說明寫作2.0課程新sat

1、Redesigned SAT Essay Chapter 1 IntroductionChapter 1 Introduction1. About New SAT Essay2. Scoring Rubric3. Sample Questions & Essays4. Distinguish1. About New SAT EssayTime: 50 minutesAssignment: Read a passage and write an essayAim: To determine whether students can demonstrate college and career r

2、eadiness proficiency in reading, writing, and analysis by comprehending a high-quality source text and producing a cogent and clear written analysis of that text supported by critical reasoning and evidence drawn from the source.1. About New SAT EssayContent SpecificationsEssay Domain5Total ItemsNum

3、berPercentage of TestPrompts1100%Passage Based(650-750 words)1100%Passage ContentArguments Written for a Broad Audience1100%Text ComplexityHigh School Reading Level (grades 9-12)1100%Analytic ScoringReading1-4 scaleAnalysis1-4 scaleWriting1-4 scaleContent Specifications6Essay DomainContent Dimension

4、DescriptionReading- Comprehension of the source text-Understanding of central ideas, important details, and their interrelationship- Accuracy in representation of the source text (i.e., no errors of fact or interpretation introduced)-Use of textual evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both) to demo

5、nstrate understanding of the source text7Essay DomainContent DimensionDescriptionAnalysis- Analysis of the source text and understanding of the analytical task- Evaluation of the authors use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or features chosen by the student- Supp

6、ort for claims or points made in the response- Focus on features of the text most relevant to addressing the task8Essay DomainContent DimensionDescriptionWriting- Use of a central claim- Use of effective organization and progression of ideas- Use of varied sentence structures- Employment of precise

7、word choice- Maintenance of a consistent, appropriate style and tone- Command of the conventions of standard written English2. Scoring RubricReading/Analysis/WritingAdvanced/Proficiency/Partial/InadequateSAT EssayB:1-4分A: 1-4分reading2-8 pointsanalyze2-8 pointswriting2-8 pointsScoring Rubrics-Reading

8、-Advanced11DomainScore PointPerformanceReading4Advanced:-The response demonstrates thorough comprehension of the source text.-The response shows an understanding of the texts central idea(s) and of most important details and how they interrelate, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the te

9、xt.-The response is free of errors of fact or interpretation with regard to the text.-The response makes skillful use of textural evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text.DomainScore PointPerformanceReading4Advanced:-The response demonstr

10、ates thorough comprehension of the source text.-The response shows an understanding of the texts central idea(s) and of most important details and how they interrelate, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the text.-The response is free of errors of fact or interpretation with regard to th

11、e text.-The response makes skillful use of textural evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text.Scoring Rubrics-Reading-Proficient12DomainScore PointPerformanceReading4Advanced:-The response demonstrates thorough comprehension of the source

12、text.-The response shows an understanding of the texts central idea(s) and of most important details and how they interrelate, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of the text.-The response is free of errors of fact or interpretation with regard to the text.-The response makes skillful use of

13、 textural evidence (quotations, paraphrases, or both), demonstrating a complete understanding of the source text.DomainScore PointPerformanceReading3Proficient:-The response demonstrates effective comprehension of the source text.-The response shows an understanding of the texts central idea(s) and

14、of important details -The response is free of substantive errors of fact and interpretation with regard to the text.13DomainScore PointPerformanceAnalysis4Advanced:-The response offers an insightful analysis of the source text and demonstrates a sophisticated understanding of the analytical task.- T

15、he response offers a thorough, well-considered evaluation of the authors use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or feature(s) of the students own choosing. -The response contains relevant, sufficient, and strategically chosen support for claim(s) or point(s) made.-

16、 The response focuses consistently on those features of the text that are most relevant to addressing the task.Scoring Rubrics-Analysis-Advanced14DomainScore PointPerformanceAnalysis3Proficient:-The response offers an effective analysis of the source text and demonstrates an understanding of the ana

17、lytical task.- The response competently evaluates the authors use of evidence, reasoning, and/or stylistic and persuasive elements, and/or feature(s) of the students own choosing. -The response contains relevant and sufficient support for claim(s) or point(s) made.Scoring Rubrics-Analysis-Proficient

18、15DomainScore PointPerformanceWriting4Advanced:-The response is cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language.-The response includes a precise central claim.-The response includes a skillful introduction and conclusion. The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly eff

19、ective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay.-The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone.-The response shows a strong command of the

20、 conventions of standard written English and is free or virtually free of errors.Scoring Rubrics-Writing-AdvancedDomainScore PointPerformanceWriting4Advanced:-The response is cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language.-The response includes a precise central claim.-The

21、response includes a skillful introduction and conclusion. The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly effective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay.-The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise wo

22、rd choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone.16DomainScore PointPerformanceWriting4Advanced:-The response is cohesive and demonstrates a highly effective use and command of language.-The response includes a precise central claim.-The response includes a skillful introduction a

23、nd conclusion. The response demonstrates a deliberate and highly effective progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay.-The response has a wide variety in sentence structures. The response demonstrates a consistent use of precise word choice. The response maintains a formal

24、style and objective tone.-The response shows a strong command of the conventions of standard written English and is free or virtually free of errors.Scoring Rubrics-Writing-ProficientDomainScore PointPerformanceWriting3Proficient:-The response is mostly cohesive and demonstrates effective use and co

25、ntrol of language.-The response includes a central claim or implicit controlling idea.-The response includes an effective introduction and conclusion. The response demonstrates a clear progression of ideas both within paragraphs and throughout the essay.-The response has variety in sentence structur

26、es. The response demonstrates some precise word choice. The response maintains a formal style and objective tone.3. Sample Questions & Essays Prompt-Assignment Sample Essay 1: 2-2-2 Sample Essay 1: 3-3-3 Sample Essay 1: 4-4-4 Prompt-Assignment Prompt: As you read the passage below, consider how Paul

27、 Bogard usesevidence, such as facts or examples, to support claims.reasoning to develop ideas and to connect claims and evidencestylistic or persuasive elements, such as word choice or appeals to emotion, to add power to the ideas expressed.18Paragraph 1At my familys cabin on a Minnesota lake, I kne

28、w woods so dark that my hands disappeared before my eyes. I knew night skies in which meteors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars. But now, when 8 of 10 children born in the United States will never know a sky dark enough for the Milky Way, I worry we are rapidly losing nights natural d

29、arkness before realizing its worth. This winter solstice, as we cheer the days gradual movement back toward light, let us also remember the irreplaceable value of darkness.19Paragraph 2All life evolved to the steady rhythm of bright days and dark nights. Today, though, when we feel the closeness of

30、nightfall, we reach quickly for a light switch. And too little darkness, meaning too much artificial light at night, spells trouble for all. 20Paragraph 3Already the World Health Organization classifies working the night shift as a probable human carcinogen, and the American Medical Association has

31、voiced its unanimous support for “l(fā)ight pollution reduction efforts and glare reduction efforts at both the national and state levels.” Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing, and our bodies need darkness for sleep. Sleep disorders have

32、 been linked to diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and depression, and recent research suggests one main cause of “short sleep” is “l(fā)ong light.” Whether we work at night or simply take our tablets, notebooks and smartphones to bed, there isnt a place for this much artificial light in our live

33、s. 21Paragraph 4The rest of the world depends on darkness as well, including nocturnal and crepuscular species of birds, insects, mammals, fish and reptiles. Some examples are well knownthe 400 species of birds that migrate at night in North America, the sea turtles that come ashore to lay their egg

34、sand some are not, such as the bats that save American farmers billions in pest control and the moths that pollinate 80% of the worlds flora. Ecological light pollution is like the bulldozer of the night, wrecking habitat and disrupting ecosystems several billion years in the making. Simply put, wit

35、hout darkness, Earths ecology would collapse.22Paragraph 5In todays crowded, louder, more fast-paced world, nights darkness can provide solitude, quiet and stillness, qualities increasingly in short supply. Every religious tradition has considered darkness invaluable for a soulful life, and the chan

36、ce to witness the universe has inspired artists, philosophers and everyday stargazers since time began. In a world awash with electric light.how would Van Gogh have given the world his “Starry Night”? Who knows what this vision of the night sky might inspire in each of us, in our children or grandch

37、ildren? 23Paragraph 6Yet all over the world, our nights are growing brighter. In the United States and Western Europe, the amount of light in the sky increases an average of about 6% every year. Computer images of the United States at night, based on NASA photographs, show that what was a very dark

38、country as recently as the 1950s is now nearly covered with a blanket of light. Much of this light is wasted energy, which means wasted dollars. Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights. Even the northern lake where I was lucky to spend my summers has

39、 seen its darkness diminish. 24Paragraph 7It doesnt have to be this way. Light pollution is readily within our ability to solve, using new lighting technologies and shielding existing lights. Already, many cities and towns across North America and Europe are changing to LED streetlights, which offer

40、 dramatic possibilities for controlling wasted light. Other communities are finding success with simply turning off portions of their public lighting after midnight. Even Paris, the famed “city of light,” which already turns off its monument lighting after 1 a.m., will this summer start to require i

41、ts shops, offices and public buildings to turn off lights after 2 a.m. Though primarily designed to save energy, such reductions in light will also go far in addressing light pollution. But we will never truly address the problem of light pollution until we e aware of the irreplaceable value and bea

42、uty of the darkness we are losing. 25Assignment: Write an essay in which you explain how Paul Bogard builds an argument to persuade his audience that natural darkness should be preserved. In your essay, analyze how Bogard uses one or more of the features in the directions that precede the passage (o

43、r features of your own choice) to strengthen the logic and persuasiveness of his argument. Be sure that your analysis focuses on the most relevant features of the passage.Your essay should not explain whether you agree with Bogards claims, but rather explain how Bogard builds an argument to persuade

44、 his audience.26 Sample Essay 1: 2-2-2Paragraph 1 In Paul Bogards essay “Let there be Dark” he emphasizes the importance of natural darkness. Bogard begins his argument by first providing a story from his personal experience, appealing to the reader by adding imagery. “I knew night skies in which me

45、teors left smoky trails across sugary spreads of stars.” In this sentence, Bogard depicts the beauty of natural darkness using detail. Bogard continues with comparing his personal perspective of natural darkness in the past to societys perspective in the present. “Today, though, when we feel the clo

46、seness of night fall, we reach quickly for a light switch.” Implying that the times have definitely changed and natural darknesss value has been lost in society, replaced with artificial light. This example gives Bogard a sense of voice and his use of comparison is definitely effective.27Paragraph 2

47、Bogard supports his claims about natural darknesss underrated value by providing the reader with evidence of health problems that the opposite replacement, artificial light, can cause. “Our bodies need darkness to produce the hormone melatonin, which keeps certain cancers from developing.” Oh, no! N

48、ot cancer! Right there is a quick attention grabber to any reader previously bored by Bogards constant opinions because now there are facts, and a fact relating to the reader is the best persuasion, especially when it relates to there health or well-being. Cancer, because who wants a terminal illnes

49、s over an action as simple as flipping a switch on a night light when its too dark for your comfort?28 Sample Essay 1: 3-3-3Paragraph 1In Paul Bogards article “Let there be dark” hes building an arguement to persuade his audience to preserve natural darkness. Bogard builds his arguement in a few dif

50、ferent ways. Bogard uses a personal story, appeals to peoples emotions, and states benefits of natural darkness.29Paragraph 2By using a personal story Bogard allows his audience to connect to him. If his audience can relate or even understand his story they will be more willing to agree with him. Th

51、e personal story also shows that the issue of preserving natural darkness isnt just another topic to write about but something that he is actually passionate for. In his personal story Bogard uses great imagery making the audience picture what he saw and maybe make them want to experience it too.30P

52、aragraph 3Bogard uses pathos by stating examples that appeal to peoples emotions. In the article he wrote “Those of us over 35 are perhaps among the last generation to have known truly dark nights.” This statement appeals more to the younger generations emotion. By stating this people who are younge

53、r then 35 might feel that they were robbed of the oppurtunity to experience the real beauty of natural darkness. This would proably help his younger audience to agree with him because they might want the chance to see the real beauty of natural darkness.31Paragraph 4Bogard writes about the benefits

54、that natural darkness actually produces. In the article he talks about how darkens actually helps the body produce a hormone that keeps certain cancers from developing. He also includes how darkness helps and is neccessary for certain animals. These examples will help his audience see that he is arg

55、uing for some benefical for people. This also helps appeal to an audience that might not care for the beauty of darkness but care for their own personal health.32Paragraph 5Bogard uses different features in order to persuade his audience. The different features also help him in appealing to a broade

56、r audience.33 Sample Essay 1: 4-4-4Paragraph 1In response to our worlds growing reliance on artificial light, writer Paul Bogard argues that natural darkness should be preserved in his article “Let There be dark”. He effectively builds his argument by using a personal anecdote, allusions to art and

57、history, and rhetorical questions.34Paragraph 2Bogard starts his article off by recounting a personal story a summer spent on a Minnesota lake where there was “woods so dark that his hands disappeared before his eyes.” In telling this brief anecdote, Bogard challenges the audience to remember a time

58、 where they could fully amass themselves in natural darkness void of artificial light. By drawing in his readers with a personal encounter about night darkness, the author means to establish the potential for beauty, glamour, and awe-inspiring mystery that genuine darkness can possess. He builds his

59、 argument for the preservation of natural darkness by reminiscing for his readers a first-hand encounter that proves the “irreplaceable value of darkness.” This anecdote provides a baseline of sorts for readers to find credence with the authors claims.35Paragraph 3Bogards argument is also furthered

60、by his use of allusion to art Van Goghs “Starry Night” and modern history Paris reputation as “The City of Light”. By first referencing “Starry Night”, a painting generally considered to be undoubtedly beautiful, Bogard establishes that the natural magnificence of stars in a dark sky is definite. A