醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)資料：Lesson 1 Measurement Systems

1、Lesson 1 Measurement SystemsLaboratory MathematicsMeasurement Systems The International System of Units is an internationally agreed system of measurement that uses seven base units ,with two supplementary units .All other SI units are derived from the base units .Physical quantity 物理量 Name 名稱 Symbo

2、l 符號(hào) Length 長(zhǎng)度 metre 米 m Mass質(zhì)量 kilogram 千克 Kg Time時(shí)間 second 秒 sElectric current 電流 ampere 安培 A Thermodynamic temperature 熱力學(xué)溫度 kelvin 開(kāi)爾文 KLuminous intensity 照明強(qiáng)度 candela 坎德拉 cdAmount of substance 物質(zhì)的量 mole 摩爾 molNumerical Expressions : 數(shù)字表達(dá)法Complex numbers :1 234 753 : one million , two hundred an

3、d thirty four thousand , seven hundred and fifty-three 對(duì)于大于999的數(shù)字，采用三位分節(jié)法，節(jié)與節(jié)之間有時(shí)用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。Vulgar fractions 分?jǐn)?shù) 1/8: an/one eighth 51/2 :five and a half 133/4: thirteen and three quarters 對(duì)于復(fù)雜的分?jǐn)?shù)： 3/462 three over four-six-two , 22/7 twenty-two over seven Decimal fractions : 小數(shù) 0.25 : （nought）zero point

4、two five 13.75 : thirteen point seven five 10的15次冪： ten to the power fifteen / to the fifteenth (power)數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)法：Mathematical Expressions : 數(shù)學(xué)用語(yǔ) + plus / and 加 minus / take away 減 plus or minus 正負(fù) （is）divided by (is)multiplied by /times = is equal to /equals is less than is more than is not equal to /do

5、es not equal is approximately equal to is not less than is not more than conversationThe most simple method of converting measurements from one unit to another is to determine a conversion factor between the two units. The advantage of using the metric system is that the mathematical units are deriv

6、ed by multiplying or deviding by some power of 10. Ten to the power of this number becomes the conversation factor.TemperatureMost often, in the clinical laboratory, the Celsius scale of temperature measurement is used. Two other scales exist, the Fahrenheit and the Kelvin.The Kelvin and the Celsius

7、 scale are divided into similar units of degrees, with the difference between the two being the set of the zero point.The clinical laboratory environment uses temperature to maintain stability of testing samples. So the laboratory environment, analytical reactions, instrumentation and materials must

8、 be monitored and controlled to required temperatures. This includes instruments, incubators, refrigerators-freezers, and specimen holding rooms. Direct Agglutination Reaction- Tube Agglutination TestPrinciple Tube agglutination test（試管凝集試驗(yàn)）is usually used in the semiquantitative test. Directly mix

9、known particle antigen with serial dilution of diagnostic serum in the tubes. Observe the appeared agglutinates in the tubes after certain time. 試管凝集試驗(yàn)多用于半定量實(shí)驗(yàn)。用已知的定量的顆粒性抗原懸液直接與系列稀釋的待檢血清在試管內(nèi)混合，經(jīng)一定時(shí)間后，觀察各管有無(wú)凝集。 Determine the level of the antibody in the serum and its titer（效價(jià)）according to its relativ

10、e agglutination amount.并根據(jù)凝集程度判定血清中的抗體水平及其效價(jià)。 Determine the level of the antibody in the serum and its titer（效價(jià)）according to its relative agglutination amount.并根據(jù)凝集程度判定血清中的抗體水平及其效價(jià)。 It can help to diagnose Typhoid fever. This experiment is to determine unknown antibody by using known Salmonella bact

11、eria.以輔助診斷傷寒病。本實(shí)驗(yàn)是用已知的傷寒桿菌抗原檢測(cè)未知抗體及相對(duì)含量。Materials1 .Unknown serum（diagnostic serum）or patient serum（1:10 dilution）2. Salmonella bacteria antigen（7X108/ml)3. Saline4. Pipette，test tubes，test tube rack，water bath，etc1.待診斷血清或患者血清（1:10稀釋）2.傷寒桿菌菌液抗原（7億個(gè)/ml)3.生理鹽水 4.吸管、試管、試管架、水浴箱等Procedures1 .Choose seven

12、 tubes in the rack and label them as“1”，“2”，to“7”。2 .Add 0.5 ml saline to each tube from tube“1”to tube“7”with 5 ml pipette.3 .Add 0.5 ml initial diagnostic serum into tube 1 containing 0.5 ml saline with 1 ml pipette，mix well. 4. Transfer 0.5 ml from tube“1”to“2”，mix by pulling the fluid up and dow

13、n in the pipette. Use the same pipette to transfer 0. 5 ml from tube“2”to“3”Continue this procedure and do serial twofold dilution of serum. Finally discard 0. 5 ml from tube 6: The dilution from tube“1，to tube“6”is 1：20，1：401：640.5. Add 0. 5 ml antigen to each tube（from tube “7”to“1”），mix well. The

14、 final dilution from tube“1”to 6”is 1，40，1，801：1 280；Tube“7”is the control tube.6 .Mix each tube and incubate for 24h at 560C（or 37 0C for overnight）Place the rack in a water bath；Observe the results and determine the titer of the serum（）The highest dilution of serum causing obvious agglutination of

15、 bacteria（）is defined as the titer of the serum.Results1.First observe the control tube“7”The control tube“7”should show a uniform turbidity in contrast to the aggregates seen in the tubes containing the serum dilutions. It is represented as“”2.The agglutination is represented as“”：（1）“”represents a

16、ll of the bacteria agglutinated. Big agglutin appears at the bottom of the tube，while the supernatant is clear.（2）“”represents part of the bacteria agglutinated. Middle agglutin appears at the bottom of the tube，while the supernatant is a little turbid.（4）“”represents very small amount of the bacter

17、ia agglutinated，while the supernatant is turbid.（5）“一”represents no agglutination. The phenomenon is same as that of the control tube.(4）“十”細(xì)菌很少部分凝集，液體混濁，凝集顆粒隱約可見(jiàn)。(5）“一”未凝集，液體與對(duì)照管相同。Attentions1. Gently manipulate the pipettes. Do not break the test tubes with the pipettes. Be careful when you add an

18、d transfer the samples one by one，to avoid confusion.2. Do not shake the test tubes when you observe the results，to avoid the spreading of the agglutinates during observation.【注意事項(xiàng)】1實(shí)驗(yàn)操作認(rèn)真仔細(xì)，如向試管內(nèi)插入吸管宜輕，以免戳穿試管底； 取樣和加樣應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確。稀釋血清時(shí)應(yīng)仔細(xì)且逐管進(jìn)行，以防跳管。2.觀察結(jié)果時(shí)，最好先不要振搖試管，以免將凝集物搖散而影響觀察。貝克曼庫(kù)爾特有限公司(Beckman Coulter,

19、Inc.)LH750, 希森美康XE2100, 拜耳120白細(xì)胞分析儀血小板計(jì)數(shù)的比較 （利用RBC/PLT）比值參考方法進(jìn)行比較分析）A b s t r a c tWe compared the accuracy and precision of the impedance platelet counts generated by the Beckman Coulter LH 750 and the Sysmex XE 2100 and the optical platelet counts produced by the Advia 120 and the Sysmex XE 2100 w

20、ith flow cytometric reference platelet counts.摘要：我們比較了兩種血小板計(jì)數(shù)方法的我們比較了兩種血小板計(jì)數(shù)方法的準(zhǔn)確度和精密度。一種是由貝克曼庫(kù)爾特LH750和SysmexXE2100采用電阻抗法計(jì)數(shù)血小板，另一種是由拜耳120和SysmexXE2100采用光學(xué)法計(jì)數(shù)血小板。Samples analyzed had platelet counts less than 150 103/L (150 109/L) with a platelet flag or less than 75 103/L (75 109/L) on the Sysmex SE

21、 9500. The 105 samples were run sequentially through each analyzer. Anti-CD41 and anti-CD61 monoclonal antibodies were used for flow cytometric determination of the reference platelet count by the RBC/platelet ratio method.對(duì)血小板計(jì)數(shù)150109/L的樣本進(jìn)行標(biāo)記或75109/L的在SysmexSE9500上測(cè)定。105個(gè)標(biāo)本按照一定順序在每臺(tái)分析儀上測(cè)定，同時(shí)使用抗CD-

22、41和抗CD-61單克隆抗體標(biāo)記，在血小板計(jì)數(shù)參考方法的流式細(xì)胞儀上測(cè)定RBC/PLT的比率。The Beckman Coulterand the Sysmex impedance platelet counts showed better correlation with the reference method than the optical platelet counts by the Advia and the Sysmex. At platelet transfusion thresholds of 10 and 20 103/L (10 and 20 109/L), the pr

23、ecision of the impedance methods was somewhat better than that of the optical methods. Current methods of optical platelet counting may not be superior to impedance platelet counts for all patient populations.貝克曼庫(kù)爾特和Sysmex的電阻抗法計(jì)數(shù)血小板與參考方法比較比拜耳和Sysmex的光學(xué)法計(jì)數(shù)血小板與參考方法比較有更好的相關(guān)性。當(dāng)血小板處于輸血閾值1020109/L時(shí)，電阻抗法的精

24、密度略優(yōu)于光學(xué)法。因此，目前光學(xué)法血小板計(jì)數(shù)并不優(yōu)越于電阻抗法血小板計(jì)數(shù)。IntroductionDespite tremendous advancements in automated hematology analyzers, the reporting of accurate platelet counts continues to pose difficulties for the hematology laboratory. Factors that contribute to problems with platelet count accuracy and precision i

25、nclude the following: (1) limitations of instrument technologies for eliminating cellular and particulate interference;盡管自動(dòng)血液分析儀得到快速發(fā)展，但準(zhǔn)確測(cè)定血小板仍然是血液實(shí)驗(yàn)室的一個(gè)難題。影響血小板計(jì)數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確度和精密度的因素如下：（1）儀器設(shè)備排除細(xì)胞和其他特異性干擾因素能力的有限性； (2) unsatisfactory reproducibility of manual platelet counting methods; and (3) preanalytic i

26、nterference, such as platelet clumping, that precludes accurate platelet counts by automated or manual methods.（2）手工血小板計(jì)數(shù)重復(fù)性欠佳；（3）分析前干擾，如血小板聚集將影響手工法或儀器法血小板計(jì)數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確性。Blood Specimens All blood samples were drawn in K3EDTA-anticoagulated blood and run on a Sysmex SE 9500 within 8 hours of phlebotomy.The c

27、riteria for inclusion in the study were a platelet count of 150 103/L (150109/L) or less with an instrument generated platelet flag, and all samples with a platelet count of 75 103/L (75109/L) or less.potassium (K3) ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)血液標(biāo)本所有血標(biāo)本用EDTA-K3抗凝，靜脈采血，在8小時(shí)內(nèi)于Sysmex SE9500

28、上檢測(cè)。實(shí)驗(yàn)原則：PLT150109/L儀器產(chǎn)生血小板提示標(biāo)記，PLT75109/L進(jìn)行血小板計(jì)數(shù)。Samples were run successively through each analyzer in the auto-sampling mode within 1 hour of the initial CBC count. The sequence of the analyzers was randomized for each batch of 5 samples. The samples then were hand carried to the flow cytometry l

29、aboratory where they were stained and analyzed within 90 minutes.在自動(dòng)吸樣模式下，血樣于1小時(shí)內(nèi)按一定順序通過(guò)各分析儀進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。每批進(jìn)樣5個(gè)標(biāo)本，在試驗(yàn)中，有四個(gè)標(biāo)本容積不足，在這種情況下觀察測(cè)定結(jié)果：Advia120有3個(gè)標(biāo)本沒(méi)結(jié)果，而LH750有1個(gè)標(biāo)本沒(méi)結(jié)果。然后把標(biāo)本送到流式細(xì)胞實(shí)驗(yàn)室，標(biāo)本于流式細(xì)胞分析儀上分析（90分鐘之內(nèi)）。Peripheral bloodsmears were reviewed on all study samples for the presence of erythrocyte or leuk

30、ocyte fragments, marked microcytosis, giant platelets, and the presence of platelet clumps or fibrin strands.對(duì)所有研究標(biāo)本的外周血涂片進(jìn)行觀察，觀看是否有白細(xì)胞、紅細(xì)胞碎片、特別小的細(xì)胞、巨大血小板、血小板聚集或纖維蛋白絲。that overlap the size range of platelets, notably, microcytic and fragmented erythrocytes on the higher end and noncellular particula

31、te interference and “electronic noise” on the lower end of the size spectrum. “Curve fitting” and “moving threshold” are computerized algorithms that have been applied to impedance methods to correct for interference and improve the accuracy of impedance-derived platelet counts. Sysmex has introduce

32、d a fluorescence light scatter technique to identify platelets. These methods take advantage of the distinctive optical properties of platelets to distinguish them from nonplatelet cellular elements or particles. Beckman Coulter, on the other hand, has adapted new data extraction techniques and comp

33、uter algorithms to reduce interference with the im-pedance platelet count.Patients A total of 105 specimens were obtained from 61 adult and pediatric patients during a 5-day period, October 13 to October 17, 2001. Twenty-five patients were included in the study more than once. Seventeen patients rec

34、eived platelet transfusions during the study period. 2001年11月13-17日，從61個(gè)成人和70個(gè)兒童患者中搜集105個(gè)標(biāo)本，其中25個(gè)病人進(jìn)行多次采樣。在研究期間17個(gè)病人接受血小板輸血。 Diagnoses in this patient population include hematologic malignant neoplasm, 18 cases; solid organ malignant neoplasm, 9 cases; solid organ transplantation, 6 cases; liver dis

35、ease or end-stage renal disease, 7 cases; cardiovascular disease, 6 cases; and other diagnoses, 15 cases.病人臨床診斷情況：血液惡性腫瘤18例；實(shí)體器官惡性腫瘤9例；實(shí)體器官移植6例；肝臟疾病或腎病終末期7例；心血管疾病6例；其他疾病15例。Statistical analysisAll statistical analyses were conducted using the SPSS program (version 17.0; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Demo

36、graphic characteristics and MetS associated symptoms were compared for subjects with and without MetS using the Students t-test. The minor allele frequency of the SNPs was compared between subjects with and without MetS using the 2 test. For each SNP, a Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium 哈迪-溫伯格不平衡(HWD) t

37、est was conducted in the case and control groups. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine the contribution of SNPs to the risk of MetS and associated symptoms after adjusting for age, gender, tobacco smoking, and alcohol consumption.病歷語(yǔ)言特征 1.門(mén)診患者為非醫(yī)務(wù)人員，盡量用日常用語(yǔ)。 Lie on your back會(huì)

38、話部分為口頭語(yǔ)，多用簡(jiǎn)單句、短句、省略句2.病歷書(shū)寫(xiě)時(shí)盡量使用醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)。 the inflammation of the bladder, cystitis 而入院記錄含兩種文體：體檢部分為非正式英語(yǔ)，用簡(jiǎn)單句，省略定冠詞the, be不論作系動(dòng)詞還是助動(dòng)詞均省略，且常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。其他部分用正式英語(yǔ)。 A Sample of Complete History PATIENTS NAME: Mary SwanCHART NUMBER: 660518 DATE OF BIRTH:10-5-1993 SEX: Female DATE OF ADMISSION: 10-12-2000 DATE OF

39、DISCHARGE: 10-15-2000 Final Discharge Summary Chief Complaint: Coughing, wheezing with difficult respirations.Present illness: This is the first John Hopkins Hospital admission for this seven-year-old female with a history of asthma since the age of 3 who had never been hospitalized for asthma befor

40、e and had been perfectly well until three days prior to admission when the patient development shortness of breath and was unresponsive to Tedral or cough medicine. The wheezing progressed and the child was taken to John Hopkins Hospital Emergency Room where the child was given epinephrine and oxygen. She was sent home. The patient was brought back to the ER three hours later was admitted.Past History: The child was a product of an 8.5-month gestation. The mother had toxemia of pregnancy. Immunizations: All. Feeding: Good. Allergies: Chocol