搭建語(yǔ)言平臺(tái)幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯

1、 PAGE PAGE 17 搭建語(yǔ)言平臺(tái)，幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯 搭建語(yǔ)言平臺(tái)，幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯關(guān)于在課本文本學(xué)習(xí)后生成新語(yǔ)篇，幫助詞匯教學(xué)的策略探討英語(yǔ)組 方莉莉【摘要】 隨著教育教學(xué)改的不斷深入，越來(lái)越多的專(zhuān)家學(xué)者關(guān)注如何在高中 英語(yǔ)教學(xué)中實(shí)現(xiàn)詞匯的有效教學(xué)。如何把復(fù)雜，枯燥的詞匯教學(xué)變得生動(dòng)、有趣、吸引學(xué)生又不脫離實(shí)際，確保有效性，成為語(yǔ)言研究者以及我們這些高中英語(yǔ)教師不斷探索的一個(gè)熱點(diǎn)議題。本文中，筆者根據(jù)自己在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中的嘗試和觀察，總結(jié)了一個(gè)在閱讀文本教學(xué)后，詞匯教學(xué)的方法；并對(duì)該方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)和使用方法作了具體分析。希望能拋磚引玉，使更多人能夠提出更多、更有效的方法?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】詞匯

2、教學(xué)，有效，語(yǔ)篇，詞匯，詞塊，課本文本，NSEFC教材一：背景英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)，在整個(gè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)及教學(xué)評(píng)估中起著至關(guān)重要的作用。普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) 新課標(biāo) ）在語(yǔ)言知識(shí)八級(jí)目標(biāo)中明確指出：學(xué)生應(yīng)具備以下詞匯應(yīng)用能力：1運(yùn)用詞匯理解和表達(dá)不同的功能、意圖和態(tài)度等；2運(yùn)用詞匯描述比較復(fù)雜的事物、行為和特征，說(shuō)明概念等；3學(xué)會(huì)使用3000個(gè)單詞和400 500個(gè)習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)或固定搭配。2012年浙江省新課程高考英語(yǔ)考試說(shuō)明中也要求考生能掌握并運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯（詞匯量2800個(gè)左右）。不僅如此，一定的詞匯量更是學(xué)生聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)等語(yǔ)言基本技能和 用英語(yǔ)獲取和處理信息的能力；用英語(yǔ)分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)

3、題的能力以及批判性思維能力 （新課標(biāo)）的基礎(chǔ)所在。但在實(shí)際教學(xué)過(guò)程中，詞匯教學(xué)的有效性不容樂(lè)觀。很多教師因?yàn)榻滩娜萘看?，教學(xué)任務(wù)重，又急于追求詞匯教學(xué)的短效性，在教學(xué)中不可避免地出現(xiàn)了下述幾種誤區(qū)。1. 脫離文本，沒(méi)有語(yǔ)篇作為依托，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生機(jī)械記憶，詞匯教學(xué)有效性受挫。2. 語(yǔ)言情景設(shè)置不合理，脫離學(xué)生實(shí)際，導(dǎo)致學(xué)習(xí)效果下降。3. 過(guò)多強(qiáng)調(diào)詞匯的重要性，對(duì)詞匯做過(guò)多的講解，配以鋪天蓋地的詞匯練習(xí)，使學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)產(chǎn)生排斥厭倦心理，最終適得其反。有沒(méi)有一種好辦法，能夠兼顧到上述問(wèn)題，但又能被學(xué)生接受？正是在這種背景下，筆者嘗試了此法。在文本閱讀之后，把原來(lái)文本中詞匯的單純講授，機(jī)械記憶與學(xué)生喜歡

4、的，有興趣的或者有話可說(shuō)的文本結(jié)合，以翻譯為依托，實(shí)現(xiàn)語(yǔ)言的有效輸出，最終呈現(xiàn)在學(xué)生的作業(yè)本上，使各個(gè)層次的學(xué)生都能受益。二、生成新語(yǔ)篇，實(shí)現(xiàn)詞匯教學(xué)的優(yōu)勢(shì)詞匯教學(xué)要堅(jiān)持詞不離句、句不離文的原則，把詞匯放到典型的語(yǔ)篇中講解 ， 這既有利于學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐中正確運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯，又有利于他們養(yǎng)成英語(yǔ)思維的習(xí)慣 （李秀文，2009）。本文中所涉及的語(yǔ)篇主要是指由教師根據(jù)學(xué)生所學(xué)文本詞匯，匯編而成的新文本。與教學(xué)文本相比，具有語(yǔ)言要點(diǎn)集中，文字表達(dá)更為簡(jiǎn)練，并且話題是學(xué)生所熟悉的或者容易被接受產(chǎn)生共鳴的特點(diǎn)。因此學(xué)生在課堂內(nèi)，會(huì)表現(xiàn)出更多的興趣。在教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)的時(shí)候，筆者采用的是讓學(xué)生小組討論和翻譯結(jié)合的

5、方法，學(xué)生的參與面也能得到保證。而筆者最想分享的優(yōu)勢(shì)是該方法可以幫助教師實(shí)現(xiàn)多重教學(xué)目標(biāo)。（一）提高英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇謀篇和寫(xiě)作的能力筆者曾有一次教授自編教材 Less anger, better life 。該文是一篇講述控制憤怒的情緒可以提高我們的生活質(zhì)量的美文。行文思路非常清晰。用到了很多類(lèi)似 first， second， finally，besides， however，next 等等連接詞。文章的每段都可以找到中心句。因此，在分析了該篇文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語(yǔ)言后，給學(xué)生觀看了相關(guān)憤怒控制的視頻，杜拉拉升職記，并布置了以下任務(wù)。根據(jù)黑板上所給出的關(guān)鍵詞塊和討論提綱，以杜拉拉的身份，做一個(gè)口頭presen

6、tation, 并且課后寫(xiě)一篇作文。（參考關(guān)鍵詞及提綱：）take a deep breath/ tell the other people to leave or excuse yourself to leave/involve yourself in the following activities: listen to music/play ball games/do sports/turn to a psychological doctor There are many things we can do to control anger. For example, Besides/in

7、 addition, Meanwhile, Hopefully, every one of us can relieve ourselves from anger and live a better life.學(xué)生參與非常積極，presentation部分雖然有表達(dá)錯(cuò)誤，但是層次還是非?；A(chǔ)的。文章中出現(xiàn)的幾個(gè)重要詞匯 take a deep breath, excuse yourself to, involve yourself in 也得到了相應(yīng)體現(xiàn)。不少學(xué)生在此次作業(yè)中得到了一個(gè)很不錯(cuò)的作文分?jǐn)?shù)。（二）提高英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用文體賞讀和模仿能力情景在語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用中起著很大作用，情景可以幫助學(xué)生更好地理

8、解文章內(nèi)容，感悟文章的獨(dú)特表達(dá)方式，促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的學(xué)習(xí) （賴朝暉，2011）。在講授NSEFC教材選修6 Unit 5 Using language時(shí)，在分析完天池之后，請(qǐng)學(xué)生用文中所學(xué)詞匯，為杭州撰寫(xiě)一篇形象宣傳頁(yè)。內(nèi)容如下（畫(huà)線部分要求學(xué)生填寫(xiě)，也是本課中需要掌握的重點(diǎn)詞匯），并在課后誦讀該文。Hangzhou is the capital of Zhejiang Province and it used to be the ancient capital of six dynasties in Chinese history. The city is very beautiful and

9、 is home to a diversity of foods and souvenirs, like Longjing tea. Besides, it offers a lot of famous tourist attractions, among which are the West Lake that arouses the greatest appreciation.The West Lake is 60 square kilometers in size and has now become a hot spot for tourists both at home and ab

10、road. When you arrive there, you will be awarded with its picturesque landscape and by its cultural heritage as well. It takes at least 2 hours to cover all the sights but you ll never be disappointed. The West Lake has a gift for keeping people alive with its wonderful ten views. Try to visit all o

11、f them. The scenery varies from view to view and the tickets for each view vary from5 to 20 yuan.There are many stories concerning the West Lake. One of them is the White Snake Legend. Bai Suzhen, actually a white snake and a boy Xuxian on a rainy day met on Duanqiao Bridge, one of the ten views. Ba

12、i borrowed an umbrella from Xu who she loved. Later they got married but experienced some misfortune later.If you have the intension to visit there, don t forget to take a camera and you are guaranteed to enjoy the sights in their natural state.通過(guò)該篇文章，學(xué)生基本了解到本課中的重點(diǎn)詞匯，也體會(huì)了說(shuō)明文平實(shí)、客觀的文風(fēng)。如能長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持，相信在學(xué)生日后的閱

13、讀中不無(wú)裨益。而本文在編寫(xiě)當(dāng)中也體現(xiàn)了高中書(shū)面表達(dá)所必須的連貫、中心句、分段等要素，這些對(duì)學(xué)生都有潛移默化的影響。（三）有助于學(xué)生正面情感的培養(yǎng)。高中英語(yǔ)課程特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要讓學(xué)生 形成健全的情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀，為未來(lái)發(fā)展和終身學(xué)習(xí)奠定良好的基礎(chǔ)。 （新課標(biāo)）因此，高中教師在教學(xué)中，應(yīng)適時(shí)地對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行情感教育，讓學(xué)生形成積極、樂(lè)觀、不怕困難的價(jià)值觀。例如筆者所收錄的NSEFC教材選修6 Unit 1閱讀后的一篇供學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、翻譯的文章。（畫(huà)線部分為本課中需要學(xué)生重點(diǎn)掌握的詞匯）I met him in the flesh by coincidence and I have much faith in

14、him. He is quite different from those referred to a great deal by the teachers. He always can t look at the world as it is. Consequently, I attempt to convince him that the aim of life is to enjoy the life but not the opposite. How I wish he could break away from the old thinking style and adopt a p

15、ositive attitude towards life. That is, I want to tell him that if I were him, I would concentrate more on the bright side of life, valuing what I have possessed and facing all the challenges in life smilingly.在這篇文本中，作者就在使用語(yǔ)言的基礎(chǔ)上，帶給學(xué)生強(qiáng)烈的感受，一定要對(duì)生活持樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。（四）響應(yīng)詞塊教學(xué)的概念，詞匯教學(xué)更科學(xué)所謂詞塊，是指有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上所構(gòu)成的一個(gè)多詞項(xiàng)(mu

16、lti-word item)，例如上述例子中is home to, convince that , break away from, that is, have a gift for 等等都可稱(chēng)為詞塊。詞塊通常在語(yǔ)義或是語(yǔ)法概念上，是個(gè)不可分割的整體。很多學(xué)生單詞已經(jīng)背得滾瓜爛熟，可是一說(shuō)到應(yīng)用，就腦子一片空白了。究其原因，還是沒(méi)有把單詞 詞塊化 ，把詞塊 語(yǔ)篇化 。所以，采用在新生文本中，學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的方法無(wú)疑比傳統(tǒng)的詞匯教學(xué)要更科學(xué)，更有效。三. 如何編寫(xiě)新文本，供學(xué)生欣賞和學(xué)習(xí)有些教師認(rèn)為這種文本編寫(xiě)對(duì)教師要求太高，太費(fèi)時(shí)。其實(shí)只要我們做有心人，多觀察，對(duì)教材仔細(xì)分析，經(jīng)常關(guān)注社會(huì)，關(guān)注生活

17、中的美好。要編出一份適合學(xué)生的又與我們的教材息息相關(guān)的文本并非難事。（一） 根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容，概括改寫(xiě)。復(fù)述課文不僅可以幫助學(xué)生更好地理解課文內(nèi)容，熟記重點(diǎn)詞匯，而且可以幫助學(xué)生提高與語(yǔ)言表達(dá)能力 .(董越君 2011)。同樣，充分利用課文文本，對(duì)文本進(jìn)行剖析，然后在此基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)文章進(jìn)行改寫(xiě)不只加深學(xué)生對(duì)文本的理解，并且在新文本的生成過(guò)程中欣賞和學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)詞匯。如NSEFC教材選修七Unit 5閱讀課，Keep It Up, Xie Lei Chinese Student Fitting in Well，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行挖掘，其實(shí)講述的就是海外求學(xué)的不利和有利之處。針對(duì)這一點(diǎn)，我們可以對(duì)全文進(jìn)行概括，創(chuàng)作如

18、下新文本，請(qǐng)學(xué)生翻譯。以下是學(xué)生小組討論，一起翻譯過(guò)后，學(xué)生最終上交的翻譯稿：（畫(huà)線部分為課文重點(diǎn)詞匯，詞塊。）Nowadays, too many people went abroad every year. When they say goodbye to their motherland and board a plane for a foreign country, they are actually heading for a whole new life. Surely/ Evidently, there is a long way for them to go.First of

19、all, it takes up too much concentration to get used to the new surroundings, so it is highly recommended that they make good preparations before applying for a degree course and that they choose to board with a host family, which will give them more chances to learn about the culture.Besides, studyi

20、ng abroad is different from that in China. Therefore, to fit in with the new life quickly, many students are usually so occupied with work that they lack time for social activities. Consequently, it s important to have a balance between study and a social life.As far as studying abroad is concerned,

21、 students deserve to be encouraged in life and study as well/in life as well as study. Only when they keep up high spirits in both will they feel at home and stay in comfort.又如NSEFC教材選修8 Unit 4 Pygmalion Act One, Fateful Meeting一課，是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)化的劇本，筆者概括了其主要內(nèi)容，編寫(xiě)下文，讓學(xué)生找出課文中的詞匯，詞塊進(jìn)行填空。With the rain _ and cab wh

22、istle blowing _, many people were _ the rain, among whom are Eliza selling flowers and Professor Higgins _ of what people were saying for further study. Eliza took Mr. Higgins _ a policeman _and argued she had done nothing wrong. Mr. Higgins, an expert phonetics, _ Eliza that if she could be educate

23、d by him for three months he would pass her _a duchess or she would be _ to the gutter to _. This interested Eliza so she asked Mr. Higgins to teach her. Meanwhile, Higgins friend Pickering offered to make a bet with him. Though _ to take the task at first, Higgins finally accepted it. The bet final

24、ly _ the success in changing Eliza into an upper class lady with great efforts and perhaps _ luck. Eliza finally changed her fate. So _ Eliza hadn t met Higgins?（參考答案：pouring, in all directions, sheltering/hiding from, making note/taking down, for, in disguise, convinced, off as, condemned, the end

25、of her day， hesitating , ended in , a bit of , What if）（二）勵(lì)志類(lèi)視頻，篇章引入課堂后，教師指導(dǎo)改寫(xiě)我們的教材中不乏勵(lì)志的故事，小說(shuō)。而我們平時(shí)也可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，媒體，報(bào)紙等來(lái)源獲取這類(lèi)勵(lì)志類(lèi)故事，視頻，讓學(xué)生欣賞后，改編成新的語(yǔ)言文本。筆者在NSEFC教材選修七Unit 1閱讀Mrty s Story，引入了另一殘疾人Nick Vujicic(力克)，Nick 沒(méi)有手也沒(méi)有腳，卻有著非凡的意志力，他的演講使無(wú)數(shù)人動(dòng)容。筆者在課文文本分析的最后，和學(xué)生一起欣賞了這段視頻，在情感教育后讓學(xué)生做了如下的一段翻譯填空（中文版略）。其中畫(huà)線部分為文

26、中重點(diǎn)詞塊，黑體部分為語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志詞。Nick, born in Australia, has no arms and no legs. In other words, he is a severely disabled man. However, he is very outgoing and has learned to adapt to his disability. Every time he is made fun of by the others he ignores them and accepts himself for who he is. Being disabled neve

27、r makes him annoyed and never does he allow himself to sit around feeling sorry for himself. To make every day worthwhile, he takes part in a variety of activities, like horsing, fishing, boating and diving. In addition, he travels around the world, giving people great encouragement to live a rich a

28、nd fulfilling life as well as showing his gratitude to this world. In many ways, his disabilities are beneficial to his development.All in all, his experience is a perfect explanation to the saying that having a disability does not mean your life is not satisfying. Remember his advice: accept yourse

29、lf as you are and be grateful to the world.（三）聯(lián)系生活，社會(huì)實(shí)際，進(jìn)行課本文本相似話題文本的仿寫(xiě)，在語(yǔ)篇中體驗(yàn)、運(yùn)用詞塊NSEFC教材必修四Unit 5 Theme park一課的詞匯教學(xué)中，筆者結(jié)合了當(dāng)時(shí)舟山第13屆國(guó)際沙雕節(jié)的情況，編寫(xiě)了下述文本，讓學(xué)生運(yùn)用已學(xué)詞塊進(jìn)行填空。The 13th International Sand Sculpture of Zhoushan proves to be a great success. _ activities are held.Visitors_various Disney sand sculpt

30、ures which _ many lively characters in Disney cartoon films. When people _ the festival park, they seem to be entering _. There are many children visitors who are _happy to visit the park. Some of them say this trip helps to make their dream of _ the Disney World Resort _.However, this festival has

31、_ artistic sand sculpture works. It is also _its grand musical concert at the opening ceremony and other related carnival activities.With all these attractions, _ the 13th festival has brought so many visitors there.（參考答案：A variety of/various can, have fun exploring , are modelled after , wander thr

32、ough, a world of fantasy/a magical world, more than, experiencing, come true, more than, famous for, no wonder）又如上文所提到過(guò)的NSEFC教材選修6 Unit 5 Using language，模仿課本對(duì)天池的描繪，給杭州寫(xiě)宣傳頁(yè)，也是在這一靈感的指導(dǎo)下所產(chǎn)生的。（四）立足文本高于文本（浦麗紅等，2012），對(duì)課文文本進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)有些文本本身提出了一個(gè)開(kāi)放性問(wèn)題，供學(xué)生思考。如NSEFC教材必修一Unit 2 The road to modern English一課中，文本就在最后提出了

33、漢語(yǔ)是否會(huì)在未來(lái)取代英語(yǔ)。因此，我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)設(shè)計(jì)中，就可以順著這條線索，續(xù)寫(xiě)一個(gè)段落。例如下述一個(gè)學(xué)生現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的段落（有修改）：Chinese in the future will take the place of English. Here are some reasons. To begin with, language development is based on economic development. As China is becoming increasingly powerful, it will eventually influence the language develo

34、pment. Next, with more and more Chinese people moving to all parts of the world, they will bring their own language there. In addition, many foreigners are doing business with Chinese, so they need to learn Chinese well. 段落雖短，卻也體現(xiàn)了該生運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞塊進(jìn)行續(xù)寫(xiě)，并且很好地把握了句子之間層次的切換。（五）以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生應(yīng)用文體寫(xiě)作能力為契機(jī)，進(jìn)行新語(yǔ)篇的編寫(xiě)有時(shí)我們也可以根據(jù)課

35、文文本的語(yǔ)用功能，提供相對(duì)應(yīng)的應(yīng)用文寫(xiě)作的文本編寫(xiě)。如NSEFC教材選修七Unit 1，Using language 部分A Letter To An Architect的教學(xué)中，筆者先讓學(xué)生找出提建議的句式I hope you will not mind me writing to ask /I wonder if . /It would be handy to have lifts /I d like to suggest that (should ) do/It would be more convenient to ./If I hope my suggestions will 等。然

36、后布置了以下寫(xiě)作任務(wù)，給超市經(jīng)理寫(xiě)封建議信，使輪椅客人更便利。Dear Mr Smith,I am writing to ask you to consider the matter of easy use of the supermarket by people in wheelchairs._, I would like you to consider the following things:_, I wonder if you can make the passages in the supermarket wide enough_._, it would be convenient to have many lifts,_._,_,I d like to suggest that the shelves should not be designed too high. _, if th