集體林區(qū)林權(quán)改革模式經(jīng)濟(jì)分析

1、Understanding Forest Tenure Reform in China集體林區(qū)林權(quán)改革模式經(jīng)濟(jì)分析2006年21日123Background 研究背景80年代早期的農(nóng)村聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包制的改革,吹響了中國經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的號角Agricultural Land Reform (HRS) in early 1980s ignited Chinas transition toward a market oriented economy農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力得到了極大提高Dramatic growth in agricultural productivity農(nóng)村改革帶來民營經(jīng)濟(jì)、私有經(jīng)濟(jì)的極大發(fā)展Treme

2、ndous contribution from private sector to the whole economy當(dāng)前，政府仍然致力于加強農(nóng)民土地權(quán)利的政策方向Strengthening farmer land rights still main focus of policy trend (ALCL, RRL, etc)4Forest Sector in China 中國林業(yè)在林業(yè)部門，政府管制程度高于大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)部門Forest sector remains most tightly controlled by government and administration采伐、運輸、林地利

3、用方面的約束性政策還大量存在Control in logging, shipping, land use, etc.天然林保護(hù)工程 Logging ban政府主導(dǎo)型林業(yè)建設(shè)項目Lots of government programsAnd.5Forest Tenure in China 林權(quán)制度兩種所有制形式 Two ownership typesState: 國有 42% forest area and 68% volume;Managed by state forest enterprises and farmsCollective 集體所有58% area and 32% volumeGr

4、owing share of timber productionMany management arrangement6Collective Forest Tenure 集體林區(qū)村集體是集體林地的法定所有人Village collectives as legal owners農(nóng)戶、聯(lián)戶、各種經(jīng)濟(jì)組織可以通過承包的形式經(jīng)營集體所有的森林Farmer households, a group of farmers, outsiders, all entitled to contract and manage collective owned forestland林業(yè)管理方面的放權(quán)讓利的改革時有反復(fù)D

5、ecentralizaiton of management was slow and not smooth since 1981.截止到1986年，約70%的集體林地實行了農(nóng)戶承包經(jīng)By 1986, around 70% household managed1987年以后，有所反復(fù)Then setback in 1987.7Household-Contracts in Fujian and Jiangxi, 1986 and 2000農(nóng)戶承包經(jīng)營比例8第二次林權(quán)改革：更深入的改革Process of tenure reform以福建省為發(fā)源地 Fujian pilot in 20022003 p

6、rovincial policy Village representative committees decision makersLand contract fee江西省 JiangxiCommence in 2004Village representative committees making decisionsNo Land contract fee allowed9本研究的目的 Purpose of this study解釋林權(quán)改革中新的林權(quán)模式產(chǎn)生的的影響因素對林權(quán)改革的績效進(jìn)行評價為決策提供研究支持Explain the process and outcome of tenure

7、 reformUnderstand determining factors for different types of tenure arrangement Answer the questions of optimal forest management system in collective forestsEvaluate performance of tenure reform against the set criteriaIdentify areas of policy improvement in new tenure system10調(diào)查省份的基本情況 Studied Are

8、as-Basic Facts11林業(yè)在全省GDP中的比重Forestry Share in GDP 1950s-199912林業(yè)收入占農(nóng)民家庭總收入的比例Forestry Share in Household Revenue (1)13林業(yè)收入占農(nóng)民家庭總收入的比例Forestry Share in Household Revenue (2)14森林火災(zāi)率（次數(shù)）Forest Fire Incidence 1990-200415火災(zāi)影響面積Forest Fire Affected Area 1990-200416產(chǎn)權(quán)改革調(diào)查 Survey Scope村級和入戶調(diào)查Survey conducte

9、d in April-June 2006福建：10個縣，30個鄉(xiāng)、60個村、600戶農(nóng)戶Fujian: 10 counties, 30 townships, 60 villages, 600 households江西：5個縣、15個鄉(xiāng)、30個村、300戶農(nóng)戶Jiangxi: 5 counties, 15 townships, 30 villages, 300 householdsPeriod of 2000-200517森林經(jīng)營權(quán)類型劃分Categories of tenure types五種主要類型 Five types of tenure arrangement自留山 Private pl

10、ots單戶經(jīng)營 Village household contract聯(lián)戶經(jīng)營 Village household partnership林權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓經(jīng)營 Market allocated plots集體經(jīng)營 Collective management生態(tài)公益林 Ecological forests Formally established around 200118假說 Hypotheses由于村民代表大會是林權(quán)改革的決策單位，村民代表大會的的決策能力將決定林該的質(zhì)量，一般來說，村級民主較為健全的地方，林改較為深入，村民在林改中獲得的經(jīng)營權(quán)利較多，而集體經(jīng)營的比例越小。Since village

11、representative committees are making the call, the outcome of tenure reform is dependent on the quality of these rural committees. In more democratic villages, decentralization is deeper, more households contract instead of outsider market allocation, collective management, etc.良好的社會資本有益于聯(lián)合管理模式的形成In

12、 villages with good social capital, more partnership, less individual management多種經(jīng)營、非農(nóng)就業(yè)機(jī)會發(fā)展好的地方，對林地的需求較小In villages with good alternative income (off-farm job, higher ag productivity, etc.),lower demand for forest land = more collective, market allocation, less individual and partnership(?)較為貧困的地方

13、對林地的需求較高Lower per capita income lead to higher demand for forestland政府干預(yù)越多，林農(nóng)經(jīng)營林地的積極性越低In areas with tight government control, less demand for forestland (or more transfer-out afterwards)產(chǎn)權(quán)不穩(wěn)定會導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民經(jīng)營林地的積極性降低Tenure insecurity is negatively affecting individual contracts (adjustment, eco-forests,etc.)

14、19不同產(chǎn)權(quán)模式形成的影響因素分析Determinants of tenure types對產(chǎn)權(quán)類型比例變化的系統(tǒng)方程的估計-Estimation of a system of tenure share change2021結(jié)果討論 Discussion of Results產(chǎn)權(quán)不穩(wěn)定，政府干預(yù)較多的地方，農(nóng)民經(jīng)營林地的積極性較低Tenure insecurity, government interference reduce demand of individual farmers for forestland替代收入增加會降低對林地的需求Alternative income reduces

15、 demand for forestland市場條件改善會提高農(nóng)民的林地的需求Improved market access increases private management社會資本良好會促進(jìn)聯(lián)戶經(jīng)營Better social capital leads to more partnership 限制收取土地承包費會降低農(nóng)民獲得林地的機(jī)會，事實上不利于農(nóng)民真正獲得林改所提供的福利改善Restriction on collective rent seeking reduces share of land allocated to individual farmers and increase

16、s share of land kept by collectives(sad reality)22林改的近期效果Immediate impacts of tenure reform家庭經(jīng)營比例增加Increased individual management木材采伐和人工造林都有所增加Afforestation increased農(nóng)民的林業(yè)收入增加Forest income increased due to increased harvest23福建林權(quán)改革成果Outcome of Tenure reform in Fujian24江西林權(quán)改革成果Outcome of Tenure Refo

17、rm in Jiangxi25木材生產(chǎn) Timber harvest afterwards26造林面積 Afforestation after tenure reform (ha)27木材生產(chǎn)長期趨勢 Timber Production Trends28林業(yè)收入占農(nóng)民家庭總收入的比例Forestry Share in Household Revenue (1)29林業(yè)收入占農(nóng)民家庭總收入的比例Forestry Share in Household Revenue (2)30結(jié)論 Concluding Remarks在本次林改中，家庭經(jīng)營，農(nóng)民自主經(jīng)營的比例增加Increased househo

18、ld-based management is the main trend in this round of tenure reform by collective choices社區(qū)集體管理適宜于社會資本較好的地方-如少數(shù)民族地區(qū)Community-based management will be more suitable where social capital is solid (tribal areas)改善產(chǎn)權(quán)穩(wěn)定性，減少政府干預(yù)可以調(diào)動農(nóng)民經(jīng)營林業(yè)的積極性Improved tenure security and reduced government interference can induce higher private farmer interests in forest management, therefore higher welfare for farmers and better conservation林權(quán)改革也是一個漸進(jìn)的過程，很難一步到位，與既得利益進(jìn)行妥協(xié)，可以加快改革步伐，更快實現(xiàn)改革目標(biāo)Forestland tenure reform is a process of compro