謝孟媛中級英文文法講義 關系詞54-61

1、第54集 關系詞一、 關系代名詞連接詞+代名詞）We met a man. The man directed us to the factory.We met a man directed us to the factory.We met a man directed us to the factory.關系代名詞的種類和格（關代填法：左顧右盼）主格+動詞 I have a friend likes music very much.所有格+名詞 The student mother died yesterday is absent today.受格+句子（+主詞+動詞+介詞） This is

2、the man I spoken of.先行詞 格主格（不可?。┧懈袷芨瘢P代可省略）人whowhosewhom事、物、動物whichwhoseof whichwhich人、事物、動物that-that含先行詞what-what如何查找形容詞子句：關代前面畫括號；2.從句尾向前找到第一個動詞前面畫括號；3.看看括號外面是不是一個完整的句子。The student whose mother died yesterday is absent today.二、關系代名詞的用法先行詞 格主格 + V所有格 + N受格 + S + V + (介)人WhoWhoseWhomI dont like peo

3、ple. They lose their tempers easily.I dont like people lose their tempers easily.I have a classmate. Her mother is a famous singer.I have a classmate mother is a famous singer.I met some friend. I hadnt seen them for ages. 不吃肉的人稱為素食主義者。 所有你所照顧的孩子都會喜愛游泳。 先行詞 格主格 + V所有格 + N受格 + S + V + (介)事物、動物WhichWh

4、ose或Of whichWhichEnglish is a language.（沒有生命，歸屬于事物） It is spoken all over the world. 被動2.He looked for a car. Its engine was in good condition.= He looked for a car engine was in good condition.3.He looked for a car. The engine of the car was in good condition.= He looked for a car the engine was in

5、 good condition.= He looked for a car the engine was in good condition.Where is the parcel？ We received it this morning. 這是一份必須更正的聲明。 注意：老外都是喜歡所有的關代不管是否有生命他們都是用whose 。先 行 詞主格 + V所有格 + N受格 + S + V + (介)人、事物、動物That-That使用以上關系詞的時候可以不用考慮先行詞是什么性質(zhì)，不管是人、事物、動物都可以通用。他正和一位紅發(fā)女孩談戀愛。be in love with someone 2.棒球是

6、大多數(shù)男孩喜歡的運動。 重點：下列情況只能以that 作為關系代名詞先行詞前面有最高級、序數(shù)。1.今天是我們經(jīng)歷過最寒冷的一天。 Today is the coldest day (that) we have (ever) experienced. 最高級要加個定冠詞the 表示最高只有一個，金字塔的頂端。 形容詞子句中的“一天”是受格，關代受格是可以省略的。2.頭一件你需要做的事就是研讀數(shù)學。 The first thing (that) you have to do is (to) study mathematics. 老外在講話時習慣將be 動詞后面的to 省略掉，稱為“原形不定詞”，并

7、不是be 動詞后面直接加動詞。先行詞同時有人和事物The dirver and the car that had fallen into the sea were quickly recovered. 人、事物、動物都可用that先行詞中有疑問詞who、which 避免重復 關系代碼詞的who 、which 是沒有中文解釋的。1.Who that has common sense could believe such a thing? 有常識的（人）誰會相信這件事。2.Which is the picture that Mary painted?先行詞為the only ，the very (

8、正是)，the same等He is the only man that I love.This is the very novel that Ive look for.先行詞為數(shù)量不定的代名詞all, no, every, any, thing, oneAll that he said was not true.My brother fixed almost anything that needed repairing.*need + doing:表示被動（見動名詞）口訣 最高級,序數(shù),人+物,免重復 all, no ,every, any, the重點：關系代名詞和介系詞受格關代 + S

9、+ V + (介)(介) +受格關代 + S + V不及物動詞是會帶有介系詞的，而且這個介系詞是很活潑的，位置可以改變的。Is that the man?You lent the money to him.=Is that the man (whom/that) you lent the money to?=Is that the man to whom you lent the money?注意，將介系詞放在受格關代之后就不能用that 了(to that)，同時也不能省略了。那班我正在等的火車現(xiàn)在已晚了半小時。The train which I am waiting for is now

10、half an hour late.The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late.老外比較prefer 第二種寫法哦。若為動詞/形容詞 + 介系詞組成的片語時，介系詞只能放后面。work with sb. 非片語 deal with 片語(有獨立意思,處理)This is the man whom I worked with.This is the man with whom I worked.不構成片語，可以拿到關代前面。This is the habit which you must to do with.戒掉習慣：do

11、 with the habit ，do with 是個片語，戒掉的意思。翻譯：這是個你必須戒掉的習慣。重點：關系代名詞的省略受格關代可以省略The lady (whom/that) we met at the street is our teacher.The lady we met at the street is our teacher.當補語的主格關代可以省略 S+V+OShe was a cheerful girl. 過去She is not the cheerful girl. 現(xiàn)在She is not the cheerful girl (that) she was.that是當補

12、語的主格關代beV, 連系動詞 后是補語一般動詞 后是受詞There / Here + be 的句型中，關代可以省略There is someone (who) wants to see you.關代后有There / Here + be 時，關代可以省略1.這是這家店里唯一的一個蝴蝶領結。拆分：1、這是唯一的蝴蝶領結。2、這家店里唯一的蝴蝶領結。This is the only bow tie that is in this store.There is the bow tie in this storeThis is the only bow tie (that) there is in

13、this store.This is the only bow tie there is in this store.This is the only bow tie / there is / in this store. 停頓拆分This is the only bow tie. 主要子句There is a bow tie in this store. 次要子句There is a bow tie in the store = In the store is a bow tie.母語：mother tongue如果你不確定關系代名詞能不能省略就不要省略。關代和先行詞合并在一起先行詞主格 +

14、 V所有格 + N受格 + S + V + (介)含先行詞What-WhatWhat = 1.我所要的是心靈的平靜。What I want is peace of mind.The thing which I want is peace of mind.簡潔的話語更加有力。2.她告訴偵探們他們想要知道的所以事情。She told the detectives all (that) they wanted to know.She told the detectives what they wanted to know.I dont know what they were talking abou

15、t.a. 我不知道那件他們正在談論的事情。(what 是關代)b. 我不知道他們在談論什么。(what 是疑問詞)盡管詞性不一樣，但是句子的意思還是差不多的。I dont know what he is.間接問句就是將疑問詞拿到句子的中間。翻譯：我不知道他是做什么的。What is he? 翻譯：他是做什么的？問職業(yè)的。重點：含有what 的慣用表現(xiàn)What is called / What we (= you , they) call = 所謂的/所說的兩個句型都是可以互換的。1.他是所謂的活字典。He is what is called walking dictionary.He is w

16、hat we call walking dictionary.2.她是所謂的音樂天才。She is what we call a musical genius.She is what is called a musical genius.She is what you call a musical genius. 他就是你所說的音樂天才A is to what B is to A 對于的關系正如B對于的關系1.空氣之于人猶如水之于魚。Air is to us what water is to fish.強調(diào)的是空氣對于人很重要。Fish 是指種類的時候才能用復數(shù)，fishes 。2.文化之于心

17、猶如食物之于身體。Culture is to mind what food is to body.注:這里的名詞均用單數(shù),無冠詞,指一種抽象的概念What A is (was / used to be) 今日的A / 昔日的A通過be 動詞不同的時態(tài)就可以表示今日的時態(tài)或者昔日的時態(tài)。1.她不再是十年前的她。She is not what she was ten years ago.對比She is not the cheerful girl (that) she was. 前者并過了2.什么使得中國變成今天這種樣子？What has made china what she is?問的人不知道

18、什么原因，有多少個原因，狀況不明視為單數(shù)。 用hasChinasheThe moonsheThe sunheWhat is more (更好的是；而且)表示更加積極正面的表現(xiàn)He is a bright boy, (and) what is more, he is kindhearted.Bright 靈光的，聰明伶俐。翻譯：他不僅聰明而且心地善良。一句話不僅只有一種表達方式，以下說法用and 連接更加簡潔：He is a bright and kindhearted boy.What is worse = to make matters worse使得事情更加糟糕，負面的表現(xiàn)。They lo

19、st their way, and what was worse, night was coming on.翻譯：他們迷路了，而且更糟糕的是夜晚即將要來臨。這里用be + Ving 現(xiàn)在進行式有時候也可以表示未來式。What with and (what with) 一則原因；一則原因表示不好的原因，因為兩個不好的原因產(chǎn)生負面的結果，經(jīng)常會將what 省略掉，只用with 。What with overwork and (what with) poor meals, she fell ill.翻譯：一則因為超時工作，一則因為營養(yǎng)不良，以致她生病了。fall 作為名詞是秋天，作為動詞是“陷入某種

20、狀態(tài)”。Fall-fell-fallen 注意不是feel-felt-felt 語感就是對語言的感覺，復習的時候大聲地念出來。三、限定用法和非限定(補述)用法We have two daughters who/that became nurses.但是我們有幾個女兒你是不知道的，僅僅對這兩個當了護士的做了限定。We have two daughters, and they became nurses.We have two daughters, who/that became nurses.我們就有兩個女兒,如果你還愿意聽,她們后來成為護士非限定用法=補充敘述前句話或者去一句的某個部分。注意兩

21、個句子有逗號隔開，補述逗號后面的who 不能用that 代換，限定的時候可以換成that 。讀法區(qū)別第一句daughters聲調(diào)揚,表還未講完第二句daughters聲調(diào)降,表已講完重點：非限定用法作為非限定性補述它可以修飾前一整個句子或者前一句子的某個部分，具體修飾哪個部分根據(jù)情況而定。I called Brian, who had had called me while I was out.=I called Brian, because he had had called me while I was out.第一句的who 可以替換成because he ，連接詞是because，代名

22、詞是he 加在一起等于關代who 。翻譯：我為什么用打 給Brian 呢，因為他打給我的時候我不在。I bought a hat, which was too big for me.Which 作為非限定性補述它可以修飾前一整個句子或者前一句子的某個部分，先行詞不一定在關代前面，由于which 是指沒有生命的東西，所以它不能修飾I只可能修飾hat 。I bought a hat, but it was too big for me.Which 等于but it 連接詞+代名詞的形式。He bought some apples, two of which he gave her.翻譯：他買的蘋果

23、當中有兩個他送給了她。He bought some apples, and he gave her two of them.He bought some apples, he gave her two of which.Which 代替的是逗號前的apples ，Of which 替換成了and them ，也是關代還原成連接詞+代名詞。為了讓關代靠近它修飾的名詞，同時又希望介系詞保持在其前面，所以受格的two of which 擺到句首去了。This poem, which everybody knows, is by Shelley.翻譯：每個人都知道的這首詩是Shelley 寫的。Thi

24、s poem is by Shelley.翻譯：這首詩是Shelley 寫的。My mother expects me to become a doctor, which is not easy.My mother expects me to become a doctor, however it is not easy.翻譯：我媽媽希望我成為一名醫(yī)生，這可不太容易。Which 代替的名詞是to become a doctor ，不定詞有名詞的特性，不定詞已經(jīng)不再是動詞了。He tore up my photo, which upset me.which 指整句tear up 撕碎tit te

25、ar-tore-torn/tare-tearing四、關系副詞關系副詞 = 連接詞 + 副詞先行詞場所時間理由無先行詞關系副詞WhereWhenWhyHow重點：where This is the place where I first met my wife.Heres a map of the town where Aunt Sally lives.翻譯：這里有張Sally 阿姨所在的城鎮(zhèn)地圖。先行詞為case 、point 、situation 等，也可用where(情形,狀況)。這些表示情形和狀況的詞，我們常說“在這一點上，我和你的意見是一只的。”在上，這個也有類似地方的意思。Ther

26、e are the cases where this rule does not apply.Where 引導的字句是用來修飾cases 的，表示“在這樣子的狀況下”。翻譯：在這種情況下這些規(guī)則是沒用的。重點：when= Sunday is the day when I have no school.=That was the time when Dinosaurs lived.I have no school 不上學The day when we can live in outer space will come.The day will come when we can live in o

27、uter space.當一個形容詞子句太長時，我們可以先寫出主要子句，老外習慣將主要的意思先講出來，同時因為when 只代替時間，所以第二句的寫法也不會有歧義，when 代替一定是the day 。翻譯：我們可以在外太空生活的那一天會來臨。重點：why1.他缺席的原因不明。 主軸：原因不明。The reason why he was absent wasnt clear.2.我真的很喜歡甜食。那就是我牙齒不好的原因。I really like eat sweets. That is the reason why my teeth are bad.I have a sweet tooth. 我喜

28、歡甜食。 一顆甜牙齒，就是因為吃糖嘛。I have a green thumb. 經(jīng)常種花種草手指就變成綠色了。My fingers are all thumbs. 我的手指都不靈活了。 笨手笨腳，大拇指最不靈活了。這些映射的俚語、俗語和日常生活很貼近。重點：howhow 通常沒有很明顯的、明確的先行詞。This is how the riot happened.翻譯：這個就是暴動的原委。How do you like it?翻譯：你有多喜歡它。 how 一般表示程度。How do you fix it?翻譯：你是用什么方法來解決它的？這里的how 指方法。This is the way th

29、at he solved the problem.= This is how he solved the problem.how沒有先行詞Way 可以解釋成：方向，方法，樣子，道路注意how 沒有明確的先行詞，這里有the way 作為先行詞，只能用that ，當將the way 省略掉之后就可以使用how 這個關系代名詞了，注意：關系副詞的先行詞通常都可以省略。因為，when 前面的一定是時間，where 前面一定是一個地點，這些可以肯定的，大家都知道的東西就可以省略掉，不然就太多余了。1.星期二是垃圾車來的日子。Tuesday is (the day) when the garbage t

30、ruck comes.因為是限定星期二那一天，所以用定冠詞the 在名詞的前面。Tuesday is when the garbage truck comes.When 前面一定是指時間，所以就可以省略掉the day 。2.晚春是這里雨季開始的時期。Late spring is (the time) when the rainy season begins here.拓展：Q. rainy season與raining season有何不同?A. rainy season是正確的，raining season 是錯誤的。英法語法中的分詞(participle) 跟動名詞(gerund)都是在

31、原形動詞后加 ”ing”。只有在它們后面加一個名詞時，方能確定何者為分詞何者為動名詞。例如：sleeping baby(睡覺中的嬰兒)中的sleeping是分詞。= a baby that is sleeping. 分詞的主要功能是形容詞。sleeping car(臥車)中的 sleeping是動名詞。=a car for sleeping. 動名詞的主要功能是名詞。但在 sleeping car 中作形容詞用。raining season 是錯誤的，它不等于 a season for raining, 因為人力不能將一個季節(jié)指定為雨季。但是fasting month(齋戒月) = a mon

32、th for fasting 是對的，因為人力可以將一個月份指定為齋戒月。其他如 sleeping bag = bag for sleeping,drinking water = water for drinking, walking stick = stick for walking, spendingmoney = money for spending, running shoes = shoes for running, hunting accident=accident in hunting, 都是動名詞作形容詞用。3.這是我出發(fā)的理由。=This is (the reason) wh

33、y I left early.=This is why I left early.=This is the reason I was getting up early.這句話有reason 和why 的時候可以一次省略一個，因為reason = why 。重點：that 有時候可做關系副詞，來代替where，when，why 等。通常代替when 的情形的比例比較高，此時that 可以省略。1.我?guī)缀醪挥浀酶^一次見面的日子。I remember the date little.翻譯：我?guī)缀醪挥浀媚侨兆?。little 在這里是副詞，幾乎不的意思，little 是一個否定詞，為了讓后面的關代緊

34、跟連接詞可以將否定詞放在句首，當一個否定詞拿到句首之后后面要用倒裝句，問句句型就是一種倒裝句。如果是be 動詞，be 動詞拿到主詞前，一般動詞位置不動變成原形，句子前面用助動詞Do 等。Little do I remember the day (that) I first met her. 使用這樣的倒裝就是為了能讓關系代名詞緊跟先行詞，同時the day 為先行詞可以用that 關代，并可以省略。2.我不喜歡他說話的樣子。I dont like the way (that) he talks.the way 后面必須用關代that ，并且可以省略。重點：關系副詞where 及when 可用于

35、非限定用法(補述)燉個補給你吃吧。吃了補就會更加強壯，但是不吃會不會危及生命？當然不會了，所以補充敘述也是不一定要有的東西。She moved to New York, where she opened a boutique.這里有個逗號，說明只是用來補充說明用的，不是最主要的東西。翻譯：她去紐約，在那里開了一家精品店。I was taking a shower, when the lights went out.翻譯：我那個時候正在洗澡，就在我洗澡的時候燈就熄滅了。When 修飾I was taking a showershower n. 淋??；陣雨take a bath 盆浴take a

36、shower 淋浴五、復合關系詞復合關系詞都是表示不論、任何的意思，口語中可以只用這一個詞表示“不關心，沒關系”。關系詞+ever按照你家的環(huán)境定做的組合式的家具就是復合，例如你家的墻壁是斜的，家具得依照墻的形狀。Whoever = anyone who / who(m)ever = anyone who(m) 無論是誰Whichever = any one that / whatever = anything that 無論哪一個東西anyone 指的是人，any one 中one代替一個單數(shù)名詞，一件事情或一個物品。沒有限定地問你要什么？What do you want?如果桌上擺了五樣東

37、西，媽媽問你。Which do you want?表示限定在這五樣東西里你想要哪一樣。所以，what 是沒有限定的問事物，which 是有限定的。關系副詞+everWhenever = at any time whenWherever = at any place where1.他設法幫助需要幫助的任何人。He tried to help anyone who/that was in need of help.be in need of 表示“在狀況需要的狀態(tài)當中”，如果表示一般的常態(tài)，他都是這樣的習慣可以用一般現(xiàn)在式。He tried to help whoever was in need

38、of help.be in need of 需要2.自行取用任何你想要的東西。Help youself to any one that you want.Help youself to whichever you want.3.今天我請客。你可以點任何你喜歡的菜。Ill treat (you) today. You can order anything that you like.Ill treat (you) today. You can order whatever you like.這里表示沒有限定的任何東西，不限定對象種類和數(shù)目用關代whatever ，如果是有限定的選擇則用which

39、ever 。May I take your order now? 翻譯：可以點菜了嗎？(服務員問)I would like to order now.翻譯：我要點菜了。重點：復合關系詞可表示“讓步” = 無論不管、無論就是語法中“讓步”的意思。Whoever = no matter whoWhichever = no matter whichWhatever = no matter whatWhenever = no matter whenWherever = no matter whereHowever = no matter how1.無論是誰打 來，我都不想接。Whoever is ca

40、lling, I dont want to answer the phone.No matter who is calling, I dont want to answer the phone.這里的is calling 有兩層意思，一是正在進行式，比如接到一個 ，媽媽問你“你的 ，要不要接？”，這個 正在打來；二是一般未來式，等會不管是誰打 來我都不想接，用現(xiàn)在進行式表示未來。Whoever 沒有anyone who 的含義，這個是no matter who 的意思，不管是誰，不是任何一個人。這句話的意思不是：“任何一個人打 過來，我都不想接?！边@兩句還是有一定的差別的。2.無論發(fā)生什么事，

41、我將永遠愛你。Whatever happens, Ill always love you.No matter what happens, Ill always love you.3.無論我在哪里，我都會想起你。可以將主要子句放在前面。Ill be thinking of you wherever I am.未來進行式Will be doing4.無論你們走得多快，天黑前還是無法到達.He runs very fast.主詞：He，動詞：run，副詞1：fast，副詞2：very ，副詞2是修飾副詞1 的。表程度也是副詞的特性，注意修飾副詞后面要緊跟被修飾的副詞very 后緊跟fast 。How

42、ever fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark.關系副詞修飾后面的副詞，所以這里的fast 我們讓其緊跟關系副詞however 。No matter how fast you may walk, you will not be able to arrive before dark.這個時態(tài)是未來需要用will，而will 之后表示不能就不可再用助動詞cant 了，因為兩個助動詞不能相連，所以換一種寫法用be able to 也是一樣的效果，主要是避免兩個助動詞相連。六、關系形容詞(具有形容詞作用的關系詞)關系

43、形容詞 = 連接詞 + 形容詞 + (N) ，形容詞是修飾名詞的。all the + N + that = what + NI gave the child all the little money.I had all the little money then.I gave the child all the little money (that) I had then.I gave the child what little money I had then.(數(shù)量)不定形容詞，all the little money 中money 是名詞，前面修飾名詞就是形容詞。little money 前面的形容詞all the 和代名詞that 又可以組合成關系形容詞what 。all the + N + that = what + N 。這里的what 不再是“什么”的意思，而是“所有的”。說明what 一個關系形容詞，修飾了名詞，連接了后面的句子。Nancy waited with all the patience.She could command all the patience.N