版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡介
1、9維生素維生素有別于氨基酸、碳水化合物和脂肪,是一種由外源性來源獲得(通常通過飲食)的,正常的生長、繁殖和健康所必需的微量有機(jī)化合物。維生素分為水溶性和脂溶性。八種水溶性維生素的需要量相對較少,主要起輔酶功能,被稱為復(fù)合維生素B。三種水溶性維生素,即膽堿、肌醇和維生素C,需要量較大,并具有輔酶功能以外的其他功能。維生素A、D、E和K是相較于酶而獨(dú)立起作用的脂溶性維生素,或者在某些情況下,如維生素K,可能起輔酶作用。在哺乳動(dòng)物中,維生素的缺乏會導(dǎo)致典型性缺乏疾病,但在水生物種中此類疾病并不明顯。魚和蝦體內(nèi)維生素缺乏的跡象在表9-1中列出。一些維生素可能是由飲食需求中其他必需的營養(yǎng)素合成的。例如,
2、如果食物中有足夠的甲基供體如蛋氨酸存在,斑點(diǎn)叉尾鮰(Ictaluruspunctatus)自身似乎會合成膽堿;然而,如果食物中蛋氨酸的含量不足,對膽堿的需求就會表現(xiàn)出來(WilsonandPoe,1988)。已證明,某些溫水魚體內(nèi)水溶性維生素的外源性來源是其胃腸道中的微生物(LimsuwanandLovell,1981;LovellandLimsuwan,1982;BurtlcandLovell,1989;ShiauandLung,1993a在冷水食肉魚類中,微生物并不是維生素的重要來源(Hepher,1988)。魚和蝦對維生素定性和定量的需求已經(jīng)由飼喂由化學(xué)定義但缺乏某種特定維生素的飼料來確
3、定。對大多數(shù)維生素有定量需求的包括大鱗大麻哈魚(Oncorhynchustshawytscha)、虹鱒魚(Oncorhynchusmykiss)、鯉魚(Cyprinuscarpio)、斑點(diǎn)叉尾鮰、奧尼羅非魚(Oreochromisniloticus,xO.aureus和黃尾魚(Seriolalatandi)。對維生素的定性需求已確定存在于其他一些物種中人們對于一些蝦對維生素的需求問題在一定程度上已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了研究,這些蝦包括虎蝦、日本對蝦、中國明對蝦、南美白對蝦、加州對蝦和印度白蝦,而其中,虎蝦需要的維生素包括所有的15種維生素。對維生素的需求受到生物體型大小、年齡、生長速度以及各種環(huán)境因素和營養(yǎng)
4、物質(zhì)之間的相互關(guān)系的影響。因此,不同的研究人員對于同一物種生長中維生素要求值而給出的數(shù)據(jù)差距很大。生長性能可能不是確定魚和蝦對維生素的需要量的唯一參數(shù)。其他參數(shù)也被用于量化水產(chǎn)動(dòng)物對維生素的需要量,如脂質(zhì)積累、骨骼畸形、特定酶的活性、組織維生素的存儲、有無缺乏癥、肝臟脂質(zhì)含量、肝體指數(shù)、脂質(zhì)氧化程度、熱休克蛋白和免疫反應(yīng)(見表9-2,9-3和9-4)。ABLE9-1HistoricalVitaminDiagnosticSignsReportedinFishandShrimp(inalphabeticalorder)DeficiencySignsVitaminsSpecies:-:.:.::Ab
5、normalswimming(ataxia)AscitesASalmonidsESalmonidsCSalmonidsRiboflavinSalmonids,channelcatfishPantothenateJapaneseeelNiacinJapaneseeelBiotinJapaneseeelCChannelcatfish,Koreanrockfish,ClariashybridcatfishCongestedfin,skin,orbronchialmantlesEThiaminPantothenateYellowtailYellowtail,Japaneseeehredseabream
6、Japaneseeel12YellowtailFolateYellowtailDarkskincolorationA.:/t:w.mx;:yysi:ji-.;:;nx.D;:、:九:;:;:、r;.-,:.;.:_-卜:-:.-:Yellowtail;i:;.-r??;石心陽宀;住十.:-:.=.m-1:丁m.;,:茁e:沅EYellowtail,hybridstripedbass-一二八匚二匸再ThiaminChannelcatfish,yellowtail;)!L;./:-;/:/75-vrVe:Z.J7-X1jf2l:門探;”-g門:,rII5RiboflavinSalmonids,yel
7、lowtail,hybridstripedbassBiotinJapaneseeel,Indiancatfish,Africancatfish/:.:;:.:InositolSalmonids,yellowtail當(dāng)吒;d住、;:苕可:心映百汽卩:卑眾工材進(jìn)豔螟帶鹽玄FolateSalmonids,Japaneseeel;(7i:i?!:f-O:i.I:S?j:W-*:-1:f:rrZ-:-;3-;?CholineYellowtail:cYellowtail,Koreanrockfish,MexicancichlidDecreasedliverlipidCholineHybridtilapia
8、,reddrumDeformitiesAJiancarp(spinal,jaws,orsnout)RiboflavinSalmonidsNiacinChannelcatfish,hybridtilapiacChannelcatfish,yellowtail,oliveflounder.Koreanrockfish,Indiancatfish,parrotfish.Asianseabass、Clariashybridcatfish,MexicancichlidDermatitisRiboflavinJapaneseeelPantothenateJapaneseeelEdemaA::.:.:-:.
9、:.-Salmonids,channelcatfish-ESalmonids;.:.:.NiacinSalmonids,hybridtilapiaEmaciationRiboflavinCommoncarpPantothenateChannelcatfishErosionAGrouper-if*匕:-:.丁後;逬田崔沱融聲y.T-I,.1!.?.;.RiboflavinYellowtail,bluetilapia,rainbowtrout?.,.丿;_._-.-.:rr/j,:PantothanateChannelcatfish討InositolSalmonidsCChannelcatfish
10、,Japaneseeel,hybridtilapia,Indiancatfish,Asianseabass,Clariashybrid:r;q;遲,r卩;.acatfishJapaneseseabass,MexicancichlidexudativediathesisEChannelcatfishiyepathologicalchangesASalmonids(iritis,cataract)RiboflavinYellowtail,salmonids,channelcatfish,hybridstripedbasscOliveflounder,Mexicanchichlid五1】pathol
11、ogicalchangesPantothenateSalmonids,channelcatfish,yellowtail,bluetilapia(clubbedgill;hyperplasiaoftheepithelialBiotinSalmonidscellsofgilllamellae;degenerativegillcSalmonidslamellae;distortedgillfilaments)TABLE9-1ContinuedVitaminsDeficiencySignsHematologicalindexchanges(anemia;abnormalerythrocyte;red
12、ucederythrocytefragilityvalue;reducedhematocritvalue:megaloblastosis;misshapennucleiinasmallproportionoferythrocyte;lowthrombocytecounts;higherhemocytoblastandneutrophilcount;fragmentederythrocytes;prolongedbloodclotting)HemorrhageSpeciesYellowtail,rainbowtroutSalmonids,Indianmajorcarp,hybridstriped
13、bassSalmonids,fleshyprawnAEK一PyridoxineSalmonids,commoncarp,IndiancatfishPantothenateSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,bluetilapiaNiacinFolateBnnositolASalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,Japaneseeel.IndiancatfishSalmonids,channelcatfish,rainbowtroutSalmonids,yellowtail,IndianmajorcarpS
14、almonidsEKThiaminRiboflavinPantothenateNiacinBiotinCholineCChannelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,hybridstripedbass,Atlantichalibut,grouper,Jiancarp,rainbowtroutChannelcatfishSalmonids,channelcatfishCommoncarp,Japaneseeel,redseabreamSalmonids,commoncarp.JapaneseeelCommoncarp,Japaneseeel,JiancarpCommon
15、carp,yellowiaiLJapaneseeel,hybridtilapia,IndiancatfishYellowtailSalmonids,channelcatfishSalmonids,yellowtail,Japaneseeel,hybridtilapia,olivedounder,Koreanrockfish,Clariahybridcatfish,MexicancichlidThiaminRiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateBiotin:X出協(xié)光W金対二r.-V-.,殆晟三丫DEBiotinCholinenositolNiacinLethargy(s
16、luggishness;listlessness;sluggishmovement;motionless)HyperirritabOity(irritability)Increasedliverlipid(fattyliver;lipidinfiltrationofliver)::.:.::L,:,二:*SalmonidsTigershrimpSalmonids,rainbowtroutChannelcatfishSalmonidsSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,hybridstripedbassGrouper,hybridtilapia,tigersh
17、rimpSalmonidsPyridoxineRhvhriaNiacinBiotinLordosisLossofequilibriumLossofscaleBiotinARiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateNiacinBiotinFolateInositolCia,commoncarp,rainbowtroutJiancarpSalmonids,Japaneseeel,bluetilapia,parrotfishYellowtail,redhybridtilapia,IndiancatfishCommoncarp,bluetilapiaChannelcatfish,
18、IndiancatfishCommoncarp,yellowtail,IndiancatfishSalmonids,channelcarpYellowtailSalmonids,PacificwhiteshrimpECocarp,grasscan)CChannelcatfish,yellowtail,Indiancatfish,reddrum,JapaneseseabassThiaminSalmonids,channelcatfishCReddrumCMexicancichlidCommoncarpBiotinMucosa(increasenumberofdermalmucouscells;l
19、ossofskinmucosa)MuscledystrophyVitaminE(muscularweakness)Niacinf認(rèn)亠rm躋.1InositolCommoncarpTABLE9- ContinuedVitaminsSpeciesDeficiencySignshOanpathologicalchanges(pancreaticatrophy;kidneyand|pancreaticdegeneration;anteriorkidney|necrosis;histopathologicalchangesin|liver,kidney,andintestine;atrophied:pa
20、ncreaticacinarcell;vacuolizationofIhepaticcell;white-greyintestine;severeMrophyofHver)Poorappetite(anorexia)Pyridoxine1Pantothenate*Biotin:Choline(InositolC1Hybridstripedbass,Jiancarp,commoncarpChannelcatfish,hybridstripedbass,bluetilapiaHybridtilapia,redhybridtilapia,IndiancatfishJiancarp,parrotfis
21、hChannelcatfish,IndiancatfishAfricancatfishJapaneseeelOliveflounder,Koreanrockfish,parrotfish,yellowtail皆卄CgsARiboflavinPyridoxinePantothenateNiacinBiotinBfCShort-bodydwarfism(higherconditionfactor)SkindepigmentationScoliosisCSalmonids,channelcatfish,yellowtail,oliveflounder,Koreanrockfish,reddrum,J
22、apaneseseabass,MexicancichlidThiaminRiboflavinBiotinCSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,JiancarpSalmonids,channelcatfishCommoncarpBluetilapia,rainbowtrout,tigershrimpChannelcatfishPacificwhiteshrimpTetanyD(nervousdisorders;nervousness;spasticThiaminatrophy;spasms;convulsion)PyridoxinePantothenateBi
23、otinESalmonids,rainbowtroutSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarpSalmonids,channelcatfish,commoncarp,yellowtail,Japaneseeel,redhybridtilapiaGiltheadseabream,IndiancatfishParrotfishSalmonids,Indiancatfish,Africancatfish,yellowtailfABLE9-2ContinuedTABLE9-2HistoricalVitaminRequirements0EstimatesforGrowing
24、FishDeterminedwithChemicallyDefinedDietsfeiaControlledEnvironmentVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceVitaminA*Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)RHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)0.75mgWG,ADSKitamuraetal.(1967a)Channelcatfish(Ictaluruspunctatus)0.3-0.6mgWGDupree(19
25、70)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)1.2-6mgWG,MLSAoeetal.(1968)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)5.68mgWG,MLSShimeno(1991)Grouper(Epinephelusspp.)0.93mgWGShaikMohamedetal.(2003)Atlantichalibut(Hippoglossushippoglossus)2.5mgMLS,ADSMorenetal.(2004)Hybridstripedbass(MoronechrysopsfemalexMoronesaxatilis)0.51*0.52mgWGH
26、ernreetal.(2004)Japaneseflounder(Paralichthysolivaceus)2.7mgWGHernandezetal.(2005)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)1.76-2.09mgWG,MLSHuetal.(2006)Europeanseabass(Dicentrarchuslabrax)31mgWGVilleneuveetal.(2005a,b)VitaminDPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)NRHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Onc
27、orhynchusmykiss)40-60pgWG,FEBarnettetal.(1982a)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)12.5pgWGLovellandLi(1978)25pgWGAndrewsetal,(1980)6.25pgWGBrown(1988)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)NRShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)935pgWGShiauandHwang(1993)VitaminEAtlanticsalmon(Salmosalar)35mg
28、WG,ADSLailetal.(1988)60mgWGHamreandLie(1995)Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)30mgWG,ADSWoodalletal.(1964)40-50mgWG,MLSHalvcr(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)30mgWG,ADSWoodalletaL(1964)25mgWG,ADSHungetal.(1980)100mgMLSWatanabeetal.(1981a)50mgAASLPCoweyetal.(1983)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)25mgWG,A
29、DSMuraiandAndrews(1974)50mgAASLPWilsonetaL(1984)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)100mgWG,ADSWatanabeetal.(1970a)Grasscarp(CtenophoryngodonideIla)200mgMLSTakeuchietal.(1992)62.9mgWG,FEWuetal.(1990)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)119mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)25mgWGRoemeta).(1990)Niletilapia(O
30、reochromisniloticus)50-100mgWG,ADSSatohetal.(1987)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)6067mgWG,AASLPShiauandShiau(2001)Hybridstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)28mgWGKocabasandGatlin(1999)Koreanrockfish(Sebastesschlegeli)45mgWGBaiandLee(1998)Mrigal(Cirrhinustnrigala)99mgWGPaul
31、etal.(2004)Rohu(Labeorohitd)131.91mgWGSauetal.(2004)Grouper(Epinephelusspp.)104-1)5mgWG,AASLPLinandShiau(2005a)Reddrum(Sciaenopsocellatus)31mgWGPengandGatlin(2(X)9)VitaminKPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)RHalver(1972)Laketrout(Salvelinusnamaycush)0.5-1mgNHVPoston(1976a)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RNRD
32、upree(1966)MuraiandAndrews(1977)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)NRShimeno(1991)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)1.9mgBCTJiangetal.(2007)Atlanticcod(Gaclusmorhua)0.2mgWGGrahl-MadsenandLie(1997)Atlanticsalmon(Sabnosalar)10mgWGKross0yetal.(2009)VitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReference
33、ThiaminPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)10-15mgMLSHalver(1972)RainbowtroutOncorhynchusmykiss)1-10mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(i947)1mgWG,EDMoritoetal.(1986)Channelcatfish(Lpunctatus)1mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1978a)Commoncarp(Cyprirtuscarpio)0.5mgWG,ADSAoeetal.(1969)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi11.2mgMLSShimeno(199
34、1)RiboflavinPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)20-25mgMLSHalver(1972)7mgWG,ADSLeithetaL(】990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss5-15mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)6mgMLSTakeuchietaL(1980)3mgEDHughesetal.(1981a)2.7mgMLS,EDAmezagaandKnox(1990)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)9mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1978b)6mgEDSerriniet
35、aL(1996)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)4mgWG*ADSAoeetal.(1967a)6.2mgMLSAoeetal.(1967a)7mgMLSTakeuchietal.(1980)YellowtailSeriolalalandi)11mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)6mgWG,ADSSolimanandWilson(1992a)Redhybridtilapia(OreochromisrnossanibicusxOreochromis5mgWGLimetal.(1993)niloticus)Hybri
36、dstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxaiilis)4.1-5.0mgWG.MLSDengandWilson(2003)Jiancarp(Cyprinuscarpiovar.Jian)5.0mgWGW.Lietal.(2010)VitaminB6Atlanticsalmon(Salmosalar)5mgWG,ADSLailandWeerakoon(1990)Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)10-20mgMLSHalver(1972)6mgWG,ADSLeithetal,(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusm
37、ykiss)1-10mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)2mgWG*ADSWoodward(1990)3-6nigEDWoodward(1990)Channe】catfish(/.punctatus)3mgWG,ADSAndrewsandMurai(1979)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)5-6nigWG,ADSOgino(1965)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)11.7mgMLSShimeno(1991)HybridtilapiaOreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)15-16.5mgWG,E
38、DShiauandHsieh(1997)Redhybridtilapia(OreochromismossanibicusxOreochromis3mgWGLimetal.(1995)niloticus)Indiancatfish(Heteropneustesfossilis)3.21mgWGShaikMohamed(2001a)Jiancarp(Ccarpiovar.Jian)6.07mgWGHeetal.(2009)Gibelcarp(CarassiusauratusgibeHo)7.26-1L36mgEDWangetal.(2009)PantothenicacidPacificsalmon
39、(Oncorhynchusspp.)40-50mgMLSHalver(1972)17mgWG,ADSLeithetal.(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)10-20mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)20mgWG,ADSChoandWoodward(1990)Channelcatfish(I.punctatus)10mgWG,ADSMuraiandAndrews(1979)15mgWG,ADSWilsonetal.(1983)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)30-50mgWGADSOgino(1967)Yellowt
40、ail(Seriolalalandi)35.9mgMLSShimeno(1991)Bluetilapia(Oreochromisaureus)10mgWG,ADSSolimanandWilson(1992b)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidel/a)25mgWGA,LiuetaL(2007)Jiancarp(C.carpiovar.Jian)23mgWGWenetal.(2009)TABLE9-2ContinuedVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceNiacinPacificsa
41、lmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)150-200mgMLSHalver(1972)RainbowtroutOncorhynchusmykiss)1-5mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)10mgWG,ADSPostonandWolfe(1985)Channelcatfish(Lpunctatus)14mgWG.ADSAndrewsandMurai(1978)7.4mgWG,EDNgetal.(1997)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)28mgWG,ADSAoeetal.(1967b)YellowtailSeriolalalatidi)12mgMLS
42、Shimeno(1991)HybridtilapiaOreochnmisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)26mgWGShiauandSuen(1992)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)25.5mgSGRWuetal.(2007a)Mrigal(Cirrhinusmrigala)20mgWGShaikMohamedandIbrahim(2001)Africancatfish(Heterobranchuslonglfilis)33mgFEMorrisetat(1998)BiotinPacificsalmon(OncorhynchussppJ
43、1-L5mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)0.05-0.25mgWG,ADSMcLarenetat(1947)0.08mgWG,ADSWoodwardandFrigg(1989)0J4mgEDWoodwardandFrigg(1989)Laketrout(Salvelinusnamaycush)0mgWG,ADSPoston(1976b)0.5-1mgOSSPoston(1976b)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RRobinsonandLovell(1978)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpi
44、o)1mgWG,ADSOginoetaL(1970a)Yellowtail(Senoialalandi)0.67mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)0.06mgWG,EDShiauandChin(1999)Asiancatfish(Clariashatrachus)2.49mgWGShaikMohamedetal.(2000)Indiancatfish(H.fossilis)0.25mgWGShaikMohamed(2001b)Goldspotmullet(Lizaparsia)1.6-3
45、.2mgWGChavanetal.(2003)Japaneseseabass(Lateolabraxjaponicus)0.046mgWGJ.Lietal.(2010)VitaminB2Pacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)0.015-0.02mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)RPhillipsetal.(1964)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)RLimsuwanandLovell(1981)CommoncarpCyprinuscarpio)NRKashiwadaetal.(1970
46、)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)0.053mgMLSShimeno(1991)Niletilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)NRLovellandLimsuwan(1982)HybridtilapiaOreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)NRShiauandLung(1993a)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidelld)0.094mgSGRWuetal.(2007b)FolatePacificsalmonOncorhynchusspp.)6-10mgMLSHalver(1972)2mgWG
47、,ADSLeithetal.(1990)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)J.0mgWG,ADSCoweyandWoodward(1993)Channelcatfish(7.punctatus)1.5mgWG,NHVDuncanandLovell(1991)1mgWG,NHVDuncanetal.(1993)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)NRAoeetal.(1967c)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)1.2mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreoc
48、hromisaureus)0.82WG,MLS,HSIShiauandHuang(2001a)Grasscarp(CtenopharyngodonideIla)左6-4.3mgWG,STG,STC,NHVZhaoetal.(2008)VitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceCholinePacificsalmonOncorhynchusspp.)600-800mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)50-100mgWG,ADSMcLareneta).
49、(1947)714-813mgWGLLCRumsey(1991)Lakeirout(Salvelinusnamaycush)1,000mgWGKetola(l976)Oiannelcatfish(/.punctatus)400mgWG,LLCWilsonandPoe(1988)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)1.500mgWG,LLCOginoetal.(1970b)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)2,920mgMLSShimeno(1991)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticuaxOreochromisaureus)1,0
50、00mgWG,MBSShiauandLo(2000)Hybridstripedbass(MchrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)500mgWGGriffinelal.(1994)Cobia(Rachycentroncaiiadum)696mgWGMaietal.(2009)YellowperchPereafiavescens)598-634mgWGTwibellandBrown(2000)Reddrum(Sciaenopsocellatus)588mgWGCraigandGatlin(1996)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)3.000mgWG
51、.FE,LLCWangetal.(1995)MyoinositolPacificsalmon(Oncorhynchusspp.)3(X)-4(X)mgMLSHalver(1972)Rainbowtrout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)250-500mgWG,ADSMcLarenetal.(1947)Channelcatfish(/.punctatus)NRBurtleandLovell(1989)Commoncarp(Cyprinuscarpio)440mgWG,ADSAoeandMasuda(1967)Yellowtail(Seriolalalandi)423mgMLSShimen
52、o(1991)Hybridstripedbass(M.chrysopsfemalexM.saxatilis)NRDengetal.(2002)Niletilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)NRPeresetal.(2004)Hybridtilapia(OreochromisniloticusxOreochromisaureus)400mgWG,MLSShiauandSu(2005)Grouper(Espp.)335-365mgWGMLSSuandShiau(2004)Oliveflounder(Paralichthysolivaceus)617mgWGLeeetal.(20
53、09)Grasscarp(Ctenopharyngodonidella)166-214mgWG,FEWenetal.(2007)NOTE:AAASLRascorbicacidstimulatedlipidperoxidation;ADS.absenceofdeficiencysigns;ED,enzymedata;FE,feedefficiency;HSI.hepatosomaticindex;LLC,liverlipidcontent;MBS,maximumbodystorage;MLS,maxiinuinliverstorage:MKS.maximumkidneystorage;NHV,n
54、ormalhematocritvalues;NR,norequirementdetermined;OSS,optimumswimmingstamina;R.requiredbutnovaluedetermined;VC,vertebralcollagencontent;andWG,weightgain.WithoutvitaminC.ReferstotypeandamountofeachingredientinChediet.(10000IU=3,000pgvitaminA(retinol).勺u(yù)二0.025pgcholecalciferol.TABLE9-3HistoricalVitamin
55、Requirements2EstimatesforGrowingShrimpDeterminedwithChemicallyDefinedDietsinaControlledEnvironmentVitaminandFishRequirement(units/kgdiet)ResponseCriteriaReferenceVitaminAcTigershrimp(Penaeusmonodon)2.51mgWGShiauandChen(2000)Pacificwhiteshrimp(Litopenaeusvannamei)1.44mgWGHeetal.(1992)Fleshyprawn(Fenn
56、eropenaeuschinensis)36-54mgWGChenandLi(1994)VitaminTigershrimp(P.monodon)lOORgWG,EDShiauandHwang(1994)VitaminETigershrimp(P.monodon)85-89mgWG,THCLeeandShiau(2004)Pacificwhiteshrimp(L.vannamei)99mgWGHeandLawrence(】993a)VitaminKTigershrimp(P.monodon)30-40mgWGShiauandLiu(1994a)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)18
57、5mgWGShiauandLiu(1994b)ThiaminTigershrimp(Rmonodon)14mgWGChenetal.(1991)Kurumashrimp(Marsupenaeusjaponicus)60-120mgWGDeshimaruandKuroki(1979)Indianwhiteprawn(Fenneropenaeusindicus)100mgWGBoonyaratpalin(1998)RiboflavinTigershrirnp(P.monodon)22.5mgMLSChenandHwang(1992)Kurumashrimp(Mjaponicus)80mgNRC(1
58、983)VitaminB6Tigershrimp(Pmonodon)72-89mgWG,ED,MLSShiauandWu(2003)Kurumashrimp(M.japonicus)120mgWGDeshimaruandKuroki(1979)Pacificwhiteshrimp(.vannamei)80-100mgWGHeandLawrence(1991)Indianwhiteprawn(Eindicus)100-200mgWG,SURBoonyaratpalin(1998)PantothenicacidTigershrirnp(P.monodon)101-139mgWG,ED,MLSShi
59、auandC.W.Hsu(1999)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)100mgWGLiuetal.(1995)Indianwhiteprawn(indicus)750mgWG,SUR,FEBoonyaratpalin(1998)NiacinTigershrimp(P.monodon)7.2mgWGShiauandSuen(1994)Kurumashrimp(Mjaponicus)400mgNRC(1983)Indianwhiteprawn(F.indicus)250mgWG,SURBoonyaratpalin(1998)BiotinTigershrimp(Fmonodon)2.0
60、-2.4mgWGShiauandChin(1998)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)0.4mgWGLiuetal.(1995)VitaminBpTigershrimp(Emonodon)0.2mgWGShiauandLung(1993b)Heshyprawn(Echinensis)0.01mgWGLiuetal.(1995)FolateTigershrimp(P.monodon)1.9-2.1mgWG,MLS,HSIShiauandHuang(2001b)Fleshyprawn(Echinensis)5mgWGLiuetal.(1995)CholineTigershrimp(P.
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁內(nèi)容里面會有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲空間,僅對用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 減速箱課程設(shè)計(jì)繪圖
- 湖南省邵陽市2024年七年級上學(xué)期語文期中考試試卷【附答案】
- 人教版(2019) 必修第一冊 Unit 2 Travelling Around Reading for Writing教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)
- 第三單元基礎(chǔ)測試卷-2024-2025學(xué)年統(tǒng)編版語文六年級上冊
- 軌道交通砂石配送協(xié)議范例
- 飲料倉儲配送居間合同
- 賓館裝修輕工承包合同
- 跨海大橋建設(shè)居間服務(wù)協(xié)議
- 海鮮產(chǎn)品活體運(yùn)輸合同
- 工業(yè)用地租賃居間協(xié)議
- 反對自由主義-課堂展示課件
- 全國優(yōu)質(zhì)課一等獎(jiǎng)人教版初中七年級美術(shù)《在校園中健康成長》公開課課件
- 《EXCEL應(yīng)用及技巧》課件
- 2024屆高考語文復(fù)習(xí):論述類文本閱讀 課件
- HSK六級真題與答案下載(第一套)
- 河南省部分學(xué)校2023-2024學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期10月聯(lián)考化學(xué)試卷(掃描版含答案)
- 醫(yī)院營養(yǎng)科工作計(jì)劃(5篇)
- 幼兒園大班數(shù)學(xué)優(yōu)質(zhì)課《10以內(nèi)的順數(shù)和倒數(shù)》
- 鐵總物資〔2015〕117號:鐵路建設(shè)項(xiàng)目甲供物資目錄
- 教育研究方法課件《教育研究方法》
- 小學(xué)道德與法治-我和時(shí)間交朋友教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)情分析教材分析課后反思
評論
0/150
提交評論