2020年的猶太裔美國(guó)人

1、About Pew Research CenterPew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. The Center conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, content analysis and other data-d

2、riven social science research. It studies U.S. politics and policy; journalism and media; internet, science and technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and trends; and U.S. social and demographic trends. All of the Centers reports are available at HYPERLINK / . Pew Re

3、search Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts, its primary funder.This report was made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts, which received generous support from the Neubauer Family Foundation. Pew Research Center 2021How we did thisFor this report, we surveyed 4,718 U.S. adults who id

4、entify as Jewish, including 3,836 Jews by religion and 882 Jews of no religion. The survey was administered online and by mail by Westat, from Nov. 19, 2019, to June 3, 2020. Respondents were drawn from a national, stratified random sampling of residential mailing addresses, which included addresses

5、 from all 50 states and the District of Columbia. No lists of common Jewish names, membership rolls of Jewish organizations or other indicators of Jewishness were used to draw the initial sample.We first sent letters to the sampled addresses asking an adult (18 or older) living in the household to t

6、ake a short screening survey (“the screener”) either online or on a printed paper form, which they mailed back to us. The screener collected demographic characteristics and determined eligibility. In households with more than one adult resident, we selected the respondent randomly by some simple met

7、hod, such as asking the person who most recently celebrated a birthday to fill out the screener.A total of 68,398 people across the country completed the screener. Respondents who indicated in the screener that they are Jewish were asked to take a longer survey. Three criteria were used to determine

8、 eligibility for the extended survey: (1) if the responding adult said their current religion is Jewish; (2) if the responding adult did not identify their religion as Jewish but said that, aside from religion, they consider themselves to be Jewish in any way, such as ethnically, culturally or becau

9、se of their family background; (3) if the responding adult did not identify with the first two criteria but said they were raised in the Jewish tradition or had a Jewish parent. All adults who reported any of these criteria were given the extended survey to complete.However, this report focuses on t

10、he answers given in the extended survey by those who said their present religion is Jewish (Jews by religion), plus those who said they presently have no religion (they identify religiously as atheist, agnostic or nothing in particular) but who consider themselves Jewish aside from religion and have

11、 at least one Jewish parent or were raised Jewish (Jews of no religion). Together, these two groups comprise the net Jewish population, also referred to as U.S. Jews or Jewish Americans throughout the report.In addition to the 4,718 respondents who were categorized as Jewish in these two ways, we al

12、so interviewed an additional 1,163 respondents who were determined to be eligible for the survey, but who ultimately were not categorized as Jewish for the purposes of this report. Some of these respondents indicated they have a Jewish parent or were raised Jewish but said they currently have a diff

13、erent religion (many are Christian) or do not consider themselves Jewish today in any way, either by religion or aside from religion. Others indicated that they do not have a Jewishparent, were not raised Jewish and do not identify with the Jewish religion, yet they do consider themselves Jewish in

14、some way, such as because they are married to a Jewish person or are Christian and link Jesus with Judaism.Both the full sample of all initial respondents (including those who were screened out as ineligible for the extended survey) and the sample of respondents to the extended survey were weighted

15、to align with demographic benchmarks for the U.S. adult population from the Census Bureau as well as a set of modeled estimates for the religious and demographic composition of eligible adults within the larger U.S. adult population.For more information, see the Methodology. The Methodology also con

16、tains detailed information on margins of sampling error and other potential sources of bias. Statistical significance is measured in this report at a 95% confidence level using standard tests and taking into account the effects of a complex sampling design. The questions used in this analysis can be

17、 found here.AcknowledgmentsThis report is a collaborative effort based on the input and analysis of the following individuals. Find related reports online at /religion.Primary ResearchersBecka A. Alper, Senior ResearcherAlan Cooperman, Director of Religion ResearchResearch TeamGregory A. Smith, Asso

18、ciate Director of ResearchBesheer Mohamed, Senior ResearcherElizabeth Podrebarac Sciupac, Senior ResearcherClaire Gecewicz, Research Associate Kiana Cox, Research Associate Justin Nortey, Research AssistantConrad Hackett, Associate Director of Research and Senior DemographerAnne Fengyan Shi, Senior

19、Researcher Ariana Monique Salazar, Research Analyst Jacob Ausubel, Research AssistantMethods TeamCourtney Kennedy, Director of Survey Research Andrew Mercer, Senior Research Methodologist Nick Bertoni, Senior Panel ManagerNick Hatley, Research AnalystArnold Lau, Research AnalystEditorial and Graphic

20、 DesignMichael Lipka, Editorial Manager Jeff Diamant, Senior Writer/Editor Dalia Fahmy, Senior Writer/Editor David Kent, Senior Copy EditorBill Webster, Senior Information Graphics DesignerCommunications and Web PublishingStacy Rosenberg, Associate Director, DigitalTravis Mitchell, Digital ProducerS

21、hajia Abidi, Associate Web DeveloperAnna Schiller, Senior Communications ManagerKelsey Beveridge, Communications AssociateOthers at Pew Research Center who contributed to this report include Claudia Deane, Vice President of Research; Mark Hugo Lopez, Director of Global Migration and Demography Resea

22、rch; Neil G. Ruiz, Associate Director of Global Migration and Demography Research; Jocelyn Kiley, Associate Director of Research; Kim Parker, Director of Social Trends Research; Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Associate Director of Research; and Gracie Martinez, Administrative Coordinator. In addition, fo

23、rmer Pew Research Center Senior Copy Editor Aleksandra Sandstrom contributed to the survey instrument, mailing and other study materials and Senior Administrative Coordinator Clara Huergo contributed to logistics and planning.Pew Research Center is grateful to a panel of expert advisers who gave adv

24、ice on all stages of this report: Sergio DellaPergola, Professor Emeritus and former Chair, The A. Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Ari Y Kelman, Jim Joseph Professor of Education and Jewish Studies, Stanford University Graduate School of Education; Ariela

25、Keysar, Demographer, Senior Fellow in the Public Policy and Law Program at Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut; Laurence Kotler-Berkowitz, Senior Director of Research and Analysis, Jewish Federations of North America; Arielle Levites, Managing Director of the Collaborative for Applied Studies in

26、Jewish Education (CASJE) at George Washington University; Bruce A. Phillips, Professor of Sociology and Jewish Communal Service, Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion, Los Angeles; Jennifer Rosenberg, Director of Foundations & Grants at Metropolitan Coordinating Council on Jewish Poverty

27、; Leonard Saxe, Klutznick Professor of Contemporary Jewish Studies and Social Policy at Brandeis University and Director of the universitys Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies and the Steinhardt Social Research Institute; Michelle Shain, Assistant Director of the Orthodox Unions Center for Commun

28、al Research; and Emily Sigalow, Executive Director, Impact and Performance Assessment Department, UJA Federation of New York.In addition, the Center would like to thank the following for their expertise and perspectives on particular issues: Shelli Aderman, Director of Rabbinic Programs at Clal; Rab

29、bi Aaron Alexander of Adas Israel Congregation in Washington, D.C.; Dov Ben-Shimon, Executive Vice President/CEO of the Jewish Federation of Greater Metrowest NJ; Mijal Bitton, Scholar in Residence at the Shalom Hartman Institute of North America; Judit Bokser Liwerant, Professor of Political Scienc

30、e at Universidad Nacional Autnoma de Mxico and President of the Association for Social Scientific Study of Jewry (ASSJ); Rabbi Daniel Bouskila of Westwood Village Synagogue in Los Angeles, California; Rabbi Sharon Brous of IKAR in Los Angeles, California; Rabbi Angela Buchdahl of Central Synagogue i

31、n New York, New York; Rabbi Ephraim Buchwald, Director of NJOP (National Jewish Outreach Program); Stacie Cherner, Director of Learning and Evaluation, Jim Joseph Foundation; Brigitte Dayan, lay leader in Manhattans Sephardic community; Rabbi Ron Fish of Temple Israel in Sharon, Massachusetts; Rabbi

32、 Tuvia Fried, Executive Director of Agudath Israelof West Lawrence in Far Rockaway, New York; Adina Frydman, Chief Executive Officer of Young Judaea Global; Rabbi Yisrael Gelb, former Executive Director of Agudath Israel of California; Bruce D. Haynes, Professor of Sociology at the University of Cal

33、ifornia, Davis; Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld of Ohev Sholom the National Synagogue in Washington, D.C.; Rabba Sara Hurwitz, President of Maharat and Rabba at the Hebrew Institute of Riverdale in Riverdale, New York; Jared Jackson, Executive Director of Jews in ALL Hues; Rella Kaplowitz, Senior Program Offi

34、cer for Evaluation and Learning, Charles and Lynn Schusterman Family Philanthropies; Aaron Katler, Chief Executive Officer of UpStart; Ilana Kaufman, Executive Director, Jews of Color Initiative; Rabbi Leora Kaye, Director of Partnerships and Collaboration, Union for Reform Judaism; Aliza Kline, Chi

35、ef Executive Officer of OneTable; Rabbi Enid Lader of Beth Israel The West Temple in Cleveland, Ohio; Rabbi Sandra Lawson, Director of Racial Diversity, Equity and Inclusion, Reconstructing Judaism; Rabbi Mark Mallach of Temple Beth Ahm Yisrael in Springfield, New Jersey; Rabbi Moshe Matz, Executive

36、 Director of Agudath Israel of Florida; Rabbi Brigitte Rosenberg of United Hebrew Congregation in Chesterfield, Missouri; Aliya Saperstein, Associate Professor of Sociology and Benjamin Scott Crocker Professor in Human Biology, Stanford University; Rabbi Michael Satz of Temple Bnai Or in Morristown,

37、 New Jersey; Rabbi Motti Seligson, Director of Media Relations, Chabad-Lubavitch; Rabbi Jay Siegel of Congregation Beth Shalom in Santa Clarita, California; Rabbi Howard Stecker of Temple Israel of Great Neck in Great Neck, New York; Rabbi Shira Stutman of Sixth & I in Washington, D.C.; Elizabeth Ti

38、ghe, Research Scientist, Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies and the Steinhardt Social Research Institute, Brandeis University; Jack Wertheimer, Joseph and Martha Mendelson Professor of American Jewish History at the Jewish Theological Seminary; and Rabbi David Wolpe of Sinai Temple in Los Angele

39、s, California.Table of contents HYPERLINK l _bookmark0 Overview 8 HYPERLINK l _bookmark1 The size of the U.S. Jewish population 50 HYPERLINK l _bookmark2 Jewish identity and belief 56 HYPERLINK l _bookmark3 Jewish practices and customs 70 HYPERLINK l _bookmark4 Marriage, families and children 93 HYP

40、ERLINK l _bookmark5 Jewish community and connectedness 110 HYPERLINK l _bookmark6 Anti-Semitism and Jewish views on discrimination 120 HYPERLINK l _bookmark7 U.S. Jews connections with and attitudes toward Israel 137 HYPERLINK l _bookmark8 U.S. Jews political views 159 HYPERLINK l _bookmark9 Race, e

41、thnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews 170 HYPERLINK l _bookmark10 Jewish demographics 187 HYPERLINK l _bookmark11 Economics and well-being among U.S. Jews 197 HYPERLINK l _bookmark12 People of Jewish background and Jewish affinity 209 HYPERLINK l _bookmark13 Appendix A: Survey methodolo

42、gy 224 HYPERLINK l _TOC_250000 Appendix B: Mode experiment 239What does it mean to be Jewish in America? A new Pew Research Center survey finds that many Jewish Americans participate, at least occasionally, both in some traditional religious practices like going to a synagogue or fasting on Yom Kipp

43、ur and in some Jewish cultural activities, like making potato latkes, watching Israeli movies or reading Jewish news online.Among young Jewish adults, however, two sharply divergent expressions of Jewishness appear to be gaining ground one involving religion deeplyNote: Figures may not add to 100% d

44、ue to rounding.Source: Survey conducted Nov. 19, 2019-June 3, 2020, among U.S. adults.“Jewish Americans in 2020”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERenmeshed in every aspect of life, and the other involving little or no religion at all.Overall, about a quarter of U.S. Jewish adults (27%) do not identify with the Jewi

45、sh religion: They consider themselves to be Jewish ethnically, culturally or by family background and have a Jewish parent or were raised Jewish, but they answer a question about their current religion by describing themselves as atheist, agnostic or “nothing in particular” rather than as Jewish. Am

46、ong Jewish adults under 30, four-in-ten describe themselves this way.At the same time, younger Jewish adults are much more likely than older Jews to identify as Orthodox. Among Jews ages 18 to 29, 17% self-identify as Orthodox, compared with just 3% of Jews 65 and older. And fully one-in-ten U.S. Je

47、wish adults under the age of 30 are Haredim, or ultra-Orthodox (11%), compared with 1% of Jews 65 and older.Meanwhile, the two branches of Judaism that long predominated in the U.S. have less of a hold on young Jews than on their elders. Roughly four-in-ten Jewish adults under 30 identify with eithe

48、r Reform (29%) or Conservative Judaism (8%), compared with seven-in-ten Jews ages 65 and older.Compared with older Jews, youngest Jewish adults include larger shares of both Orthodox and people with no denominational identity% of U.S. Jews who are Note: Those who did not answer are not shown. Figure

49、s include both Jews by religion and Jews of no religion. Virtually all Orthodox Jews (99%) and Conservative Jews (99%) in the survey are Jews by religion, as are 88% of Reform Jews. Most Jews who are unaffiliated with a branch are Jews of no religion (65%).Source: Survey conducted Nov. 19, 2019-June

50、 3, 2020, among U.S. adults.“Jewish Americans in 2020”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERIn other words, the youngestU.S. Jews count among their ranks both a relatively large share of traditionally observant, Orthodox Jews and an even larger group of people who see themselves as Jewish for cultural, ethnic or famil

51、y reasons but do not identify with Judaism as a religion at all. Many people in both groups participate, at least sometimes, in the same cultural activities, such as cooking traditional Jewish foods, visiting Jewish historical sites and listening to Jewish or Israeli music. Yet the survey finds that

52、 most people in the latter group (Jews of no religion) feel they have not much or nothing at all incommon with the former group (Orthodox Jews).There were some signs of this divergence in Pew Research Centers previous survey of Jewish Americans, conducted in 2013. But it is especially evident in the

53、 2020 survey, conducted during a polarizing election campaign.Most U.S. Jews identify as Democrats, but most Orthodox are RepublicansNote: Figures may not add to 100% due to rounding.Source: Survey conducted Nov. 19, 2019-June 3, 2020, among U.S. adults.“Jewish Americans in 2020”P(pán)EW RESEARCH CENTERP

54、olitically, U.S. Jews on the whole tilt strongly liberal and tend to support the Democratic Party. When the new survey was fielded, from late fall 2019 through late spring 2020, 71% said they were Democrats or leaned Democratic. Among Jews of no religion, roughly three-quarters were Democrats or lea

55、ned that way. But Orthodox Jews have been trending in the opposite direction, becoming as solidly Republican as non-OrthodoxJews are solidly Democratic. In the run-up to the 2020 presidential election, 75% of Orthodox Jews said they were Republicans or leaned Republican, compared with 57% in 2013. A

56、nd 86% of Orthodox Jews rated then-President Donald Trumps handling of policy toward Israel as “excellent” or “good,” while a majority of all U.S. Jews described it as “only fair” or “poor.”While these generational shifts toward both Orthodoxy and secular Jewishness have the potential, in time, to r

57、eshape American Jewry, the new survey paints a portrait of Jewish Americans in 2020 that is not dramatically different from 2013. Counting all Jewish adults young and old, combined the percentages who identify as Orthodox, Conservative and Reform are little changed. The size of the adult Jewish popu

58、lation is also remarkably stable in percentage terms, while rising in absolute numbers, roughly in line with the total U.S. population.Pew Research Center estimates that as of 2020, 2.4% of U.S. adults are Jewish, including 1.7% who identify with the Jewish religion and 0.6% who are Jews of no relig

59、ion. By comparison, the 2013 estimate for “net Jews” was 2.2%, including 1.8% who were Jews by religion and 0.5% who were Jews of no religion. (These figures are rounded to one decimal. Given the expected range of precision for two surveys of this size and complexity, it is safer to say that the adu

60、lt Jewish population has roughly kept pace with change in the U.S. population than to focus on small differences in the 2013 and 2020 incidence rates.)In absolute numbers, the 2020 Jewish population estimate is approximately 7.5 million, including5.8 million adults and 1.8 million children (rounded