漫談文化翻譯學(xué)習(xí)教案

1、The Translator as MediatorThe translator is a bilingual mediating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different language communities. George Steiner (1975) 譯者是兩個(gè)不同語(yǔ)言(yyn)群體的單語(yǔ)交際者之間的雙語(yǔ)中介人。The translator is first and foremost a mediator between two parties for whom mutual commu

2、nication might otherwise be problematic.Hatim and Mason (1990) 譯者(y zh)首先是兩方的中介人，沒(méi)有他，兩方的交際會(huì)有困難。第1頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第一頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。The Translator as Cultural MediatorThe translator is a cross-cultural specialist（跨文化專家(zhunji)）. Mary Snell-Hornby (1992)The translation operator is a cultural operator（文化運(yùn)作者）. Heuson and

3、Martim (1991)The translator is a cultural mediator（文化中介人）. David Katan (2004)A cultural mediator is a person who facilitates communication, understanding, and action between persons or groups who differ with respect to language and culture. Thus a mediator must be to a certain extent bicultural. R.

4、Taft (1981) 文化中介人是使兩個(gè)有著不同語(yǔ)言和文化的個(gè)人或群體之間的交際、了解和行動(dòng)(xngdng)得以順利進(jìn)行的人。所以，中介人必須在一定程度上是雙文化的（熟悉兩種文化的）。第2頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第二頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 In order to play the role of mediator, an individual has to be flexible in switching his cultural orientation. Hence, a cultural mediator will have developed a high degree of intercultural

5、sensitivity. Taft (1981) 一個(gè)人，如果想發(fā)揮（文化(wnhu)）中介人的作用，就必須靈活地轉(zhuǎn)換自己的文化(wnhu)傾向。所以，文化(wnhu)中介人要培養(yǎng)高度的跨文化(wnhu)敏感性。第3頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第三頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。文化(wnhu)翻譯與翻譯文化(wnhu)Cultural translation is a translation in which the content of the message is changed to conform to the receptor culture in some way. Nida & Taber 1969 文化翻譯是

6、對(duì)原文的信息內(nèi)容加以某種改變使之符合譯入語(yǔ)文化的翻譯。Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as to linguistic factors. Such sensitivity might take the form either of presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of fi

7、nding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally “equivalent” to the ST items they are translating. Shuttleworth & Cowie 2004 文化翻譯是指任何不僅對(duì)語(yǔ)言成分而且對(duì)文化成分進(jìn)行敏銳處理的翻譯。這種敏銳處理表現(xiàn)為以明白易懂的譯文向譯入語(yǔ)讀者介紹(jisho)源語(yǔ)文化，或者在譯入語(yǔ)中找到在某種程度上文化“對(duì)等”的成分。第4頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第四頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。Translation Strategies Semantic translat

8、ion attempts to render, as closely as the semantic and syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original. 語(yǔ)義翻譯力求(lqi)在譯入語(yǔ)語(yǔ)義和語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)允許的情況下盡可能精確地再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)文本的情境意義。Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that ob

9、tained on the readers of the original. 交際翻譯力求使譯文對(duì)譯入語(yǔ)讀者所產(chǎn)生(chnshng)的效果盡可能接近原文對(duì)原文讀者所產(chǎn)生(chnshng)的效果。第5頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第五頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。Translation Strategies Word-for-word translation The ST word order is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meanings out of context. Cultural words are translate

10、d literally. 逐詞翻譯是按原文詞序，再現(xiàn)原詞的最常用意義，對(duì)有文化內(nèi)涵的詞語(yǔ)進(jìn)行(jnxng)直譯的翻譯。Adaptation This is the freest form of translation. The ST culture is converted to the TT culture and the text re-written. 改編是最自由(zyu)的翻譯形式。源語(yǔ)文化被轉(zhuǎn)換為譯入語(yǔ)文化，源語(yǔ)文本被改寫(xiě)。第6頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第六頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。Translation StrategiesForeignization Foreignizing means taking

11、the reader over to the foreign culture, making him/her see the cultural differences and seeks to evoke a sense of the foreign. 異化翻譯(fny)把讀者引入異國(guó)文化，使其自己看到文化差異，感受奇花異草的風(fēng)味。Domestication Domestication means converting the SL culture to the TL culture and naturalizing all renditions according to the TL nor

12、m. 歸化翻譯把源語(yǔ)文化轉(zhuǎn)換(zhunhun)為譯入語(yǔ)文化，并根據(jù)譯入語(yǔ)的規(guī)范使譯文自然順暢。第7頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第七頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。DomesticationAll translations are fundamentally domestication and is really initiated in the domestic culture, there is, therefore, a fundamental ethnocentric impulse in all translation.翻譯基本上都用歸化策略，把異族文化植入本民族(mnz)文化。因而，所有翻譯都有一種民族(mnz)中心

13、主義沖動(dòng)。 Lawrence Venuti (1995:47) Translation and the Formation of Cultural Identities 第8頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第八頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 The translation process can no longer be envisaged as being between two languages but between two cultures involving “cross-cultural transfer”. Snell-Hornby 翻譯過(guò)程(guchng)不再被看作僅是兩種語(yǔ)言之間的活動(dòng)，而是看作涉及“跨文化轉(zhuǎn)

14、換”的兩種文化之間的活動(dòng)。 斯奈爾霍恩比第9頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第九頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 For truly successful translating, biculturalism is even more important than bilingualism, since words only have meanings in terms of the cultures on which they function. Eugene Nida 對(duì)于真正成功的翻譯而言，熟悉兩種文化甚至比掌握兩種語(yǔ)言更重要，因?yàn)?yn wi)詞語(yǔ)只有在其所起作用的文化背景中才具有意義。 尤金奈達(dá) 第10頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十頁(yè)

15、，共20頁(yè)。 Translation must take place within a framework of culture. Bassnett 翻譯必須在文化(wnhu)的框架內(nèi)進(jìn)行。 巴斯奈特第11頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十一頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 Translation theorists are beginning to see the translator as a mediator between cultures. At the same time, the process of translation is now being understood as an exercise, not o

16、nly in understanding text, but in understanding cultural frames. David Katan第12頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十二頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 翻譯理論家們開(kāi)始把譯者看作是不同文化之間的中介人。與此同時(shí)，翻譯過(guò)程(guchng)現(xiàn)在也被視為一項(xiàng)不僅要理解原作，而且要了解其文化框架的活動(dòng)。 戴維凱登第13頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十三頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 Cultural translation refers to any translation which is sensitive to cultural as well as linguistic factors

17、. Such sensitivity might take the form either of presenting TL recipients with a transparent text which informs them about elements of the source culture, or of finding target items which may in some way be considered to be culturally equivalent to the SL items they are translating. Koller第14頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第

18、十四頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 文化翻譯是指不僅(bjn)敏感地注意到語(yǔ)言因素而且敏感地注意到文化因素的任何翻譯。 這種敏感性可以表現(xiàn)為向譯入語(yǔ)接受者提供通俗易懂的譯文，向他們介紹原作中的文化成分，也可表現(xiàn)為在譯入語(yǔ)中找到與原作中某些成分在一定程度上“文化對(duì)等”的詞語(yǔ)。 柯樂(lè)第15頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十五頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 Cultures are not monolithic entities. There is always a tension inside a culture between different groups or individuals, who want to influence the evolution of that culture in the way they think best. Translations have been made with the intention of influencing the development of a culture. Andr Lefevere第16頁(yè)/共20頁(yè)第十六頁(yè)，共20頁(yè)。 文化并不是鐵板一塊的整體，一種文化的內(nèi)部總是存在(cnzi)著不同群體或不同個(gè)人之間的緊張關(guān)系，這些不同群體或不同個(gè)人總想以他們認(rèn)為最好的方式來(lái)