Java程序設(shè)計(jì) 11 網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信

1、第11章 網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信11.1網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)IP地址 , 5域名 主機(jī)名(hostname)端口號(hào)(port number)80，21，23，25服務(wù)類(lèi)型(service)http, telnet, ftp, smtpTCP/IP協(xié)議層次結(jié)構(gòu)15.1 TCP/UDP與Socket概述運(yùn)輸層(傳輸層)包括TCP和UDP兩種通信協(xié)議以不同的方式實(shí)現(xiàn)兩臺(tái)主機(jī)應(yīng)用程序間數(shù)據(jù)的端到端傳輸Transmission Control Protocol，傳輸控制協(xié)議，提供面向連接的、可靠的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸服務(wù)，保證了端到端數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)目煽啃訳ser Datagram Protocol，用戶(hù)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)協(xié)議，提供無(wú)連接的、不可靠的數(shù)據(jù)

2、傳輸方式，沒(méi)有流量控制和確認(rèn)機(jī)制。只提供校驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)完整性檢查的差錯(cuò)控制，是一種盡力而為的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸方式套接字(Socket)：網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算機(jī)與應(yīng)用進(jìn)程間通信的抽象協(xié)議信源機(jī)IP地址 : 信源應(yīng)用進(jìn)程端口信宿機(jī)IP地址 : 信宿應(yīng)用進(jìn)程端口兩類(lèi)傳輸協(xié)議TCP (Transport Control Protocol )面向連接的能夠提供可靠的流式數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)膮f(xié)議。類(lèi)似于打電話(huà)的過(guò)程。URL, URLConnection, Socket, ServerSocket等類(lèi)都使用TCP協(xié)議進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊。UDP (User Datagram Protocol )非面向連接的提供不可靠的數(shù)據(jù)包式的數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)膮f(xié)議。類(lèi)似

3、于從郵局發(fā)送信件的過(guò)程。DatagramPacket, DatagramSocket, MulticastSocket等類(lèi)使用UDP協(xié)議進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊。URL類(lèi)URL(Uniform Resource Locator)統(tǒng)一資源定位器的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)，它表示Internet上某一資源的地址。URL的組成protocol:resourceName協(xié)議名指明獲取資源所使用的傳輸協(xié)議，如http、ftp、gopher、file等，資源名則應(yīng)該是資源的完整地址，包括主機(jī)名、端口號(hào)、文件名或文件內(nèi)部的一個(gè)引用。構(gòu)造URL對(duì)象public URL(String spec)URL urlBase = new URL( “

4、/” );public URL(URL context, String spec)URL gamelan = new URL(/pages/);URL gamelanGames = new URL(gamelan, Gamelan.game.html);URL gamelanNetwork = new URL(gamelan, G.html);構(gòu)造URL對(duì)象public URL(String protocol, String host, String file);new URL(http, , /pages/G.html);public URL(String protocol, String

5、host, int port, String file); URL gamelan =new URL(http,80,pages/Gwork.html);異常處理try URL myURL = new URL(. . .) /錯(cuò)誤URL catch (MalformedURLException e) . . . / exception handler code here . . .獲取URL對(duì)象屬性public String getProtocol( )public String getHost( )public String getPort( )public String getFile(

6、)public String getRef( )通過(guò)URL讀取WWW信息public class URLReader public static void main(String args) throws Exception URL cqu = new URL(“/);BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(cqu.openStream();String inputLine;while (inputLine = in.readLine() != null) System.out.println(inputLine

7、);in.close(); public final InputStream openStream() /建立輸入流通過(guò)URLConnection讀寫(xiě)WWW資源一個(gè)URLConnection對(duì)象代表一個(gè)Java程序與URL資源的通訊連接。通過(guò)它可對(duì)這個(gè)URL資源讀或?qū)?。獲得URLConnection類(lèi)對(duì)象 URLConnection url1.openConnection()成功，返回一個(gè)URLConnection對(duì)象不成功，拋出IOException例外URLConnection類(lèi)的讀寫(xiě)渠道public InputStream getInputStream()public OutputStr

8、eam getOutputStream()通過(guò)URLConnection讀寫(xiě)WWW資源try URL cqu = new URL(/); URLConnectionn tc = cqu.openConnection(); catch (MalformedURLException e) / new URL() failed . . . catch (IOException e) / openConnection() failed . . .InetAddress類(lèi)表示一個(gè)IP地址封裝創(chuàng)建IP地址實(shí)例：InetAddress ip1=InetAddress.getLocalHost();InetA

9、ddress ip2= InetAddress.getByName(50); InetAddress ip3=InetAddress.getByName();類(lèi)方法ip1.getHostName() 獲取此 IP 地址的主機(jī)名ip1.getHostAddress() 返回 IP 地址字符串11.3 socket通訊端到端的連接與通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的兩個(gè)程序（進(jìn)程）通過(guò)一個(gè)雙向的通信連接實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)的交換。雙向鏈路的一端稱(chēng)為一個(gè)socket(套接字）socket通常用來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)客戶(hù)方和服務(wù)方的連接。Client-server and ServiceSocket 編程模型new Socketnew SocketS

10、erverSocketClientServerRead/Write DataRead/Write DataClose SocketClose SocketwaitrequestconnectacceptsendI/O streamreceivereceivesendclosedisconnectclose簡(jiǎn)單的TCP通信（分析）Accept創(chuàng)建Socket和ServerSocketSocket(InetAddress address, int port);Socket(InetAddress address, int port, boolean stream);Socket(String ho

11、st, int port);Socket(String host, int port, boolean stream);ServerSocket(int port);ServerSocket(int port, int count); 102465535用戶(hù)端口， count為最大連接數(shù)客戶(hù)端Socket的建立try Socket socket=new Socket(”,2000);catch(IOException e) System.out.println(Error:+e);服務(wù)器端Socket的建立ServerSocket server=null;try server=new Serv

12、erSocket(2000);catch(IOException e) System.out.println(can not listen to :+e);Socket socket=null;try socket=server.accept();catch(IOException e) System.out.println(Error:+e);打開(kāi)輸入/輸出流PrintStream os=new PrintStream(new BufferedOutputStream( socket.getOutputStream() );DataInputStream is=newDataInputStr

13、eam(socket.getInputStream();PrintWriter out=newPrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(),true);BufferedReader in=newBufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream();關(guān)閉socketos.close();is.close();socket.close();注意關(guān)閉的順序Socket通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端import java.io.*;import .*;public class TalkClient public stat

14、ic void main(String args) trySocket socket=new Socket(“”,4700);BufferedReader sin=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in);PrintWriter os=new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(); BufferedReader is=new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream(); String readline; readlin

15、e=sin.readLine();Socket通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端while(!readline.equals(“bye”)os.println(readline); os.flush(); System.out.println(“Client:”+readline); System.out.println(“Server:”+is.readLine(); readline=sin.readLine();os.close();is.close(); socket.close();catch(Exception e) System.out.println(“Error”+e);Socket通信實(shí)例-

16、服務(wù)器端public class TalkServerpublic static void main(String args) tryServerSocket server=null;try server=new ServerSocket(4700);catch(Exception e) System.out.println(“can not listen to:”+e); Socket socket=null; try socket=server.accept(); catch(Exception e) System.out.println(“Error.”+e); Socket通信實(shí)例-服

17、務(wù)器端String readline;BufferedReader is=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream();PrintWriter os=newPrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream();BufferedReader sin=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in);System.out.println(“Client:”+is.readLine();readline=sin.readLine();while

18、(!readline.equals(“bye”)os.println(readline); os.flush(); System.out.println(“Server:”+readline); System.out.println(“Client:”+is.readLine(); readline=sin.readLine();Socket通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器端os.close();is.close();socket.close();server.close();catch(Exception e)System.out.println(“Error:”+e);運(yùn)行結(jié)果Server:hello!C

19、lient:hello!Server:how are you?Client:I am fine,thank you!Client:bye.Server:bye.Thread ASocketThread BSocketServerSocketClient AClient BClient CThread CSocket多客戶(hù)機(jī)制多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端public class MultiTalkClient int num;public static void main(String args) trySocket socket=new Socket(“”,4700);BufferedReader

20、sin=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in);PrintWriter os=new PrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream(); BufferedReader is=new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream(); String readline; readline=sin.readLine();多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端while(!readline.equals(“bye”)os.println(readline);

21、 os.flush(); System.out.println(“Client:”+readline); System.out.println(“Server:”+is.readLine(); readline=sin.readLine();os.close();is.close(); socket.close();catch(Exception e) System.out.println(“Error”+e); 多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器端服務(wù)器端程序: MultiTalkServer.javaimport java.io.*;import .*;import ServerThread;publ

22、ic class MultiTalkServerpublic static void main(String args) throws IOException ServerSocket serverSocket=null;boolean listening=true;try serverSocket=new ServerSocket(4700);catch(IOException e) System.out.println(“Could not listen on port:4700.”); 多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器端System.exit(-1);while(listening)new Ser

23、verThread(serverSocket.accept(),clientnum).start();clientnum+; serverSocket.close();多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-多線(xiàn)程類(lèi)程序ServerThread.javaimport java.io.*;import .*;public class ServerThread extends ThreadSocket socket=null;static int clientnum;public ServerThread(Socket socket,int num) this.socket=socket;clientnum=num+1;

24、public void run() tryString line;多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-多線(xiàn)程類(lèi)BufferedReader is=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream();PrintWriter os=newPrintWriter(socket.getOutputStream();BufferedReader sin=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in);System.out.println(“Client”+clientnum+ ”:” + i

25、s.readLine();line=sin.readLine();while(!line.equals(“bye”)os.println(line);os.flush();多客戶(hù)通信實(shí)例-多線(xiàn)程類(lèi) System.out.println(“Server:”+line); System.out.println(“Client:”+ clientnum + “:” is.readLine(); line=sin.readLine();os.close();is.close();socket.close();catch(Exception e) System.out.println(“Error:”+

26、e);server.close();catch(Exception e)System.out.println(“Error:”+e);11.4 UDP數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信UDP特點(diǎn)UDP不需要建立連接，可以向網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的任何主機(jī)發(fā)送UDP數(shù)據(jù)包UDP沒(méi)有緩沖機(jī)制和窗口機(jī)制接收數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，要保證字節(jié)數(shù)組足夠大可以利用UDP實(shí)現(xiàn)廣播和組播DatagramPacket, DatagramSocket, MulticastSocket等類(lèi)使用UDP協(xié)議進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊。單播(Unicast)與多播(Multicast)單播（Unicast）指網(wǎng)絡(luò)中從源向目的地轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)單播流量的過(guò)程。單播流量地址唯一，只有一個(gè)發(fā)送方和一個(gè)接收方

27、。多播/組播（Multicast）允許一個(gè)或多個(gè)發(fā)送者（多播源）將單一的數(shù)據(jù)包同時(shí)發(fā)送到多個(gè)接收者的網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)廣播（Broadcast）網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣播指一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)同時(shí)向相同域中的其它所有節(jié)點(diǎn)傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包的過(guò)程。廣播消息地址包括：本地廣播、全球廣播IP： 掩碼：本地廣播地址：55全球廣播地址：55多播/組播 概述一個(gè)多播組由若干個(gè)主機(jī)構(gòu)成，當(dāng)某源主機(jī)要將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給某個(gè)多播組上的所有主機(jī)時(shí)，首先需要構(gòu)造一個(gè)能夠標(biāo)識(shí)該多播組的IP數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)，然后以盡力而為方式轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給對(duì)應(yīng)多播組中的各個(gè)主機(jī)。為了標(biāo)識(shí)多播組，在TCP/IP中引入了IP多播地址，每個(gè)多播組都需要一個(gè)IP多播地址來(lái)標(biāo)識(shí)。 類(lèi)別地址范圍描述局部鏈接地址55用

28、于局域網(wǎng)，路由器不轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)屬于此范圍的IP包預(yù)留多播地址55用于全球范圍或網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議管理權(quán)限地址55組織內(nèi)部使用，用于限制多播范圍比較通信方式協(xié)議是否需要連接可靠性數(shù)據(jù)量應(yīng)用數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信UDP無(wú)連接，每個(gè)報(bào)包括源地址和目標(biāo)地址不可靠，數(shù)據(jù)會(huì)丟失64KB之內(nèi)時(shí)間服務(wù)，ping程序流式通信TCP需要連接可靠，數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)丟失大量數(shù)據(jù)http服務(wù)，Telnet服務(wù)，F(xiàn)tp服務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信DatagramSocket( )DatagramSocket(int port)DatagramSocket(int port, InetAddress laddr)DatagramPacket(byte ibuf,int il

29、ength)DatagramPacket(byte ibuf,int ilength, InetAddress iaddr, int iport) ;數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信收數(shù)據(jù)報(bào):DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket (buf,256);socket.receive(packet);發(fā)數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket (buf,buf.length,address,port);socket.send(packet);數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端客戶(hù)方程序 QuoteClient.javaimport java.i

30、o.*;import .*;import java.util.*;public class QuoteClient public static void main(String args) throws IOException if(args.length!=1) System.out.println(“Usage:java QuoteClient ”);return;DatagramSocket socket=new DatagramSocket();數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端/send requestByte buf=new byte256;InetAddress address=InetAd

31、dress.getByName(args 0);DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket (buf,buf.length,address,4445);socket.send(packet);packet=new DatagramPacket(buf,buf.length);socket.receive(packet);String received=new String(packet.getData();System.out.println(“Quote of the Moment:”+received );socket.close();數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-

32、服務(wù)器及多線(xiàn)程服務(wù)器方程序:QuoteServer.javapublic class QuoteServerpublic static void main(String args) throws java.io.IOException new QuoteServerThread().start();程序QuoteServerThread.javaimport java.io.*;import .*;import java.util.*;public class QuoteServerThread extends Thread 數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器及多線(xiàn)程protected DatagramS

33、ocket socket=null;protected BufferedReader in=null;protected boolean moreQuotes=true;public QuoteServerThread() throws IOException this(“QuoteServerThread”);public QuoteServerThread(String name) throws IOException super(name);socket=new DatagramSocket(4445);try in= new BufferedReader(new FileReader(

34、“ one-liners.txt”);catch(FileNotFoundException e) 數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器及多線(xiàn)程System.err.println(“Could not open quote file. Serving time instead.”);public void run() while(moreQuotes) try byte buf=new byte256;DatagramPacket packet=new DatagramPacket(buf,buf.length); socket.receive(packet); String dString=null;

35、if(in= =null) dString=new Date().toString();數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器及多線(xiàn)程else dString=getNextQuote();buf=dString.getByte();/如何獲取客戶(hù)端的IP和端口InetAddress address=packet.getAddress();int port=packet.getPort();packet=new DatagramPacket(buf,buf.length,address,port);socket.send(packet);catch(IOException e) e.printStackTra

36、ce();moreQuotes=false;socket.close();數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)通信實(shí)例-服務(wù)器及多線(xiàn)程protected String getNextQuotes()String returnValue=null;try if(returnValue=in.readLine()= =null) in.close( );moreQuotes=false;returnValue=“No more quotes.Goodbye.”;catch(IOEception e) returnValue=“IOException occurred in server”;return returnValue;

37、使用數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)進(jìn)行廣播通信DatagramSocket只運(yùn)行數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)發(fā)往一個(gè)目的地址MulticastSocket可以將數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)以廣播方式發(fā)送到數(shù)量不等的多個(gè)客戶(hù)端。 其思想是設(shè)置一組特殊網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址(-55 )作為多點(diǎn)廣播地址，每一個(gè)多點(diǎn)廣播地址都被看做一個(gè)組，當(dāng)客戶(hù)端需要發(fā)送、接收廣播信息時(shí)，加入到該組即可。 廣播（Broadcast）網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣播指一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)同時(shí)向相同域中的其它所有節(jié)點(diǎn)傳輸數(shù)據(jù)包的過(guò)程。廣播消息地址包括：本地廣播、全球廣播IP： 掩碼：本地廣播地址：55全球廣播地址：55多播/組播 概述一個(gè)多播組由若干個(gè)主機(jī)構(gòu)成，當(dāng)某源主機(jī)要將數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給某個(gè)多播組上的所有主機(jī)時(shí)，首先需要構(gòu)造一個(gè)能夠標(biāo)識(shí)該

38、多播組的IP數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)，然后以盡力而為方式轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)給對(duì)應(yīng)多播組中的各個(gè)主機(jī)。為了標(biāo)識(shí)多播組，在TCP/IP中引入了IP多播地址，每個(gè)多播組都需要一個(gè)IP多播地址來(lái)標(biāo)識(shí)。 類(lèi)別地址范圍描述局部鏈接地址55用于局域網(wǎng)，路由器不轉(zhuǎn)發(fā)屬于此范圍的IP包預(yù)留多播地址55用于全球范圍或網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議管理權(quán)限地址55組織內(nèi)部使用，用于限制多播范圍MulticastSocket類(lèi)MulticastSocket提供了如下三個(gè)構(gòu)造方法： public MulticastSocket()： public MulticastSocket(int portNumber)：使用默認(rèn)地址、指定端口來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)MulticastSocket

39、對(duì)象。 public MulticastSocket(SocketAddress bindaddr)：使用指定IP地址、指定端口來(lái)創(chuàng)建一個(gè)MulticastSocket對(duì)象。創(chuàng)建一個(gè)MulticastSocket對(duì)象后，還需要使用joinGroup ( InetAddress mcastaddr)方法將該MulticastSocket加入到指定的多點(diǎn)廣播地址（組），使用leaveGroup()方法脫離一個(gè)組。廣播通信實(shí)例-客戶(hù)端客戶(hù)方程序:MulticastClient.javaimport java.io.*;import .*;import java.util.*;public class MulticastClient public static void main(String args) throws IOException MulticastSocket socket=new MulticastSocket(4446);InetAddress address=I