考研翻譯中常見短語及英漢翻譯的基本方法和技巧(共41張PPT)課件

1、1.英漢翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：忠實(shí)和通順忠實(shí)：忠實(shí)于原文所要傳達(dá)的信息，也就是說，把原文的信息完整而準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)出來，使譯文讀者讀到的信息與原文讀者得到的信息大致相同。He had words with him. Have a word with sb. /have words with sb.We shall not want for food. Want/want forEvery man cant be a doctor.對(duì)主語的部分否定常用否定式謂語All is not gold that glisters.You cant be too careful with them.He went to

2、the seaside only to be drowned.only to+不定式，常表示與主觀意愿相反的客觀結(jié)果They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema, or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.通順：是指譯文規(guī)范，明白易懂，沒有文理不通，結(jié)構(gòu)混亂，邏輯不清的現(xiàn)象。Historically, city life has always been among the elements which

3、form a civilization.歷史上看，城市生活一直是構(gòu)成文明的方面之列Supporters of the “nature” theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for leaning that is biologically determined “天性”論的支持者堅(jiān)持，我們出生是帶有某種學(xué)習(xí)能力，這種學(xué)習(xí)能力是由生物因素決定的。How can we divert her thoughts from her sad loss?我們?nèi)绾文馨阉乃枷霃乃吹膿p失中引開。Many of his ideas are

4、 especially interesting to modern youth.他的許多思想對(duì)當(dāng)代青年特別有趣。Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.沒有人能不被科學(xué)幻想小說把人帶入的世界所著迷。2.英漢翻譯的過程1.快速瀏覽文章，注意主題句和結(jié)論句，把握文章在中心思想熟悉文章主要內(nèi)容2.劃分句子結(jié)構(gòu)，同時(shí)特別注意句中代詞，慣用搭配。3.直譯，即在細(xì)致分析和深入理解的基礎(chǔ)上，用通順的漢語表達(dá)出來，凡直譯不能通順表達(dá)的部分，可以采用意譯，但必須忠實(shí)原

5、文表達(dá)的含義。4.把譯文和原文逐句對(duì)照，查漏補(bǔ)缺，加工潤色，使譯文符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by the lack of re

6、levant information which they possessed.總的來說，得出這樣的結(jié)論是有一定程度的把握的，但是必須具備兩個(gè)條件：能夠確定這個(gè)孩子對(duì)測試的態(tài)度和與他相比較的另一個(gè)孩子的態(tài)度相同；他也沒有因?yàn)槿狈e的孩子所具備的有關(guān)知識(shí)而被扣分。3. 研究生英語入學(xué)考試英譯漢試題中常見的短語及句型1）As引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語從句，翻譯時(shí)作狀語從句處理We hope the measures to control prices, as they have been taken by the government, will succeed.2.“In short ,a leader o

7、f the new school contends ,the scientific revolution, as we call it ,was largely the improvement and invention and use of science in innumerable directions.”2）與but構(gòu)成的?？荚~組：anything but 根本不； nothing but 只不過是；all but 幾乎，差一點(diǎn)；除。以外其余都是；but for 要不是； but that+從句：若不是。Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy

8、 with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind, it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.She all but fainte

9、d when she heard the news.But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time .It is no less than a scandal.1）Its all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether.Nobo

10、dy knows for sure, but most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from these sources.There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.2）與but構(gòu)成的?？荚~組：anything but 根本不；I cant add two and two, let alone do fr

11、actions.他的許多思想對(duì)當(dāng)代青年特別有趣。Nobody can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the science fiction.結(jié)婚率高縮小了過去在許多在許多情況下雇主常常雇傭的單身婦女工人的來源。1）Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate

12、 responses will experience great intellectual development.Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.After their interview, he compares not their experience, but their statistics.除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“

13、人造食品”行為主義者的看法是，如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激物的環(huán)境中長大，而這些刺激物能夠發(fā)展其作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)能力，那么，這個(gè)兒童將會(huì)有更高的智力發(fā)展。It is told that據(jù)傳3）“名詞，+or+名詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中or后的名詞是同位語，應(yīng)譯為“即。；或者稱。”Moreover, technology includes tdchniqres, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.“,only to +動(dòng)詞“意為“。，結(jié)果卻?！盩hey dont ha

14、ve to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps ,that the show is disappointing.4）Not nearly (=by no means, far from) 遠(yuǎn)不The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of produ

15、cing and marketing food .5）Not so muchas與其說。不如說。Science moves forward, they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lif

16、estyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.6）Much less, still less引導(dǎo)的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定。I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.He knows a little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry.I did not even see him, still less shake hands with him.In old Ch

17、ina, there are hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electric industry.At that time they could not afford the ordinary comfort of ife,not to speak of luxuries.I dont know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays,

18、films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. I cant add two and two, let alone do fractions.7）No morethan和一樣都不The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they sh

19、ould limit how much vitamin you take,any more than they can limit how much water you drink.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.8）More A

20、 than B與其A不如BIt seems, then, that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.He is a man who is more brave than wise.9）More than+從句（句中有can 或could）實(shí)在不能Some of the

21、 suggestions are more than we can accept.10）More than 不僅僅They teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent inflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.11）Lessthan與其不如The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the

22、 home in the twenties century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women em

23、ployers would hire.20世紀(jì)在家庭以外雇傭已婚婦女人數(shù)的增加與其說與家務(wù)勞動(dòng)機(jī)械化有關(guān)，與這些婦女閑暇時(shí)間增加有關(guān)，還不如說與婦女經(jīng)濟(jì)上的必要性及結(jié)婚率有關(guān)。結(jié)婚率高縮小了過去在許多在許多情況下雇主常常雇傭的單身婦女工人的來源。12）No less than簡直是，實(shí)在是Its no less than blackmail to ask such a price.如此索要高價(jià)，簡直是敲詐。It is no less than a scandal.這實(shí)在是一件丑聞。13）Nothing else than 完全是，實(shí)在是What the man said was nothing

24、 else than nonsense.那人講的話完全是一派胡言。Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligent.你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奮。14）It is not thatbut that這不是說, 而是說It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the la

25、tter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.這并不是說在一種情況下所使用的磅秤和在另一種情況下所使用的天平在構(gòu)造原理上或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種精密得多的裝置，因而在計(jì)量上必須更加準(zhǔn)確。15）Cannottoo再也不過分.應(yīng)該We cannot be too faithful to our duties.我們必須盡力終于職守。You cannot attach too much importance to the matt

26、er.你應(yīng)該十分重視這件事情。16）Other than或other than 不同于，非，除了Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設(shè)在采礦是的國家而設(shè)在其他國家。Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí)，常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)All

27、 parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.除了窗戶以外，房子的其他部分都完好無損。17）“the last +N.+ to 動(dòng)詞不定式或定語從句” 意為“最不可能的”Se would be the last person to go along with the schema.他可能會(huì)是最不同意這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃的人。Thats the last thing I expect to do.那是我最不期望你做的事情。18）If anything（more likely; instead; rather）若要說，說起來

28、，要說有什么區(qū)別的話，甚至于還Although he had been on a diet for two months, he looks fatter, if anything.雖然他已經(jīng)節(jié)食兩個(gè)月了，但他甚至于更胖。That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central is central to this theory.這種理論的核心是，我們的環(huán)境和我們的才能、性格特征和行為即使有什么關(guān)系的話，也是微不足道的。.The

29、schism (division) between science and the humanities has, if anything, deepened in this century科學(xué)與人文之間的分裂在本世紀(jì)甚至于更加深了。 19）As much as 與一樣多，在句中可做狀語，修飾動(dòng)詞，也可以做定語，修飾名詞Scientists generally agree that the earths climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 years as much as it has warmed in the 20.000years s

30、ince the Ice Age.作狀語休息warm up科學(xué)家一般都認(rèn)為，地球氣候在今后50到100年內(nèi)變暖的程度將與自冰河世紀(jì)到現(xiàn)在的兩萬年內(nèi)變暖的程度相同。20）Than 引導(dǎo)的特殊定語從句譯法There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than exists in the public mind today.今天公眾心目中意識(shí)到的得癌癥的危險(xiǎn)性的焦慮遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過應(yīng)有的程度。He often sat in a small bar drinking considerably more wine

31、 than was good for his health.他常在小酒吧喝酒，而且喝得過量有害健康。）It is asserted that有人斷言It is believed that據(jù)認(rèn)為It is considered that有人認(rèn)為It is reported that據(jù)報(bào)道It is supposed that據(jù)推測It is told that據(jù)傳It is assumed that人們以為英漢翻譯的方法和技巧 Joanna1.詞義的選擇a.根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇詞義Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like t

32、he law, it contributes to the common good.Like. prep. “像一樣”,v.喜歡，想要 adj.相同的審查是為了整個(gè)社會(huì)的利益。它像法律一樣維護(hù)公眾利益。c.有些英語名詞須根據(jù)其數(shù)來選擇詞義After their interview, he compares not their experience, but their statistics.Experience 不可數(shù)時(shí)“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”，可數(shù)時(shí)“經(jīng)歷”面試以后，他們并不比較他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而是比較他們的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。Our journey by camel was quite an experience.我們

33、騎駱駝旅行正是一次難忘的經(jīng)歷。She all but fainted when she heard the news.Like the law, it contributes to the common good.Proceed fromto繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，著手，出發(fā)“天性”論的支持者堅(jiān)持，我們出生是帶有某種學(xué)習(xí)能力，這種學(xué)習(xí)能力是由生物因素決定的。They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps ,that the show is

34、disappointing.）It is asserted that有人斷言提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設(shè)在采礦是的國家而設(shè)在其他國家。I cant add two and two, let alone do fractions.結(jié)婚率高縮小了過去在許多在許多情況下雇主常常雇傭的單身婦女工人的來源。to do sth.直譯，即在細(xì)致分析和深入理解的基礎(chǔ)上，用通順的漢語表達(dá)出來，凡直譯不能通順表達(dá)的部分，可以采用意譯，但必須忠實(shí)原文表達(dá)的含義。The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled

35、by the brain.面試以后，他們并不比較他們的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而是比較他們的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字。2.詞義的引申1）Its all very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the drivers seat is another matter altogether.Tiger,優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油；橫沖直撞的司機(jī)It is all very well for sb. to do sth.,but“當(dāng)然可以但”當(dāng)然油箱里裝滿優(yōu)質(zhì)汽油倒是好事，但是駕駛室里坐著橫沖直撞的司機(jī)就完全是另一回事3.詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換Until such time

36、as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.除非人類終于意識(shí)到要把人口減少到這樣的程度：使地球能為所有的人提供足夠的飲食，否則將不得不接受更多的“人造食品”英語中有些表示知覺、情緒、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，作表語時(shí)，可常轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動(dòng)詞，這類形容詞有：able,afraid,angry,ashamed,aware,an

37、xious,careful,cautious,certain,concerned,confident,doubtful,glad,grateful,ignorant,(不知道)sorry,thankful4.增詞法1）From agreement on this general goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction.Agreement on this general goal “在總體目標(biāo)上一致

38、”增加了“意見”Inaction “任何行動(dòng)”前加“采取”Proceed fromto繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，著手，出發(fā)遺憾的是，過去我們?cè)谶@個(gè)總的目標(biāo)方向意見是一致的，但涉及到各個(gè)具體目標(biāo)時(shí)，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有采取什么行動(dòng)。2）This（困境） will be particularly true since energy pinch（缺乏，不足） will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farm

39、ers with high yields.這種困境將是確定無疑的，因?yàn)槟茉吹膮T乏使農(nóng)業(yè)無法以高能量消耗這種美國耕作方式繼續(xù)下去了，而這種耕作方式投入少數(shù)農(nóng)民就可以獲得高產(chǎn)。增詞應(yīng)根據(jù)意義上、句法上和修辭上的需要而增加各種詞性，以便使譯文忠實(shí)，通順。5.減詞法1）Behaviorists,in contrast,say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages

40、that whites enjoy.相反，行為主義者認(rèn)為，成績的差異是由于黑人往往剝奪了白人在教育和其他環(huán)境方面所享有的許多有利條件。英譯漢時(shí)，有些其語法功能的詞常?？梢圆蛔ga.作形式主語和形式賓語的itb.某些物主代詞c.強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中的it和表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的非人稱itd.不影響主句與從句邏輯關(guān)系的連接詞Nobody knows for sure, but most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from these sources.誰也無法確知，但大多數(shù)專家認(rèn)為，不需太久就難以靠這些資源提供充足的電力了。It is the uses to which television is