新概念第03冊語法精粹

1、PAGE 32Guide to New Concept English Grammar（三冊提高班）第一章 英語從句Subordination英語從句主要有定語從句，狀語從句和名詞性從句（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句）一定語從句1 定語從句：由關(guān)系代詞 who, whom, whose, that, which; 關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 引導(dǎo)。（下面十個句子請讀 5遍并脫口譯出?。?1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week. 2. The man (whom)

2、you spoke to just now is my friend. 3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful. 4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in. 5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg. 6. He still remembers the day when he went to school. 7. It is no need

3、 telling us the reason why you didnt finish it in time. 8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war. 9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English. 10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy. 2 只能用that和who引導(dǎo)的定語從句Aall, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行詞指物時 B先行詞前有形容詞

4、最高級修飾時，后面常跟that而不是which. C先行詞前有 the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等詞修飾時，引導(dǎo)詞只能用that。 D當(dāng)先行詞是 anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody時，后面要用who或whom； All that glitters is not gold. 閃光的并非都是金子。 3 as 引導(dǎo)定語從句as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句有兩種形式：A引導(dǎo)限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中，as常與主語中作為其先行詞的such, the same或as聯(lián)用構(gòu)成

5、，“such. as”，“the same. as”和“as .as”句型，可代替先行詞。例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我們希望得到他正在用的那種工具。Bas 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時，作用與which相同，as作為關(guān)系代詞代替整個主句。（這是語法考試的一個考點。）注意區(qū)別：as 引導(dǎo)的從句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引導(dǎo)的定語從句不能放在句首。例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.據(jù)報道，一個外國代表團將訪問這個城市。 二狀語從句超級作文聯(lián)接詞及

6、詞組，全部拿下！ 原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason 結(jié)果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result 時間：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays . 條件：if, only if., once, unles

7、s, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc. 讓步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when whatever / however / whenever 目的：in order that, in order to, to, 比較：than, as . as, by comparison（相比較），by contrast（相對照） 三名詞性從句王牌要點：通常由 that或疑問詞導(dǎo)出。1. How

8、 some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主語從句） 2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（賓語從句） 3. The problem is what well do next.（表語從句） 4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位語從句）同位語（Appositive）: 同位語是英語語法的重點內(nèi)容，也是各類考試中的一個考點，同時，在寫作中正確運用同位語可以使你的句型

9、更加簡潔得體。 新概念英語 第三冊第一課有這樣一個句子： When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. （當(dāng)倫敦動物園接到報告說，在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時，這些報告并沒有受到重視。） 在這里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位語從句，它本來應(yīng)該放在 “reports”后面

10、，這里卻被放在了謂語成分 came into London zoo的后面，目的是讓句型顯得更為穩(wěn)重。I簡單記憶：同位語從句，就是對某些名詞做進一步的解釋的句子。I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了news的內(nèi)容，注意：that不做任何成分） We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad. （that 引導(dǎo)的句子解釋了fact的內(nèi)容）II聯(lián)想記憶：能接同位詞從句的名詞有：bel

11、ief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（謠言），evidence（證據(jù)），conclusion（結(jié)論），suggestion（建議），problem，order，answer，discovery（發(fā) 現(xiàn)）explanation（解釋），principle（原則），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承諾），report（報告），statement（聲明），knowledge（知識），opinion（觀點），likelihood（可能性）大聲朗讀三遍，背下即可。III王牌要點： 同位語一般由that引導(dǎo)，但也可以用關(guān)系代詞which, who, wh

12、at和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why, how或 whether 引導(dǎo)。 There arouse the question whether we could win the game. I have no idea howto explain it. 一些介詞詞組后面也能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。（非常經(jīng)典之功能句式，可用于四六級和托福作文，不妨一試?。?on the assumption（在前提下），on the ground（由于原因），on the condition that（在條件下），with the exception（有例外）owing to the fact（由于事實）；

13、on the understanding（基于理解）；The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa. 那位年輕的女士答應(yīng)嫁給那位老頭，條件是他給她買一幢別墅。 IV分隔式同位語從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕，有時同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾，（讀兩遍此定義，然后看倒句：） An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter. I got i

14、nformation from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie Titanic. V. 同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡單記憶：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 that 或 which在句子中用作主語或賓語，而同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that只起連接主句和從句之作用，不用作任何成分。示例：Ive got an answer that A is right. (同位語從句，that 不做成分) Ive got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定語從句，that做定語從句的主語） VI王牌重點：可以充當(dāng)同

15、位語的詞組或短語。 1）名詞短語。（使句型更為簡潔） Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998. Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history. 2）動名詞詞組亦可用作同位語：別忘了加逗號。（使句型更為流暢） Im crazy about the game, playing b

16、aseball. Going to concert, that sounds a great idea. 3）不定式短語。（陌生只是掌握的開始） The problem what to do next remains unsolved. Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie. 4）形容詞詞組。（有逗號隔開） All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally. Young man, short or tall, should have the r

17、ight to take the opportunity. VII. 同位語的引導(dǎo)詞。（重要！這是中高級寫作中不可缺少的引導(dǎo)成分） 引導(dǎo)詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關(guān)系： 1namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是說）, in other words（換句話說）, or, for short 表示等同關(guān)系。 2such as, say, so to speak（譬如說）, including（包括）, for instance（或 for example (e.g. / eg），表示舉例和列舉關(guān)系。 3especially, mostly, c

18、hiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重點，（在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分，是出題的關(guān)鍵點。） 測試精編I. 選擇正確選項：1. _ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. A. Nearly B. That nearly C. It is nearly D. When nearly 2. The people at the party were worried about Janet becaus

19、e no one was aware _ she had gone. A. where that B. of where C. of the place where D. the place 3. Susan hasnt written us for a long time. What do you suppose_ to her? A. that happened B. happened C. to happen D. having happened 4. May I have the loan? _ you offer good security. A. But B. Unless C.

20、Provided D. But for 5. Gorillas are quiet animals, _ they are able to make about twenty different sounds. A. how B. in spite of C. because of D. even though 6. The little White House in warm springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin-D. Roosevelt _ there on April 12, 1945. A. who died B. die

21、d C. while died D. he died 7. Essentially, a theory is an abstract, symbolic representation of _ reality. A. what it is conceived B. that is conceived C. what is conceived to be D. that is being conceived of 8. Seeds usually germinate _ the temperature is favorable. A. if B. whereas C. as a result D

22、. in consequences 9. Francis Preston Blair. Jr, _ born in Kentucky, lived and practiced in Missouri. A. was B. he was C. although D. who he was 10. _, work songs often exhibit the song culture of a people in a fundamental form. A. They occur where they are B. Occurring where C. Where they occur D. W

23、here do they occur 第二章 虛擬語氣THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD虛擬語氣用來表達不可能或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望，與事實相反的假設(shè)，通常分為基本的三種形式。 1. 與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬：If + did / were + ., . would shouldcould + do （動詞原形） might If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.) If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesnt know it now.) 2. 與過去事實相反的虛擬：If +

24、 had done + ., . would (might) have done . If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you. (I didnt know your telephone number.) If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her. (You didnt come here earlier.) 3. 與將來事實相反的虛擬：(1) If + should + v., . would

25、+ v. （可能性很?。ㄗg作“萬一”）If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home. If I should fail, what should Ido? (2) If + did / were to + v ., would + v. （完全不可能） If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money. If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.4. 金牌特殊重點：！ 簡單聯(lián)想記憶： 下列

26、動詞后的“賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式，即should + 動詞原形，shoud在美國英語中要省略（TOEFL語法考點）。此類常見的動詞有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建議）insist（堅決要求），advise, etc. 例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English. The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour. 下列名詞后的同位語

27、從句中要用“should + 動詞原形”（should可省去）的虛擬。 suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal. He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party. I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon. It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / stran

28、ge / surprising, ect. + that +主語+ should + v. It is strange that you should say such a thing. It was important that you should tell me all the information. wish后的賓語從句中，as if 后的狀語從句中，須用下列的虛擬形式：主 + wish+ (that) + 主 + did / were（指現(xiàn)在）Had done（指過去）would+ v.（指將來） I wish that I met my uncle now. I wish I h

29、ad met my uncle yesterday. I wish I could meet my uncle tomorrow. It is (high) time that . + did / were . It is time that you went to bed. would rather that . + did / were . I would rather that you were not here now. would sooner that . + did / were . I would sooner that you got up earlier. I would

30、sooner that you were not my brother. 測試精編I. 選擇正確選項：1. I _ he had taught me the word, but he didnt. A. believe B. hope C. wish D. think2. The man in charge recommends that this matter _ at the meeting. A. would be discussed B. will be discussed C. be discussed D. may be discussed 3. It is raining now

31、, otherwise we _ go out play. A. could B. can C. may D. will 4. _ he come late, give him the message. A. Had B. Should C. Would D. Did 5. Hadnt my car broke down, I _ the train. A. would have caught B. might catch C. could catch D. would catch 6. I would have helped him if I had time, but I _. A. ha

32、vent B. had C. didnt D. wouldnt 7. The dam was built in time to protect the inhabitants from the flood; _. A. otherwise the damage would be beyond measure. B. the damage, otherwise, should be very great. C. the damage could have been very serious otherwise. D. the damage caused, therefore, many of t

33、hem homeless. 8. It is natural that an employee _ his work on time. A. finishes B. finish C. can finish D. finishs 9. I would go abroad but that I _ poor. A. am B. was C. shall be D. were 10. Dont act as if you _ the only pebble on the beach. A. are B. were C. have been D. would be 第三章 代替與省略SUBSTITU

34、TIONAND OMISSION英語中，為了避免不必要的重復(fù)，經(jīng)常用so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出現(xiàn)的動詞或相關(guān)內(nèi)容。如：He translated the article better than I did. (did代替wrote it) Doyou think she isclever? I think so. (so代替 she is clever) (1) 從上兩例中看出，do / does / did 代替動詞。(2) so 與 not 代替某個詞、短語、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be af

35、raid, fear, imagine, etc后作賓語。E.g. Is it correct? Im afraid not. (not correct) (3) to 用作不定式，常跟隨下列動詞：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc. E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party) (4) do so, do that, do it 用來代替動態(tài)動詞，而不能代靜態(tài)動詞。Eg. He gave up stu

36、dying English. Why did he do so? (= give up studying English) The dish tastes nice. Yes, so it does. (tastes nice) (此句不能用it does it 或 it does so, 因taste屬靜態(tài)動詞。）(5) 為使語言精煉，避免不必要的重復(fù)，對話中常用省略形式。E.g. He is thinking of buying a car? Is he?（這里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。） Will he come back in time? Perh

37、aps.（省略了he will come back in time.) 測試精編I選擇正確答案：1. Shall I wake you up tomorrow? Yes, _ . A. please do B. you shallC. you will D. you may 2. I think records are often _ an actual performance. A. as good as or better than B. as good or better than C. like good or better than D. as good as any other 3

38、. If he doesnt come to work, he may be fired. Surely he isnt so foolish _ not to realize that. A. so B. and C. but D. as 4. Dont you think Alans health has beenruined by smoking? Yes, he told me _ himself. A. the fact B. this thing C. It D. so 5. Will you go home tomorrowevening? No, Im going to a l

39、ecture, or at least, Im planning _ . A. on B. to C. so D. It 6. I slipped on the stairs, I think my arm is broken. Oh! I _ . A. do not hope so B. do not hope C. hope not so D. hope not 7. California relies mainly on income from fruit crops, and _ . A. Florida also B. Florida tooC. Florida is as well

40、 D. so does Florida 8. Have you been here long? _ .A. No, not very B. Not muchC. Yes, only little D. No, only yesterday 9. You look happy today, Mary. I like my new dress and mother _, too. A. does B. likes C. is D. do 10. So you are lost, little boy. Why didnt you hang on to your mothers skirt? _,

41、but I couldnt reach it. A. I hanged to B. I did toC. I didnt hang to D. I tried to 第四章 倒 裝INVERSION根據(jù)語法要求，把謂語動詞置于主語前，稱為完全倒裝，把助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語前，稱為部分倒裝。1副詞如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒裝。（完全倒裝，但主語不能是代詞）Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor. In came Miss Green.（特別注意：當(dāng)主語是人稱代

42、詞時不倒裝。） Away she went!（她走了?。〩ere you are!（你在這兒?。?only + 副詞（介詞短語）位于句首，句子要倒裝。Only then did he realize that he was mistaken. Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything. 3well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒裝。So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun. Well did I k

43、now him and well did he know me. 4否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時，句子須倒裝。此類詞有： neither，nor，hardly，scarcely， rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。e.g. Jack could not swim. Neither could Tom. Never have I seen such a good movie. 5as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，須倒裝。（準確地說，是將需要強調(diào)的詞提到as的前面。）Rich as he is, he spend

44、s a cent on charity. Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully. 6在表示祝愿的句子中。May you make greater progress! （愿你取得更大進步?。?在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時，句型要倒裝，即將were, had, should等詞提到句首。Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study. 我要是你，就出國進修了。 Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to s

45、ettle the problem. 他要是明天來的話，他會幫我們解決這個問題的。8百分特例重點：Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want.（NCE Book III Lesson 26）盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪，但我們已經(jīng)無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。測試精編I選擇正確選項：1. Not until the mid-nineteenth-century discovery of vast deposits of bora

46、tes in the Majave Desert _ relatively common. A. borax became B. did borax become C. and borax become D. boraxs becoming 2. _ received law degrees as today. A. Never so many women have B. Never have so many women C. The women arent ever D. Women who have never 3. _ the Bobs belongings that he carrie

47、d them in a bundle slung over his shoulders. A. Were so few B. Few were so C. So few were D. They were so few 4. Only after a baby seal is pushed into the sea by its mother _ to swim. A. how will it learn B. will it learn how C. it will learn how D. and it learns how 5. Not only _ a promise, but he

48、also kept it. A. did he made B. he made C. did he make D. he makes 6. Nowhere in the world _ . A. travelers can buy so much beauty for so little as in Hawaii. B. no one can buy so much beauty for so little money as Hawaii. C. so much beauty can be bought for so little money in Hawaii. D. can travele

49、rs buy so much beauty for so little money as in Hawaii. 7. No sooner _ gone home than it began to rain heavily. A. had I B. have I C. I had D. I have8. Not for a moment _ the truth of your story. A. he has doubted B. he doubts C. did he doubt D. he did doubt 9. _ succeed in doing anything. A. Only b

50、y working hard we can B. By only working hard we can C. Only by working hard can we D. Only we can work hard 10. Never before in similar circumstances _ . A. a British Prime Minister had refused to step down. B. did a British Prime Minister have refused to step down. C. a British Prime Minister did

51、have refused to step down. D. had a British Prime Minister refused to step down.11. People might avoid many accidents _ these methods been adopted before. A. that B. were C. have D. had 12. _arose the problem that the boy will never overcome the great difficulties. A. It B. This C. Here D. Those 第五章

52、 形容詞ADJECTIVES定義：形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞，描述名詞的性質(zhì)、外觀、特點等。 功能：形容詞可以做定語、表語或補助語。分類：主要分為兩類：描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。 描繪性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質(zhì)量等。 限定性形容詞主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍所屬等。1當(dāng)形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時，必須與冠詞連用：a lovely girl, the naughty boy 2形容詞可與系動詞連用，做表語，說明主語的性狀。常用系動詞有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep

53、，stay, etc. The dish tastes delicious. The music sounds sweet. The milk went bad. 小心陷阱 feel，smell，taste，look，keep有時可以用作實義動詞，并可以用副詞修飾。He looked me up and down carefully. I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty. 3形容詞用作后置定語。（簡單理解：一般的形容詞修飾名詞時放在名詞前面，但有些形容詞修飾名詞時放在名詞的后面）a river navigable（一條可通航

54、的河）sight visible可見的景象person responsible（負責(zé)人）注意：responsible person（有責(zé)任心的人） the best way possible（盡可能好的辦法） the number necessary（必要的數(shù)量） the people present（在場的人） 4只能作表語的形容詞1某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well（身體好的），ill（病的），faint（虛弱的），poorly（身體不好的）示例：His mother has been ill for a long time. 特別注意：sick是個特例。它既可做表語，又可做定語。He i

55、s sick for a couple of days.（他病兩三天了）He is a sick person.（他是個病人。）2某些以 a-開頭的形容詞。如：afraid（害怕的），alone（獨自的），alive（活著的），asleep（睡著的），awake（醒 著的），aware（意識到的）The old man is alone in the house.（老人一個人在家。）The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（這位老師熱情洋溢。）He is asleep in his mothers arms.（他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。）I have been

56、aware of the difficulty.（我已經(jīng)意識到了困難。）5當(dāng)一系列形容詞修飾名詞時，須注意排列順序：代明形容詞 + 數(shù)量形容詞 + 性狀 形容詞 + 名詞。（下圖看起來費勁，看透了絕對實用）代明形容詞數(shù)量形容詞性狀形容詞名詞1234567891011用于冠詞前的形容詞冠詞序數(shù)基數(shù)性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍材料名詞指示代詞物主代詞動名詞不定代詞AllthefirstonegoodbigoldblueEnglishwoodA(n)thisthatroundyourSomeEg. a broken small old gray stone bridge. such a go

57、od yellow pen.測試精編I選擇正確選項：1. The Chinese food served in American restaurant is not bad but I prefer _. A. Chinese food authentically B. Chinese authentic food C. food Chinese authentically D. authentic Chinese food 2. _ lessons were not difficult. A. Our first few short EnglishB. Our few first short

58、 English C. Our few first English shortD. Few our first English short 3. Do you think that the Labor bill will be passed? Oh, yes, its _ that it will. A. almost surely B. very likely C. near positive D. quite certainly 4. Have you traveled much? No, I have done _ traveling. A. few B. little C. small

59、 D. less 5. I was very busy. Did you really work hard _? A. all day B. all the day C. all the day long D. all of day long 6. Do you need anything from the store? _ and some cheddar cheese. A. Only a French bread loafB. A French bread loaf only C. Only a loaf of French bread D. A loaf of French bread

60、 only 7. According to the information, the newly-constructed highway is said to be _. A. lengthy twenty miles B. length about twenty miles C. about twenty miles long D. in twenty miles of length 8. Mr. Smith has done _ business here. A. a lot of B. a number ofC. much D. lots9. Are you helping to org