493802100011 526 536754100012 545 556750100013 662 672910100014 673 6831087100015 743 753586100016 862 877576100017 890

22、 920167大氣、水汽100018 931 94157 100019 915 96525010003.6603.840( p m) 0.05地球表面和云頂溫度 10003.929 3.989( p m) 2.00 10003.929 3.989( p m) 0.07 10004.020 4.080( p m) 0.07 10004.433 4.498( p m) 0.25 大氣溫度 10004.482 4.948( p m) 0.25 10001.360 1.390( p m)6.535 6.895( p m)15040.25卷云、1000水汽100028 7.175 7.475( p m)

23、0.25100029 8.400 8.700( p m)0.05100030 9.589 9.880( p m)0.25臭氧100010.78011.280( p m) 0.05地球表面和云頂溫度 100011.770 12.270( p m) 0.05 100013.185 13.485( p m) 0.25 云頂高度 100013.485 13.785( p m) 0.25 100013.785 14.085( p m) 0.25 100014.085 14.385( p m) 0.35 1000特點和優(yōu)勢MODIS儀器與NOAA衛(wèi)星和陸地衛(wèi)星相比，有以下特點和優(yōu)勢: 空間分辨率大幅提高。

24、空間分辨率提高了一個量級，由NOAA的千米 級提高到了 MODIS的百米級。時間分辨率有優(yōu)勢。一天可過境4次，對各種突發(fā)性、快速變化的 自然災害有更強的實時監(jiān)測能力。3 .光譜分辨率大大提高。有36個波段，這種多通道觀測大大增強了對 地球復雜系統(tǒng)的觀測能力和對地表類型的識別能力。MODIS產(chǎn)品介紹MODIS掃描周期為1.477秒，每條掃描線沿掃描方向有1354個Pixels， 沿衛(wèi)星軌道方向有10個1KMD的IFOV。在每個IFOV中，1KM分辨率波段有 1個采樣，500M分辨率波段有4個采樣，250M波段有16個采樣。白天掃描 每個點在兩個MODIS包中傳輸，第一個包傳輸IFOV 15，第二

25、個包傳輸IFOV 610利用CCSDS進行了封裝，使用RS （255，223 ）進行糾錯。整個CCSDS 包（包括同步碼4個字節(jié)）長度為1024字節(jié)。其中Reed Solomon Coding 用來對整個 Coded VCDU 進行糾錯。MODIS CCSDS 包的 Reed Solomon Coding 部分共有32X4= 128字節(jié)，采用RS （255，223 ）。每個包可糾16X4= 64 個字節(jié)錯誤。裸數(shù)據(jù)是最原始的地面接收數(shù)據(jù)，它含有滿足CCSDS標準 （CCSDS 102.0-B-4 ）的數(shù)據(jù)包（CADU）。它經(jīng)過格式化同步、去擾、RS糾錯、 格式轉(zhuǎn)變等相應的步驟和程序，處理成為

26、MODIS 0級數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)品。其他詳細介紹 HYPERLINK http:/baike.baidu.eom/view/698688.htm%235 http:/baike.baidu.eom/view/698688.htm#5分辨率中分辨率成像光譜儀（MODIS ）最大空間分辨率可達250米，掃描寬度 2330公里。MODIS是CZCS、AVHRR、HIRS和TM等儀器的繼續(xù)。MODIS是被動式成像分光輻射計。共有490個探測器，分布在36個光 譜波段，從0.4微米（可見光）到14.4微米（熱紅外）全光譜覆蓋。對地觀測MODIS儀器的對地觀測：MODIS儀器的地面分辨率為 250m、500m和10

27、00m，掃描寬度為2330km。在對地觀測過程中，每秒可同時獲得6.1兆比特的來自大氣、海洋和陸 地表面信息，日或每兩日可獲取一次全球觀測數(shù)據(jù)。多波段數(shù)據(jù)MODIS儀器的多波段數(shù)據(jù)：多波段數(shù)據(jù)可以同時提供反應陸地、云邊界、云特性、海洋水色、浮游 植物、生物地理、化學、大氣中水汽、地表溫度、云頂溫度、大氣溫度、臭 氧和云頂高度等特征的信息，用于對陸表、生物圈、固態(tài)地球、大氣和海洋 進行長期全球觀測。4合成孔徑雷達（ASAR）ENVISAT衛(wèi)星所載的最大設備、ENVISAT-1衛(wèi)星的一些主要參數(shù)指標發(fā)射時間2002年3月1日（歐洲中部時間）運載工具阿里亞納5號火箭發(fā)射重量8200公斤有效載荷重量（

28、儀器）2050公斤設計壽命5年 10年星上儀器數(shù)量10軌道太陽同步，高度800公里軌道傾角98單圈時間101分鐘重復周期35天耗資大約20億歐元主要參與國家奧地利，比利時，加拿大，丹麥，法國，芬蘭，德國，意大利， 挪威，西班牙，瑞典，瑞士，荷蘭和英國二、ASAR傳感器特性1 .綜述與ERS的SAR傳感器一樣，ASAR工作在C波段，波長為5.6厘米。但 ASAR具有許多獨特的性質(zhì)，如多極化、可變觀測角度、寬幅成像等。2 .工作模式ENVISAT-1衛(wèi)星ASAR傳感器共有五種工作模式：Image 模式Alternating Polarisation 模式Wide Swath 模式Global Mo

29、nitoring 模式Wave模式各種工作模式的特性見下表。模式ImageAlternati ng Polari sationWide Swat hGlobal Mo nitoringWave成像寬度最大100 km最大100 km約 400 km約 400 km5 km下行數(shù)據(jù) 率100 Mbit/ s100 Mbit/ s100 Mbit/ s0.9 Mbit/ s0.9 Mbit/ s極化方式VV 或 HHVV / HH 或VV /VH或HH /HVVV 或 HHVV 或 HHVV 或 HH分辨率30m30m150m1000m10m在上述五種工作模式中，高數(shù)據(jù)率的三種，即Image模式、

30、Alternating Polarisation模式和Wide Swath模式供國際地面站接收，低數(shù)據(jù)率的 Global Monitoring模式和Wave模式僅供歐空局的地面站接收。5 AVHRR目錄簡介什么是NOAA氣象衛(wèi)星？什么是AVHRR探測儀？用途AVHRR的不足與潛力簡介什么是NOAA氣象衛(wèi)星？NOAA氣象衛(wèi)星是近極地、與太陽同步的衛(wèi)星，高度為833km870km，軌道傾角98.7, 成像周期12小時。目前，NOAA系列衛(wèi)星采用雙星運行，同一地區(qū)每天可有四次過境機會。什么是AVHRR探測儀？AVHRR是NOAA系列衛(wèi)星的主要探測儀器，它是一種五光譜通道的掃描輻射儀，各光 譜通道的波長范圍及地面分辨率見表4 1。星上探測器掃描角為55.4，相當于探測地面 2800km寬的帶狀區(qū)域，兩條軌道可以覆蓋我國大部分國土，三條軌