生物科學(xué)中英文對照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、 外文翻譯資料中英文資料外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)譯文標(biāo)題：傳統(tǒng)意大利榛子的體外繁殖用于當(dāng)?shù)剡z傳資源庫的穩(wěn)定和保存譯文：關(guān)鍵詞：歐洲榛，榛屬，傳統(tǒng)種質(zhì)，體外繁殖摘要：在地中海盆地，榛子（歐洲榛）是非常重要的一種作物。體外繁殖能夠有效的穩(wěn)定當(dāng)?shù)剡z傳資源庫。為了提高榛子微組織繁殖實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄的精確性，各種不同的研究已經(jīng)在進(jìn)行。這些研究通常以重要的品種為材料，然而，微組織繁殖實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄應(yīng)用在這些幼小品種上比起傳統(tǒng)方法通常會產(chǎn)生相反的結(jié)果，這種技術(shù)在幼小品種上很少取得成功。本實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是為重要品種微組織繁殖的操作積累相關(guān)的知識和信息。實(shí)驗(yàn)過程中需要設(shè)計(jì)不同成分的培養(yǎng)基，滅菌時(shí)間和培養(yǎng)時(shí)間都要進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的討論。傳統(tǒng)意大利品種

2、植株莖芽中的N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤的作用是改善這種狀態(tài)。生根階段是榛屬微組織繁殖應(yīng)用于大型商業(yè)生產(chǎn)的關(guān)鍵步驟。歐洲榛在歐洲特別是生物地理分布區(qū)地中海盆地代表一種重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)類林木。榛子主要產(chǎn)于土耳其，意大利，美國和西班牙（分別是每年55,000, 110,000, 25,000, 18,000+噸），其次是法國，希臘，葡萄牙。大約 90%的產(chǎn)品被去皮并且以樹芯的形式賣出，然而剩余的 10%則作為樹苗消費(fèi)。極好的營養(yǎng)成分和營養(yǎng)制品的特性也使該物種產(chǎn)生很高的利潤。此外，在一些特有的栽培地區(qū)，傳統(tǒng)和文化身份嚴(yán)重受榛子產(chǎn)量的影響，文化身份常常會促進(jìn)貧瘠土地的回收和利用。即使這樣，在一些地區(qū)，這種林業(yè)作物仍然

3、不是重要的農(nóng)業(yè)資源，然而，就當(dāng)?shù)刈銐蚓S持的生產(chǎn)式系統(tǒng)和作為寶貴的食物的傳統(tǒng)而言，它卻是一種有趣的收入來源。世界第二大生產(chǎn)商意大利說一些傳統(tǒng)的品種主要種植在 Campania ,Latium, Piedmont,在西西里島有大量的屬典型種。近幾年，一些主要品種由于質(zhì)量和傳統(tǒng)特性獲得了歐洲質(zhì)量印模。此外，這些品種還被引進(jìn)其他國家特定的果園中以增大他們的生長范圍。沒有經(jīng)過檢驗(yàn)的物質(zhì)可能會傳播疾病，也可能會導(dǎo)致原因不明的物質(zhì)的出現(xiàn)。微組織繁殖法等生物技術(shù)的應(yīng)用會促進(jìn)健康的合乎本性的物質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生(Nas et al.,2004)，并且提高這種林木的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。育種計(jì)劃可以通過樣本或者新品種的快速分配來加快進(jìn)

4、程。 外文翻譯資料榛子成熟組織體外快繁的一個(gè)主要障礙是高程度的內(nèi)源性污染 (Diaz-Sala etal.,1998)，這使得培養(yǎng)體系的建立艱難又費(fèi)時(shí)。此外，一些培養(yǎng)基成分被用于促進(jìn)一些主要榛屬品種(Andres et al.,2002;Damiano etal.,2005;Messeguer and Mele,1987;Yu and Reed,1993莖) 芽數(shù)目的增多和長度的增長。然而，當(dāng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)用于當(dāng)?shù)財(cái)?shù)目較少的品種時(shí)，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果是相反的，通過觀察，經(jīng)的生長存在一定的困難(Bacchetta et al.,2005)。以營養(yǎng)成分能夠保證籽苗和體外抽枝合適的生長狀況的理念為基礎(chǔ)，N

5、as and Read (2004)最近提出了一種新的培養(yǎng)基成分結(jié)構(gòu)。然而，在植物的體細(xì)胞和種子細(xì)胞之間存在著生理差別。此外，種子內(nèi)必需營養(yǎng)素化合物的濃度對于體細(xì)胞則太高甚至有毒。在目前的工作中，這種狀況有了輕微的改善，我們通過利用不同物種種子中大量元素和微量元素的差異來使榛子無機(jī)培養(yǎng)基的成分最優(yōu)化，使得其中遺物中能夠很好的適應(yīng)體外的生長狀況。微組織繁殖法是多因素共同作用的結(jié)果，其中包括組織型和激素要求，外植體原始細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)階段生理因素的影響和N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤對促進(jìn)莖數(shù)目增多的影響。這些實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康恼且恍┕I(yè)機(jī)構(gòu)和科研機(jī)構(gòu)支持的SCRIGNO 實(shí)驗(yàn)計(jì)劃的目標(biāo)，這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)主要是為了估計(jì)當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)型和典

6、型物種的農(nóng)業(yè)生物多樣性，同時(shí)，它還支持了 AGRI GENRES 068 Safenut EU 計(jì)劃中遺傳資源庫的鑒定、保存及利用的內(nèi)容。實(shí)驗(yàn)材料和試驗(yàn)方法榛屬培養(yǎng)基的進(jìn)展?fàn)顩r。桃棗作為參考物種(Rugini and Verma, 1983)，兩物種無機(jī)營養(yǎng)素的比例作為調(diào)節(jié) MS 培養(yǎng)基的調(diào)節(jié)因子(Murashige and Skoog, 1962)。培養(yǎng)基中剛開始培養(yǎng)的是種子，因此，此營養(yǎng)素成分必須盡可能的接近體細(xì)胞組織對營養(yǎng)素的要求。通過原生質(zhì)發(fā)射光譜法來估計(jì)無機(jī)組分的應(yīng)用于意大利中部果園搜集的（100g）杏仁和榛子的嫩葉和裸露種子樣本。這種新型培養(yǎng)基的研究過程如下：含鹽 MS 培養(yǎng)基中陰

7、陽離子的測定；榛子和杏仁種子中無機(jī)元素濃度比例的測定；校正系數(shù)用于計(jì)算陰離子和陽離子數(shù)量和測定新的鹽濃度；KH PO 中鉀的含量少于磷的含量時(shí)，KI 的量不發(fā)發(fā)生變化。新的營24養(yǎng)成分構(gòu)成改良培養(yǎng)基，通過改良培養(yǎng)基我們可以進(jìn)行HM 誘導(dǎo)，輔以含有維生素的 MS 培養(yǎng)基，加入200mgL 的肌醇，0.4 mg L 赤霉素，0.05 mg L 吲哚乙酸 (IBA) ，3% 的蔗-1-1-1 外文翻譯資料糖，BA (0.5 mgL )。-1外植體的來源。組織培養(yǎng)首先要收集盆栽植物莖部分離部分（1cm 長）。這些生長 2 年的植物分別來自六個(gè)意大利品種的根出條。這些根出條于 2003 年 2 月被種植

8、于含有 1:1:1粘土，沙，泥炭混合物的直徑為 30 厘米的塑料容器。這些被稱為母體植株的盆栽植物在自然光的照射下，并定期施肥，修剪，進(jìn)行殺菌處理。滅菌過程。外植體在自來水中用消毒劑于抗菌性藥皂沖洗一小時(shí)，將植物漂洗干凈。滅菌結(jié)束后將植株放入 70乙醇中浸泡 5 秒。重新切割，外植體表面用 0.05次氯酸鈉的消毒 10 分鐘，滴加幾滴 Tween-20，然后將植體在無菌蒸餾水沖洗三次。10 分鐘次氯酸鈉和幾滴 Tween-20只用于在冬季采集外植體。接種到培養(yǎng)基之前，每個(gè)外植體基底兩端分別翻新，有利于營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收。體外培養(yǎng)的建立和生根。單節(jié)外植體取自于植物的兩個(gè)不同的生理階段：快速增長和休眠

9、期接種于 HM 誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基。在繼代培養(yǎng)時(shí)，高壓滅菌后的 HM 培養(yǎng)基中加入加入 BA(1.5mg L ) 和 N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤 (1 mgL )以促進(jìn)其增值。-1-1生根刺激：1）莖的基部浸入 1 mgL 的 IBA 溶液 20s，然后將外植體在沒有激素的 HM-1培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng) 20 天。或者 2）在含有 1/3 HM 培養(yǎng)基營養(yǎng)素成分與 2 mg L 的IBA 的培養(yǎng)基-1中培養(yǎng)一個(gè)月。不同的學(xué)者認(rèn)為，中等濃度的礦物質(zhì)濃度可以提高生根率。培養(yǎng)液的 PH 調(diào)到 5.7，然后加入 0.7% (w/v)的瓊脂，121條件下高壓滅菌 20 分鐘。外植體培養(yǎng)環(huán)境設(shè)置為：室溫 251，16 小時(shí)的光周

10、期，70% 到 80%的相對濕度。每個(gè)塑料瓶中分裝 30 毫升的培養(yǎng)基。實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)。每個(gè)榛子品種的一百個(gè)輔助芽進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)在含有 30 毫升培養(yǎng)基的單獨(dú)的試管中。每一個(gè)品種隨機(jī)抽取十個(gè)重復(fù)，記錄芽的數(shù)量、新葉以及莖白天的重量。通過觀察估計(jì)小植株的形狀。將實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)一次。用外植體培養(yǎng)過程中記錄的外植體數(shù)，平均芽長和腋芽數(shù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。統(tǒng)計(jì)分析采用 SPSS 完成（13.0，SPSS 軟件，芝加哥）：描述性分析和普通線性分析。結(jié)果與討論榛子校正培養(yǎng)基。表 1 包含榛子和杏仁的堅(jiān)果和樹葉中大量元素和微量元素的濃度。差別主要體現(xiàn)在硼，鋇，錳，銅，硅，鍶的濃度上，表明榛子具有相對大的元素濃度。另一方 外文翻譯資

11、料面，榛子所含鐵和鋅濃度較低。 Mobdilene 并未在堅(jiān)果和葉片中發(fā)現(xiàn)。其中大量元素，鈣，鎂的含量在榛屬中低于李屬。新型培養(yǎng)基HM 與傳統(tǒng)培養(yǎng)基的不同之處，見表 2。比起 MS培養(yǎng)基，HM 培養(yǎng)基中含有少量的的氯化鈣、硫酸鎂、硫酸鉀和磷酸二氫鉀，這是 MS 和NRM 中沒有的成分。另一方面，在HM 中鋅濃度減少到 MS 和 NRM 中鋅含量的 1/4。即使實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，葡萄糖和果糖對于莖的伸長具有促進(jìn)作用，蔗糖仍被作為為碳源；記錄含有乳糖的培養(yǎng)基中芽的形狀與生長習(xí)性（數(shù)據(jù)未顯示）。關(guān)于榛子，Yu and Reed報(bào)道過類似的結(jié)果，蔗糖作為替代碳源可以促進(jìn)樹種莖的伸長和提高繁殖率被Ding et

12、 al.(1985 年) 和 Marino etal.(1993 年)報(bào)道過。 外文翻譯資料接種階段。榛快繁的局限性主要是外植體微組織繁殖能力的降低和植物材料的污染比較嚴(yán)重。Damiano et al.在 2005 年報(bào)道說大約 95%的外植體都會受到污染，掩蓋了體外快繁的優(yōu)勢。高壓滅菌比起直接處理材料會減少 20%到 30%的內(nèi)生菌污染，可以提高母體植株的利用率。 外文翻譯資料圖 1圖 2芽消毒產(chǎn)品也比較敏感，出現(xiàn)組織壞死的情況。這種現(xiàn)象很普遍，特別是在外植體的生長過程中。乙汞硫代水楊酸鈉比次氯酸鈉效果更好，因?yàn)樗鼭B入細(xì)胞卻不會引起組織壞死（數(shù)據(jù)未顯示）。此外，根據(jù)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，對于榛子的休眠品

13、種，離體的芽是最合適的外植體；單芽比單節(jié)外植體產(chǎn)生的正常植株比例高。Messeguer and Mele(1987)就西班牙 cv. Negret 報(bào)道過同樣的解釋。接種前去除小葉，是的組織在滅菌后更容易壞死（比有芽時(shí)高出 25%）。Damiano ed al （2005）報(bào)道說，體外培養(yǎng)榛子的主要困難之一是接種后芽壞死。另一方面，低溫處理提高了休眠材料體外形態(tài)發(fā)生的能力。由于低溫可以 外文翻譯資料降低內(nèi)生菌污染程度（表 3），所以在滅菌之前榛子小枝要在 5條件下保存三周，在滅菌過程，誘導(dǎo) 50%而不是 30的不育材料。培養(yǎng)體系的建立。六個(gè)榛子品種對新型培養(yǎng)基的反應(yīng)見表4。HM 培養(yǎng)基上的外植

14、體長出了綠葉，在基部產(chǎn)生了相對較少的愈傷組織。MS 培養(yǎng)基上的外植體基本全部萎黃，在它們的基部幾乎沒有愈傷組織產(chǎn)生。所有的品種芽和輔芽的長度在兩種培養(yǎng)基上的生長狀況類似。這是培養(yǎng)基與基因型共同作用的結(jié)果，當(dāng)培養(yǎng)基有利于生長時(shí)，芽的長度和每芽芽數(shù)會增加。此外，由于培養(yǎng)基對芽濕重及干重的積極影響，小植株的質(zhì)量會得到提高。Nas and Read(2004)也報(bào)道說芽沒有發(fā)生增殖。 然而，培養(yǎng)基會影響潛在的增值率，長枝更適合做繼代培養(yǎng)。外植體生理階段影響芽的生長長度。Tonda Giffoni and Tonda Romana研究表明，春季和冬季收集的外植體的差異及其在誘導(dǎo)培養(yǎng)基 HM 上的生長差異

15、（圖 1）。另一方面，兩種外植體在 Mortarella，Ghirara，Avelana Speciable 和 Napoletanedda 培養(yǎng)基上表現(xiàn)出類似的根伸長狀況?；旧?，春季收集的外植體長出的芽可以區(qū)分出不同的品種。各種植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑對榛子組織的不同影響也被記錄。榛子組織生長旺盛時(shí)測定出高濃度的吲哚-乙酸和細(xì)胞分裂素，這些激素促進(jìn)了植物的發(fā)育。季節(jié)和基因型的相互作用可以對芽的生長產(chǎn)生顯著的影響。增殖階段。由于低繁殖率，榛子體細(xì)胞在體外組織培養(yǎng)仍然受限。春季采摘的材料在分別加有鋅(1 mg L-1)和 BA (1.5 mg L-1)的培養(yǎng)基上生長狀況有所不同（圖 2）。雙向的變量分析

16、表明品種不同，培養(yǎng)基不同，生長狀況也會不同。通過t 檢驗(yàn)，不同品種不同培養(yǎng)基會出現(xiàn)顯著的差異 P0.05。另一方面，N6-異戊烯腺嘌呤可以更好的促進(jìn)莖的增值。相反的，BA 有更有利于促進(jìn)芽的伸長。兩種細(xì)胞激肽對于莖的生長有類似的影響。榛子品種的特點(diǎn)是不同水平的影響植物生長調(diào)節(jié)的內(nèi)生細(xì)胞肽激素。Andres etal.(2002)研究表明2iP/zeatin 比例影響影響榛的組織形態(tài)發(fā)生能力，該比例作為鑒別體外培養(yǎng)競爭力的指標(biāo)。無論如何設(shè)置條件，沒有側(cè)芽和不定芽發(fā)生。生根階段。將根浸在 IBA 溶液中進(jìn)行根的誘導(dǎo)?；静煌贩N的生長狀況都表明含有 IBA (2 mg L-1)的生長體系都很差。3

17、0%的 cv. Tonda romana每個(gè)外植體長出 2.10.7 長度的不定根，然而只有 20%的 cv. Tonda Giffoni 每個(gè)外植體長出 1.50.6 長度的根。更低比例的（10%）生根的莖從 cvs. Mortarella 和 Ghirara 中獲得。在 cvs. Napoletanedda 和 Avellana 外文翻譯資料Speciale 中沒有根系形成（見表5）。結(jié)論微組織培養(yǎng)是應(yīng)用于榛子商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)的一種重要技術(shù)。當(dāng)?shù)仄贩N或者選擇的一些雜種對于體外培養(yǎng)表現(xiàn)出相反的反應(yīng)。正如 Nas 和 Read（2004）所說，決定快繁成功的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵是優(yōu)化的培養(yǎng)基使用，及其與基因型的

18、適合。從相同的假設(shè)開始，培養(yǎng)基的研究有效的提高了優(yōu)良品種的質(zhì)量與生產(chǎn)水平。此外，這種快捷的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法作用到作為模式植物榛子，表明它可以應(yīng)用于大規(guī)模的植物品種培養(yǎng)基生產(chǎn)。在離體繁殖的成功還取決于外植體的生理階段。春季采集的莖段處的芽以及單獨(dú)的芽都保證了體外繁殖的客觀條件，實(shí)驗(yàn)表明他們可以用于大規(guī)模的商業(yè)化生產(chǎn)。由于只有很少的增值率，因此進(jìn)一步的研究是通過刺激多芽/外植體的比例來達(dá)到的增殖階段。另一方面，榛子體外繁殖的關(guān)鍵階段生根。不同的內(nèi)部因素（生理階段）和外部因素（礦物和植物激素的濃度，物理參數(shù)）在很大程度上影響跟的產(chǎn)生。需要進(jìn)一步的研究體外繁殖的有效和可靠的技術(shù)，通過這種無性繁殖達(dá)到保存榛子遺

19、傳資源庫的目的。 外文翻譯資料In vitro propagation of traditional Italian Hazelnut Cultivars as a tool for the Valorization andConservation of Local Genetic ResourseAbstractThe hazelnut(corylus avellana)is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean basin. Theavailablility of efficient and reliable in vit

20、ro propagation could valorize the local geneticresources.Different studies have been carried out for the definition of an effcient hazelnutmicropropagation protocol. These have usually been performed on the most important cultivars,but the application of the micropropagation protocol to the minor on

21、es has produced contradictoryresults and the technique sometimes had less success than the traditional one. The aim of this workwas to gather knowledge and additional information on the in vitro performance of some minorcultivars in comparison with the most used for micropropagation .A revised proce

22、dure for thespecific medium formulation is suggested. The sterilization and culture establishment phases arediscussed in detail. The role of zeatin and 6-benzylamminopurine(BA) in shoot proliferation in theItalian traditional cultivars to improve this phase.The rooting stage proves to be one of the

23、mostcrucial steps in achieving a large-scale commercial application of hazelnut micropagation.Corylus avellana L.(Brtulaceae)represents an ecomomically important crop in the EuropeanCommunity ,particularly in the biogeographic Mediterranean basin .Hazelnuts are producedprincipally in Turkey ,Italy,t

24、he United States,and Spain (55,000,110,000, 25,000,18,000+tons,respectively,per year)followed by France,Greece, and Portugal. Approximately 90%of production is shelled and sold as kernels, whereas the remaining 10% gose to freshconsumption.Interest in this species is also the result of its excellent

25、 nutritional and nutraceuticalproperties(Phillipset al.2005: Sovakumar and Bacchetta, 2005).Moreover,in the typical cultivationareas, traditions and cultural identity are strongly tied to hazelnut production,whereas the latteralso contributes to asuitable use and recovery of marginal land .Even if,

26、in some regions, this cropis not the major agricultural resource ,it nevertheless represents an interesting source of income forthe local sustainable production system and a precious food for traditional local use. Italy, theworlds second largest producer, boasts several traditional cultivars, which

27、 are mainly cultivated inCampania ,Latium, Piedmont, and Sicily with a large number of local genotypes (Bacchetta etal.,2005).In the last few years, some of the major cultivars (Tonda Romana from Latium, Tonda diGiffoni from Campania,and Tonda delle Langhe from Piedmont) obtained the EuropeanCommuni

28、ty quality stamp for their quality and traditional peculiarity. Morever, these cultivars areoften introduced into other countries to increase their range of “vigorous mother plants”selectedin orchards. Without certified materials, it is possible to spread diseases widely (Scortichini,2002)or reprodu

29、ce materials of unknown origin. The use of biotechnologies such as micropropagationpromots the production of healthy and true-to-type materials (Nas et al.,2004), improving theeconomic value of the crop. Using micropropagation, the breeding program could be acceleratedby a rapid distribution of stan

30、dard or new cultivars. 外文翻譯資料One of the main limitations of hazelnut in vitro propagation from mature tissues is the highdegree of endogenous contamination (Diaz-Sala et al.,1998), which makes the establishment of theculture a very laborious and timeconsuming phase.Moreover, several media formulatio

31、ns have been proposed for optimizing shootmultiplication and elongation in the main hazelnut cultivars (Andres et al.,2002;Damiano etal.,2005;Messeguer and Mele,1987;Yu and Reed,1993). However, when the standardized protocolwas applied to local and minor cultivars, the result were contradictory and

32、some difficulties inshoot growth were observed (Bacchetta et al.,2005). Nas and Read (2004) recently proposed anovel method for medium formulation based on the concept that nut nutritional reserves are ableto guarantee suitable conditions for seedlings as well as for in vitro shoots. However, there

33、arephysiological differences between seed tissues and the somatic parts of plants. Moreover, theconcentration of essential nutritional compounds present in seeds can be too high or toxic forsomatic tissues.In the present work, this approach was slightly revised and the mineral hazelnut mediumformila

34、tion was optimized by using the differences in seed macro- and micro- elements of twospecies, one of them well adapted to in vitro conditions.Because the success of micropropagation is the result of a combination of many fators,including tissue type and hormone requirment, the effect of the physiolo

35、gical stages of the initialexplants on culture establishment and the influence of zeatin or 6-benzylamminopurine (BA)concentrations in stimulating shoot proliferation were evaluated.These goals met the objectives of research project SCRIGNO, supported by the Ministry ofIndustry and Scientific Resear

36、ch, aimed at evaluating local agrobiodiversity for “typical,traditional”products and meet those of the AGRI GEN RES 068 Safenut EU program covering thecharacterization, conservation, and utilization of genetic resources.Materials and MethodsDevelopment of the hazelnut-specific medium. Prunus dulcis

37、was chosen as the referencespecies (Rugini and Verma, 1983) and the ratio of the mineral nut material between the twospecies was used as Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) mineral composition correction factor(Murashige and Skoog, 1962). This approach took account of the importance of seed compositiona

38、s a starting point for formulation of the culture medium composition as closely as possible withthe demands of somatic tissue growth.Mineral composition (macro- and micro-elements) was estimated with inductively coupledplasma-atomic emission spectrometry VARIAN S.p.A (VISTA MPX assail configuration)

39、 appliedto the fresh leaves and raw seeds of both almond ( Pruns dulcis) and hazelnut ( Corylus avellana)samples (100g) collected in orchards located near Viterbo (Central Italy). The procedure fordeveloping the novel medium was as follows: determination of anions and cations of MS saltmedium; evalu

40、ation of the ratio between the concentrations of mineral elements found in hazelnutand almond seeds (factors of correction); use of the correction factor for calculating the cation andanion amounts and for estimating the new concentrations of salts; the quantity of KI wasunchanged while the quantity

41、 of potassium in KH PO was calculated after phosphorous (Rugini,241984). The novel formulation was a modified MS medium, which we term HM induction,supplemented with vitamins MS, 200mg L myo-inositol as suggested by Nas and Read (2004),-1gibberellicA (GA3) 0.4 mg L ,indole-3-butirrc acid (IBA) 0.05

42、mg L , 3% sucrose,and BA (0.5-1-13mg L ).-1 外文翻譯資料Explant source. Tissue culture was initiated using uninodal shoot explants (1 cm in length)gathered from potted plants. The plants were 2 years old and were obtained from rooted suckers ofsix Italian cultivars in an ex situ hazelnut plant collection

43、located in Vico Matrino. The suckerswere potted in Feb.2003 and were grown in 30-cm-diameter plastic pots containing clay, sand, andpeat in a 1:1:1ratio. The potted plants, used as“mother plants,”were maintained in a healthy stateunder natural light and were periodically fertilized, pruned, and trea

44、ted with fungicides.Sterilization procedure. Primary explants were washed in tap water (1h), cleaned with adisinfectant, antibacterial soap, and then rinsed again with tap water. The sterilization wasperformed by immersion in 70% ethanol for 5s. After the recut of basal ends, the explants weresurfac

45、e-sterilized with 0.05% Na Merthiolate for 10 min, a few drops of Tween-20 were added,and then the explants were rinsed in sterile, distilled water three times. Sodium hypochlorite for 10min and a few drops of Tween-20 were only used for explants collected during winter. Beforeinoculation onto the c

46、ulture medium, the basal ends of each explant were renovated to favor theabsorption of nutrients.Establishment of in vitro culture and rooting. The uninodal explants were collected in the twodifferent physiological phase of the plants: rapid growth and the dormant phase and inoculatedonto the HM ind

47、uction medium. In the second subculture, BA(1.5 mg L ) or zeatin (1 mg L )-1-1was added after autoclaving to HM to promote proliferation.Rooting was stimulated with: 1) shoot basal end immersion in an IBA solution (1 mg L ) for-120s and 20-d culture on the HM medium without hormones; or 2) 1-month c

48、ulture on the one-thirdHM mineral content supplemented with IBA(2 mg L ). As suggested by different authors, a-1reduction of the medium mineral concentration can increase the rooting percentage.The media were adjusted to pH5.7 before adding 0.7% (w/v) agar and autoclaved at 121 for20 min. The explan

49、ts were cultured in a growth conditioned chamber at 251 with a 16-hphotoperiod (32molm s coolwhite fluorescent illumination) and 70% to 80% relative-2 -1humidity. Thirty milliliters of medium were distributed into glass test tubes (12 cm length, 3 cmdiameter) with plastic lids.Experimental design. O

50、ne hundred uninodal auxiliary buds of each hazelnut cultivar werecultured in separate glass test tubes containing 30 mL of medium. Ten replications (test tubes) ofeach cultivar were randomly applied bud (node) number, and fresh and day weight of shoots wererecorded. The appearance of plantlets was v

51、isually evaluated. The experiment was repeated once.Data for the explants in a culture vessel were divided by the number of explant, and the meanshoot length and auxiliary bud numbers were used for statistical analysis. The statistical analysiswas completed using SPSS (13.0; SPSS, Chicago): descript

52、ive analysis and general linear modelmultivariate at P0.05.Results and DiscussionHazelnut revised medium. Table 1 contains the concentrations of macro- and micro- elementsin both hazelnut and almond nuts and leaves. Differences were found for B, Ba, Mn, Cu, Si, andSr concentrations, which showed hig

53、her values in hazelnuts than in almonds. On the other hand,Fe and Zn displayed lower concentrations in hazelnut. Mobdilene was not found in either thekernel or leaves of either. Among macroelements, Ca and Mg were consistently lower in Corylusavellana than in Prunus dulci. The novel medium HM, devel

54、oped on the basis of these differences,is shown in Table 2. With respect to MS, the HM medium shows reduced concentrations of CaCl ,2MgSO , and KH2PO4 and includes K2SO4, which is missing in both MS and NRM. On other4 外文翻譯資料hand, Zn concentration in HM was reduced to 1:4 compared with MS and NRM med

55、ia. Sucrosewas chosen as the carbon source , even if precious experiments showed the postive effect onhazelnut shoot elongation of both glucose and fructose; shoots with a good general appearance andgrowth habit were also observed in a medium supplemented with lactose (data not shown).Analogous resu

56、lts were reported by Yu and Reed in hazelnut, but an alternative carbon source tosucrose was reported to improve growth and the multiplication rate in this and other tree speciesby Ding et al.(1985) and Marino et al.(1993).Inoculation phase. The ongoing limitations of hazel micropropagation are attr

57、ibuted not onlyto the reduced specific morphogenetic capacity of explants, but also to the endocontaminationfound in plant materials. Damiano et al.(2005) reported that 95% of explants could be infected,limiting the advantage of in vitro culture. The availability of “mother plants” cared for in pots

58、facilitated sterilization because of the reduced endo contamination of the initial explants, thepercentage of contamination decreased by 20% to 30% compared with the material collecteddirectly in the field.Buds also seemed particularly sensitive to the sterilizing products and displayed necrosis oft

59、issues. This phenomenon was evident especially in actively growing explants. In this case,Na-merthiolate proved more effective than Na-hypochlorite, because it is able to penetrate cellswithout causing necrosis (data not shown). Moreover, according to our results, isolated buds werethe most suitable

60、 explants for in vitro establishiment of hazelnut dormant cultivars; the percentageof healthy responsive explants was higher in single buds than in uninodal explants. The sameconsiderations were reported by Messeguer and Mele(1987) for the in vitro establishment of theSpanish cv. Negret. The removal