計算機英語(第二版)chapter3ComputerSystemArchitecture課件

1、Computer Science in EnglishDesigned and Programmed ByJiang TongqiangMiao TianshunTeaching Assisted CoursewareComputer Science in EnglishII. Grammatical Notes to the Text III. Words Bank to the TextIV. Exercises of the ChapterI. Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 3: Computer System ArchitectureII. Grammati

2、cal Notes to the Text III. Words Bank to the TextIV. Exercises of the ChapterI. Pre-reading QuestionsChapter 3I. Pre-reading Questions1. How many types of parallel processing do you know? Name at least four of them.?2. What is a pipelining?3. How many types of computers do you know? Name at least fo

3、ur of them.1. How many types of parallel processing do you know? Name at least four of them.?Reference Key:There are a variety of ways that parallel processing can be classified. One classification introduced by M. J. Flynn considers the organization of a computer system by the number of instruction

4、s and data items that are manipulated simultaneously. Flynns classification divides computers into four major groups as follows:Single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD).Single instruction stream, multiple data stream (SIMD).Multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD).Multiple

5、instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD).Chapter 3I. Pre-reading Questions2. What is a pipelining?Reference Key:Pipelining is a technique of decomposing a sequential process into suboperations, with each subprocess being executed in a special dedicated segment that operates concurrently with

6、all other segments.Chapter 3I. Pre-reading Questions3. What is a RISC?Reference Key:RISC processors exclude these instructions, opting for a smaller instruction set with simpler instructions.分詞結(jié)構(gòu)used to denote a large class computer system從作定語，修飾a term。that引導(dǎo)的限制性定語從句，修飾techniques。for the purpose of

7、increasing the computational speed of a computer system是介詞短語作狀語，表示目的。denote：表示的意義。1. Parallel processing is a term used to denote a large class of techniques that are used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the purpose of increasing the computational speed of a computer system.II. Gra

8、mmatical Notes to the Textthe amount of processing that can accomplished during a given interval of time作throughput的同位語。限制性定語從句that can be accomplished during a given interval of time修飾the amount of processing。interval：間隔，空隙。2. The purpose of parallel processing is to speed up the computer processin

9、g capability and increase its throughput, that is, the amount of processing that can be accomplished during a given interval of time.II. Grammatical Notes to the Textit指代的是前一個句子中敘述的事情。由from連接is 3個介詞短語是并列的，都作considered 的狀語。3. It can be considered from the internal organization of the processors, from

10、 the interconnection structure between processors, or from the flow of information through the system. II. Grammatical Notes to the Textbe characterized by：有特點。名詞從句 that they require to complete 作fact 的同位語。限制性定語從句that will take a conventional computer days or even weeks to complete 修飾computations。4.

11、 These problems are characterized by the fact that they require a vast number of computations that will take a conventional computer days or even weeks to complete.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text不定式短語to achieve the required level of high performance 作狀語，表示目的;it是形式主語，其作用是為了避免句子結(jié)構(gòu)頭重腳輕。真正的主語是to utili

12、ze techniques。innovative：創(chuàng)新的。介詞短語from vector and parallel processing techniques作定語，修飾procedures。5. To achieve the required level of high performance it is necessary to utilize the fastest and most reliable hardware and apply innovative procedures from vector and parallel processing techniques.II. Gr

13、ammatical Notes to the Text形容詞短語capable of vector processing 作主語，修飾a computer。eliminate：去除，消除。過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)associated with loop 修飾the overhead。限制性定語從句it takes to fetch and execute the instructions in the program loop修飾the time，連接詞that被省略了。6. A computer capable of vector processing eliminates the overhead a

14、ssociated with the time it takes to fetch and execute the instructions in the program loop.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text現(xiàn)在分詞短語specifying the base address of the operands 修飾three fields。介詞with連接了兩個名詞性短語：three fields 與an additional field。限制性定語從句that gives the length of the data items in the vector

15、s 修飾an additional field。7. This is essentially a three-address instruction with three fields specifying the base address of the operands and an additional field that gives the length of the data items in the vectors.II. Grammatical Notes to the Text該句包含一個賓語從句that reducing the propagation more quickl

16、y?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語reducing the propagation delay within the CPU作從句中的主語。分詞短語performing each instruction more quickly作狀語，表示結(jié)果。8. They reasoned that reducing the propagation delay within the CPU would allow the CPU to run at a higher frequency, thus performing each instruction more quickly.II. Grammatical Notes

17、to the TextDepending on functions 為分詞短語作狀語，其邏輯主語是this approach。介詞on后邊帶著由how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，以及中心詞為the number of instructions的名詞性短語。過去分詞短語needed to perform their functions修飾the number of instructions。9. Depending on how frequently the eliminated instructions were needed, and the number of instructions needed

18、to perform their functions, this approach might or might not improve system performance.II. Grammatical Notes to the Textwhether pin compatible or not 是插入語，相當(dāng)于狀語的作用。as后邊省略了the software，這種the sameas的結(jié)構(gòu)，可以避免重復(fù)。10. This same backward compatibility, whether pin compatible or not, allows the CISC CPU to

19、run the same software as used by the predecessors in its family.II. Grammatical Notes to the Textparallel 5pArElel adj. 平行的，類似的，并聯(lián)的sequential si5kwinFEl adj. 連續(xù)的；順次 序的concurrent kEn5kQrEnt adj. 并發(fā)的，協(xié)作的accomplish E5kCmpliF vt. 完成，達到，實現(xiàn)feasible 5fi:zEbl adj. 可行的，切實可行的distinguish dis5tiNwiF v. 區(qū)別，辨別div

20、ert di5vE:t v. 轉(zhuǎn)移，轉(zhuǎn)向manipulate mE5nipjuleit vt. 操作，使用(機器等)constitute 5kCnstitju:t vt. 制定，建立，組成theoretical WiE5retik(E)l adj. 理論的classification 7klAsifi5keiFEn n. 分類，分級III. Words Bank to the Textsegment 5semEnt n. 段，節(jié)，片斷partition pB:5tiFEn n. 分割，劃分analogous E5nAlEEs adj. 類似的，相似的elapse i5lAps vi. (時間)

21、過去，消逝demonstrate 5demEnstreit vt. 示范，證明conventional kEn5venFEnl adj. 慣例的，常規(guī)的artificial B:ti5fiF(E)l adj. 人造的；人工的sophisticated sE5fistikeitid adj. 精密復(fù)雜的utilize ju:5tilaiz vt. 利用matrix 5meitriks n. 矩陣scalar 5skeilE adj. 梯狀的，數(shù)量的，標量的III. Words Bank to the Textvariable 5vZEriEbl n. 數(shù)變數(shù)，可變物，變量paradoxical

22、7pArE5dCksikEl a. 自相矛盾的propagation prRpE5eiF(E)n n. 繁殖，傳播eliminate i5limineit vt. 排除，消除invariably in5veEriEb(E)li adv. 不變地，總是correspond kCris5pCnd vi. 符合，通信，相應(yīng)exclude iks5klu:d vt. 拒絕接納，排斥compatibility kEm7pAti5biliti n. 兼容性intermingle 7intE(:)5miNl v. 混合hybrid 5haibrid n. 混血兒，混合物III. Words Bank to

23、the TextIV. ExercisesComprehensionFilling blanksVocabularyTrue or FalseMatching termsSummaryCloze (Summarizing the Text) Translating SentencesCollocationTranslating termsSelecting wordsConceptual PhrasesTranslation1. It is characteristic of _ that several computations can be in process in distinct s

24、egments at the same time.2. _ is made possible by associating a register with each segment in the pipeline.3. The vector instruction includes the initial address of the operands, _, and the operation to be performed.1. Pipelines2.The overlapping of computation3.the length of the vectorIIV. Exercises

25、Comprehension I. Fill in the following blanks. 4._ processors have fewer and simpler instructions than _ processors.5. The sequence of instructions read from memory constitutes an_.The operations performed on the data in the processor constitutes a_.4.RISC CISC5. instruction stream data streamIIV. E

26、xercisesComprehension I. Fill in the following blanks. 1. Shift registers operate in serial fashion all the bits of the word at a time.2. RISC processors have larger instruction sets that often include some particularly complex instructions.3. SIMD represents an organization that includes many proce

27、ssing units under the supervision of a common control unit.4. Parallel processing is established by distributing the data among the multiple functional units.5. RISC is a complex instruction set computer.IIV. ExercisesComprehension II. True or False. 1.F2. F3. T4. T5. F(a) SISD(b) SIMD (c) E2PROM(d)

28、 MIMD_ multiple instruction stream, single data stream _ single instruction stream, multiple data stream_ multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream_ single instruction stream, single data stream IIV. ExercisesComprehension III. Matching terms. 2.b3.d4.a1.c1. parallel processing2. pipeline pr

29、ocessing3. vector processing4. scalar processor5. backward compatibility1.并行處理 2流水線處理3. 向量處理4. 標量處理器5. 向下兼容IIV. ExercisesComprehension IV. Translating Terms. V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary distinguish correspond artificial se

30、quential variable feasible concurrent eliminate segment 1. In this way the children are introduced to _ learning. concurrent 2. The twins are so alike that no one can _ one from the other. distinguish V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVoca

31、bulary distinguish correspond artificial sequential variable feasible concurrent eliminate segment 3. She questioned whether it was _ to stimulate investment in these regions. feasible 4. Lines divided the area into _ . segmentsV. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where

32、necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary distinguish correspond artificial sequential variable feasible concurrent eliminate segment 5. Even in the _ environment of an office, our body rhythms continue to affect us. Other variables in making forecasts for the industry include the weather and the general ec

33、onomic climate. artificial V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary distinguish correspond artificial sequential variable feasible concurrent eliminate segment 6. The Sex Discrimination Act has not _ discrimination in employment. varia

34、ble 7. Academic departments are being _ . eliminate V. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.IV. ExercisesVocabulary distinguish correspond artificial sequential variable feasible concurrent eliminate segment 8. The written record of our conversation doesnt _

35、 with (i.e., i.e., is different from) what was actually said. correspond IV. ExercisesCollocation V. Look at the following sentence taken from your reading passage. Just think about what else you can “perform” and fill in the sentences with the right words.e.g. The register holds the data and the co

36、mbinational circuit performs the suboperation in the particular segment.IV. ExercisesCollocation 2. We are the same biologically and our bodies perform the same fu_ everywhere on the planet.nctions 1. Three basic pieces of equipment will help you to perform a variety of ex_ to improve your figure.er

37、cisesIV. ExercisesCollocation 4. Valentine ignored the ban and continued to perform ma_ for young lovers in secret.riages 3. Bancroft Community students will live in apartments or in a house, cooking their own meals, washing their own clothes, and learning to perform other ta_.sksIV. ExercisesColloc

38、ation 6. His council had to perform mi_ on a tiny budget.racles 5. We were pleased to have the opportunity to watch such good dancers perform a highly praised new ba_.lletIV. ExercisesSummary VII. Choose the best one of the four answers given to fill in each blank. In computer engineering, computer

39、architecture is the _1_ design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is a _2_ and functional description of requirements, especially speeds and interconnections, and design implementations for the various parts of a computer _3_ largely on the way by which the central proces

40、sing unit (CPU) performs internally and accesses addresses in memory. Computer system architecture _4_ the design of the four _5_: parallel processing, pipelining, vector processing and RISC. Parallel processing system is used to provide simultaneous data-processing tasks for the purpose of increasi

41、ng the _6_ speed of a computer systemIV. ExercisesSummary and is able to perform _7_ data processing to achieve faster execution time. A pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, so that the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are o

42、ften _8_ in parallel or in time-sliced fashion. A vector processor, is a CPU design that is able to run mathematical operations on multiple data elements simultaneously. Computers with vector processing capabilities are in demand in 9_ applications. RISC processors have fewer and _10_ instructions t

43、han CISC processors. As a result, their control units are less complex and easier to design.IV. ExercisesSummary 1. A. lastestB. conceptualC. ideal D. simple2. A. planB. designC. blueprint D. concept3. A. relyingB. dependingC. attachingD. focusing 4. A. refersB. speaksC. involvesD. interacts5. A. ingredientsB. typesC. kindsD. lists6. A. computational B. computer C. computation D. computing7. A. current B. compound C. concurrentD. massive8. A. displayedB. carried C. accomplishedD. executed9