考研語法-形容詞副詞比較級最高級課件

1、 形容詞、副詞及其比較級、最高級 3.1形容詞的修飾與位置 一般來說，從構(gòu)詞法角度來看，后綴 “ ly”往往是副詞，但有的以“ ly ”結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞，這點要注意；形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語，表語等成份，但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語，這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性。 3.1.1以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞 costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的 deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的 friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的 leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的 brotherly 兄

2、弟般的 monthly 每月的 earthly 塵世的 3.1.2以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的 awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的，惟一的 alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的 well 健康的 content 滿意的 unable 無能的 例：This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics t

3、hat show that out of 80 European television networks, no less than 50 took a loss in 1989. （2005 年第 48 題）分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，含有多個從句，a fact underlined by statistics that 后接一定語從句，show 后又接一賓語從句，其中 no less than 可譯為“不少于，至少” ；take a loss 譯為“虧本，賠本” 。譯文： 僅這一點就足以證明，要在電視行業(yè)里生存下來并非易事，統(tǒng)計數(shù)字尤其說明了這一事實： 在歐洲國家的 80 個電視網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，多達一半

4、的公司在 1989 年虧損。分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，從句 who is depriving you of the right to have it 作 anyone的定語， whenever you are going after something belonging to you 作 say 的賓語從句中的狀語。譯文： 我想說無論什么時候當(dāng)你追求某種屬于你的東西時，任何想剝奪你擁有它的權(quán)利的人都是在犯罪。例句： Id say whenever you are going after something belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you

5、 of the right to have it is criminal. （1997 年第 21 題）(2)帶有不定式、介詞短語等的形容詞短語。例句 2： Any student careful enough to take the exam is sure to succeed in the end.分析： 該句是簡單句，careful enough to take the exam 作定語修飾 student。譯文： 參加考試的任何一位學(xué)生只要足夠細心最終就一定會取得成功。例句 4： There were many people present and he appeared only

6、for a few seconds，so I only caught a glimpse of him. （1998 年第 22 題）分析： 該句是復(fù)合句。譯文： 來的人很多，而他只到場一會兒，所以我只見了他一眼。 3.1.4下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語: remain ，keep ，become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look 如：All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even

7、 the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics. （1999年第19題）分析： 該句是并列復(fù)合句，其中l(wèi)eft undone作后置定語修飾those。 譯文： 所有剩下來沒做的那些事，理論上聽起來很重要，但即使是對此深信不疑者，當(dāng)談到具體事宜時也不免有很大困難。例句 1： The authors are witheringly contemptuous of the bogus equation of tidiness and morality, for example, in corporate “cl

8、ean desk” policies.分析： 該句是簡單句。譯文： 作者毫不留情地批評了將整潔與道德相等同的做法， 例如，公司內(nèi)“清潔辦公桌”的政策。例句 2： We should be alert to the possibility that individuals, organizations or governments tend to pied a worthy goal in excuse of their contemptible means and selfish interests.分析： 該句是復(fù)合句，that individuals，organizations or go

9、vernments tend to. 作 possibility 的同位語。譯文： 我們應(yīng)當(dāng)警惕這種可能性： 個人、組織或政府以高尚的目標(biāo)作為他們采取卑鄙手段 和獲取私利的借口。 3.2形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級 3.2.1做比較級題目時，學(xué)生應(yīng)把握： 1）形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。 2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念，既是說比較要具有可比性。如：The number of registered participants in this years marathon was half _ . A of last years B t

10、hose of last years C of those of last year D that of last years 前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”，而不能選擇B，those是指代participants，不是同類對比，答案為D。 3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置 原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達倍數(shù)的詞，表示為“為.若干倍”,當(dāng)與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等，他們的位置是，倍數(shù)詞+asas,或倍數(shù)詞+morethan，但again一般放在原級詞之后，即 “as+原級again + as”.如 Smoking is

11、so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year _ than automobile accidents. A seven more times B seven times more C over seven times D seven times “Do you regret paying_ as five hundred dollars for the painting ?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.” A twice so much B twice as much C

12、as much twice D so much twice 4）下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念： inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than. 如:Their watch is _ to all the other watches on the market. A superior B advantageous C su

13、per D beneficial 5）“比較級and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越”的意思，與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中，注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用than.如： Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry. Her health was becoming da

14、ily worse .The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse. 7) 有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型： A): not so much as 需要注意的：從結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，notso much as 可以有兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：not A so much as B 或not so much A as B;從意思來看，該句型的基本含義為:“與其說A倒不如說B”,或者“是B，而不是A”。但在實際翻譯中十分靈活。A和B兩個被比較的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，如：同為介詞短語、動詞不定式、名詞短語或其他平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

15、Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.評析：此為1994年的考研翻譯真題。本題考查的是not so much A as B這一比較句型。這里的平行結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個介詞短語： through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things

16、like improved techniques and tools，兩者在此作狀語，修飾謂語moves forword。譯文：他們說，科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見，不如說源于改進了的技術(shù)和工具等更為普通的東西。 The conveniences that American desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.評析：此為1995年的考研真題。此處平行結(jié)構(gòu)是兩個名詞短

17、語： a leisurely lifestyle 和a busy lifestyle，兩者都作reflect的賓語。 譯文：美國人所渴望的種種便利設(shè)施，與其說是反映了一種休閑的生活方式，倒不如說是反映了一種忙碌的生活方式，正因為忙碌，所以每分鐘都很寶貴而不容浪費。 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.評析：這里被比較的是兩個不定式： to teach you things 和to teach you the art o

18、f learning.譯文：學(xué)校教育的偉大作用不在于教會你多少東西，而在于教會你學(xué)習(xí)的技巧。 The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.人生的意義不在于你目前身在何處，而在于你心向何方。He does not respect learning and prefers “sport”. The problem set for society is not the virtue of the type so much as its adequacy f

19、or its function.他不重視學(xué)習(xí)，只喜歡“消遣”。社會要回答的問題并不是這類人物有無美德，而是他是否勝任其職務(wù)。 B) no/not any morethan兩者一樣都不 如：The heart is _ intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. A not so B not much C much more D no more 心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力，他們都受大腦控制。答案為D C) no/not any lessthan兩者一樣,都注意基本上與no/not any more

20、than意思相反 如： She is no less beautiful than her sister. 她和她姐姐一樣漂亮 D) （just） as， so 正如， 也（用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)） 如： Just as the soil is a part of the earth, _ the atmosphere. A as it is B the same is C so is D and so is Just as virtue is its own reward, so is vice its own punishment.評析：后半句采取了倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，so is vice,正常語序為so vi

21、ce is its own punishment.譯文：善有善報，惡有惡報。 這句話的意思類似于漢語中的“善有善報，惡有惡報”。該句來自葛拉西安智慧書中的一篇短文： Lead a good life.Two things bring life speedily to an end: folly and immorality. Some lose their life because they have not the intelligence to keep it,others because they have not the will. Just as virtue is its own

22、reward, so is vice its own punishment.A virtuous life never dies. The firmness of the soul is communicated to the body, and a good life is not only long but also full.譯文：珍惜生命吧。讓生命加速終結(jié)的原因有二：愚蠢和無德。有人因為無智而斃；有人因為放縱而亡。善有善報，惡有惡報。有德行的生命不會消亡。靈魂的堅韌使其軀體亦堅強，因而這樣美好的人生會長久而富足。 Just as dark clouds cannot long hide

23、 the sun, so no lies can cover up the fact.烏云遮不住太陽，謊言掩蓋不了事實。Just as food nourishes the body, so do books enrich the mind.食物滋養(yǎng)身體，書本豐富心靈。 Just 也可以省去，比如，As you sow, so will you reap/so you will reap.種瓜得瓜，種豆得豆。As land is improved by sowing it with various seeds, so is the mind by exercising it with diff

24、erent studies.土壤因播種不同的種子而改良，智力用各科的學(xué)習(xí)來提高。 As it is the mark of great minds to say many things in a few words, so it is the mark of little minds to use many words to say nothing.大智者寥寥數(shù)語既能達意，寡智者口若懸河仍言之無物。 E) more A than B 與其說是B不如說是A less A than B 與其說是A不如說是B如:It is even more a picture than a poem . 這與其說

25、是一首詩，倒不如說是一幅畫。It is less a picture than a poem. 這與其說是幅畫，倒不如說是首詩。F) 用作前置修飾語的more than，less than, no more than /nothing more than 如：We will be more than happy(=very happy) to help you. 我們會很高興幫助你。The children were less than happy about having a party. 孩子們對舉行聚會并不那么開心。 He is no more than a child. 他不過是個孩子

26、。 He was regarded as nothing more than (=only) an amateur. 他僅僅被看作業(yè)余愛好者。 3.2.2比較范圍1）最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。 in, (all) over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較，如：in China, all over the world. of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較，如：among the teachers, of the four dresses. 如： _ all visible lights, red light has the longest and viole

27、t the shortest wavelength. A Among B Of C For D To 2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用： any other +單數(shù)名詞 the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 the others anyone/anything else 上述詞是用于將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，尤其是other，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。 3）most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞，意思相當(dāng)于very，用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù)，但不能用定冠詞the如：a most in

28、teresting book，most expensive restaurants要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)別 He spoke in the warmest of voices .They have been most kind to me .Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language. Chinese is a most difficult language. 3.3不用比較級和最高級的形容詞

29、3.3.1表示顏色的有：white, black3.3.2表示形態(tài)的有：round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形)，level3.3.3表示性質(zhì)和特征的有：atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 3.3.4表示狀態(tài)作表語的有：afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike 3

30、.3.5 表示時間、空間和方位的有：daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 3.3.6.表示極限、主次、等級的有：maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief ，minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite 3.3.7含有絕對概念的有：absolute, entire, whole, t

31、otal, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete. 3.4平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級 平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如：The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer does at the moment he composes. 評析：此處does代替enjoys,表示對音樂的欣賞，as much as表示“同

32、等程度上”譯文：一個真正懂音樂的聽眾應(yīng)該是在聽音樂時，既置身于音樂其中，又可游離于音樂之外，他對音樂的欣賞程度，幾乎等同于作曲家本人在創(chuàng)作該曲子時的欣賞程度。 大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的有的是遞進對比: not onlybut (also) ;preferto;rather than有的是同類對比： and ;but；or；both and；eitheror; neithernor. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候注意以下幾點： 3.4.1注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die ones feet than _ . A living on

33、 ones knees B live on ones knees C on ones knees D to live on ones knees 3.4.2其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu) 1）rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞，但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。 如： We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style_ in a personal style. A rather than B other than C better than D less

34、than For the new country to survive,_ for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required. A to name a few B let alone C not to speak D lets say 2）如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements t

35、han into the writing of the features and editorials. Exercise Three1.The little man was _ more than one meter fifty tall.（1995-1-49）（1997-1-36） A. nearly B. quite C. hardly D. almost 2.If tap water were as dangerous as some people think _ would be getting sick.（1998-1-41） A. a lot of more us B. more

36、 a lot of us C. a lot of us more D. a lot more of us 3.Indeed, almost every scientist now finds it impossible to read all the works relevant to his own subject,_ extensively outside of it.(1993年1月六級題） A. much more to read B. much less to read C. much less reading D. still more reading 4.The individu

37、al TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is _ an anonymous, statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.(2001年考研題) A. everything except B. anything but C. no less than D. nothing more than 5.The population of many Alaska cities has _ doubled in the past three years.(托福題) A.

38、larger than B. more than C. as great as D. as many as 答案1.C 那個小個子男人僅僅只有一米五高。 “hardly more than”意為“僅僅”2.D 如果自來水真像某些人所想的那樣危險, 我們當(dāng)中早就有更多的人生病了。 a lot ,much, far, even等表程度副詞以及一些表示數(shù)量的詞修飾形容詞或副詞比較級時，應(yīng)該在比較級的前面。3.B 事實上，幾乎所有的科學(xué)家都發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在連與自己的學(xué)科相關(guān)的著作都讀不完，更不用說去廣泛閱讀自己學(xué)科之外的東西了。 much less 或 still less 用于否定句中，其意為“更不用說，

39、何況” 4.D 在大量形形色色的觀眾中，每一個個體的電視觀眾都感到自己不過是其中一個匿名的部分。從統(tǒng)計角度來看，不過是微不足道的一部分。 nothing more than “僅僅，不過”5.B 在過去三年中，阿拉斯加的許多城市的人口已經(jīng)翻了一番多。句子成分之間的匹配和協(xié)調(diào)一致關(guān)系英語句子成分要求兩個成分在人稱和數(shù)方面協(xié)調(diào)配合的語言現(xiàn)象叫做句子成分之間的一致關(guān)系（concord）,一致關(guān)系主要主語和謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)方面的一致。此外，人稱代詞與名詞的數(shù)也要求協(xié)調(diào)一致。利用句子成分間的一致關(guān)系，可以比較準(zhǔn)確地把握相關(guān)成分間的邏輯關(guān)系與含義乃至推斷這些部分的確切語義。 第五講主謂一致 5.1主謂一

40、致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題，主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則： 語法一致原則 邏輯一致原則 毗鄰一致原則 5.1.1 語法一致英語中主語與謂語之間的語法一致原則主要指謂語動詞為be動詞（或謂語動詞詞組的第一個成分為be動詞）時，主語與謂語之間的協(xié)調(diào)一致關(guān)系。其他動詞只有一般現(xiàn)在時才體現(xiàn)一致關(guān)系，即主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時，動詞后需要添加-s, -es 或變詞末-y為i再加 -es 的形式。個別助詞也需體現(xiàn)一致關(guān)系，如shall/should用于第一人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)主語，will/would用于第三人稱單、復(fù)數(shù)主語，will/

41、would用于第三人單、復(fù)數(shù)主語。 倘若這些助動詞與主語的一致關(guān)系發(fā)生悖逆，則助動詞甚至全句表達的語義往往會發(fā)生變異。 He is an honest man.他是個誠實的人。He was a doctor when he was young.他年輕時當(dāng)過醫(yī)生。You are just the man I want.你正是我要找的人。I took a quick glance at the house and noticed it was very old.我瞥了一眼房子，注意到房子已很古舊了。I figure you people are pretty well fixed.我估計你們這些人

42、的境遇都很不錯。 So you are all going to Hang Zhou for your holidays. Lucky you!這么說，你們?nèi)家ズ贾荻燃佟Ｄ銈兛烧孢\氣！The vehicle was found abandoned near the village.車子被發(fā)現(xiàn)扔在村子附近。Anything black absorbs most of the light rays that fall on it.任何黑色的物體都能吸收照射到它上面的大部分光線。His imagination so abstracted him that his name was called

43、twice before he answered.他正凝神遐想，別人叫了他兩邊才吱聲答應(yīng)。We have never accepted the belief that synthetics are superior to natural rubber.我們從來不相信合成橡膠比天然橡膠好。 The dash adds on an afterthought.破折號用來附加事后想到的內(nèi)容。He will buy back his property.他將贖回自己的財產(chǎn)。When shall I know the result of the medical checkup?我什么時候才能知道體檢結(jié)果。I

44、 wondered if I should be in time for the train.我不知道是否能來得及趕上火車。The manager would have his own way.那位經(jīng)理總是一意孤行。They dont understand the way he does things.他們不理解他的辦事方式。If he catches you, he will let you have it.如果你讓他給抓住，那就有你受的了。 5.1.2 邏輯一致1）邏輯一致是指謂語動詞的形式不取決于主語的表層語法形態(tài)，而取決于它的深層邏輯含義。雖然一個做主語的名詞的形式是單數(shù)，但如果它表示

45、的是復(fù)數(shù)的含義，謂語動詞也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式，反之亦然。有時同一個詞在不同的語境表示不同的邏輯意義，則需要依據(jù)其含義使用不同的動詞形式，應(yīng)注意體味、把握不同的動詞形式，應(yīng)注意體味、把握不同的動詞形式所體現(xiàn)的主語的確切的邏輯含義： The family (be) a happy one.那是個幸福的家庭。My family (be) all tall.我的家人個子都很高大。 The recent statistics on marriage (be) interesting.最近關(guān)于婚姻情況的統(tǒng)計資料挺有意思。Statistics (be) not as difficult as some peopl

46、e think.統(tǒng)計學(xué)并不像某些人想象的那么難。 The committee (meet) today at four.委員會今天下午四時開會。The committee (be) arguing for an hour before they gave their votes.在投票表決之前，委員會內(nèi)部爭論了一個小時。 Ethics (deal) with moral conduct.倫理學(xué)是研究道德行為的。The ethics of his decision (be) doubtful.他那決定中的道德準(zhǔn)繩值得懷疑。 The police (be) searching for a tall

47、 dark man.警察正在搜查一個皮膚黝黑的高個子男人。At this point the police (be) called in.就在這個時候，警察被叫進來了。 2）充當(dāng)主語的名詞詞組即使具有可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的形態(tài)，但表達的若作為一個單位看待的單數(shù)的含義，動詞也需要用單數(shù)的形式；含有分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)的名詞詞組的后的動詞形式依據(jù)名詞詞組充當(dāng)主語的句子，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)形式，如： Fifty students for a class is the utmost limit.每班人數(shù)最多不能超過50人。Two hours is the time limit for the examination.

48、本次考試時限為兩個小時。Is ten dollars a big sum to him?對他來說十塊錢就是個大數(shù)目嗎？ 3）用連接詞連接的主語后的謂語動詞的數(shù)視情況而定。一般說來，用and連接的并列主語后用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，但如果and連接的是指同一個事物或人，或指聯(lián)系密切、常作為一個整體看待的人或事物，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)；用as well as連接的名詞詞組與連接語之前的名詞的數(shù)一致；名詞后用介詞with連接其他名詞時，動詞與with之前的名詞的數(shù)一致；用bothand連接的并列名詞主語往往用復(fù)數(shù)動詞，如： A knife and fork is needed when one is eating.人

49、們進餐時需要用刀叉。A cart and horse was what he needed to carry himself away.他只需要一輛馬車把自己載走。This bread and butter is too thick.這片涂黃油的面包太厚了。A watch and chain was given to him by his father as a birthday present.父親送他一塊帶鏈的表作為生日禮物。A rod and line is needed for angling.釣魚需要魚線魚竿。 English and Chinese are quite differ

50、ent languages.英語和漢語是完全不同的語言。Both the rubber and pith ball are negatively charged.這時，橡膠棒和木髓都帶上了負電荷。I as well as they am anxious about your safe arrival.我跟他們一樣急于知道你平安到達的消息。She, with her two daughters, comes to spend the weekend on the farm once every two weeks.她和她的兩個女兒每隔一周要到農(nóng)場來度一次周末。 4）含有否定意義的不定代詞或其他一

51、些不定代詞做主語時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)，其中none是例外。用含有every 構(gòu)成的合成詞做主語時，句子后邊部分的代詞往往遵循邏輯一致原則用復(fù)數(shù)；表示數(shù)目意義的詞做主語往往用單數(shù)動詞；形容詞前邊加定冠詞表一類人或事物時，后邊動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；形容詞性從句中動詞的數(shù)往往與從句先行詞的數(shù)一致 Each of them is to pay his own fine.他們得各人付自己的罰款。There was nobody there.那兒一個人也沒有。There is nothing I should enjoy more.這是我最大的樂事。Nevertheless, none of the scient

52、ists on the scene were prepared for the awesome scale of the events that soon followed.然而，在現(xiàn)場的科學(xué)家們并沒有一位對即將面臨的可怕事件有所準(zhǔn)備。Everybody initiates and receives messages in some form or other.每個人都以不同的方式發(fā)出并接收信息。 11 minus 4 leaves 7.十一減去四得七。28divided by 4 is 7.二十八除以四得七。The rich are not always happy.有錢人并不總是幸福的。T

53、he deaf and dumb need special help.聾啞人需要特殊幫助。There is something in his manner which irritates others.他的態(tài)度有激怒別人的地方。There were few eggs which werent broken.沒破掉的蛋沒有幾個。 5.1.3毗鄰一致毗鄰一致原則是指句子中主語是由關(guān)聯(lián)詞語或其他連接語引導(dǎo)的兩個或兩個以上的名詞詞組充當(dāng)時，謂語動詞的數(shù)與其毗鄰的名詞詞組的數(shù)保持一致的原則，如： Not only Henry but also his friends were unequivocally

54、 apposed to the compromise.不僅亨利還有他的朋友們都反對這種妥協(xié)。Either my brother or his friends are going.要么是我弟弟，要么是他的朋友們要去。Neither the girls nor John is to blame.既不怨姑娘們，也不怨約翰。Cash or bills are accepted here in this store.本店既接受現(xiàn)款又接受支票。 5.2很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下： 5.2.1謂語動詞

55、用單數(shù)的情況 1動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 如： Buying clothes is often a time-consuming job because those clothes that a person likes are rarely the cones that fit him or her. (1987年考研題) 2. 表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù) 如： Two weeks was too long .Five times five makes twenty five. 3當(dāng)and 連接的兩個單數(shù)形式

56、的名詞作主語，在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)如: law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 a cup and saucer 茶杯碟子 fork and knife 刀叉 the needle and thread 針線 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 horse and carriage 馬車 time and tide 歲月 bread and butter 奶油面包 the ebb and flow 盛衰，潮漲潮落 His warmest admirer and severest critic was his

57、 wife. 他的妻子是他最熱心的崇拜者和最嚴(yán)厲的批評者。Whisky and soda is always my favorite drink. 威士忌加蘇打總是最和我的口味。War and peace is a constant theme in history. 戰(zhàn)爭與和平永遠是歷史主題。 再如： If law and order is not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe. Bread and butter is our daily food . Time and tide waits for no ma

58、n. 4表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞以及表示國家、組織等名稱的專有名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 arthritics關(guān)節(jié)炎 statistics統(tǒng)計學(xué) measles 麻疹 phonetics 語音學(xué) optics 光學(xué) genetics 遺傳學(xué) General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷蘭 the New York Times 紐約時報 the United Nations 聯(lián)合國 如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language . 語言學(xué)是研究人類語言的分支學(xué)科。 Statistics

59、 is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society. 統(tǒng)計學(xué)是現(xiàn)代社會必不可少的分析工具。 Measles is much less common now than it used to be . 現(xiàn)在麻疹遠沒有過去常見。 General Motors is a large multinational company. 通用公司是一家大型的跨國公司。 5.有些名詞形式上是復(fù)數(shù)，意義上是單數(shù)，根據(jù)意義一致原則動詞用單數(shù) 如：The chaos was stopped by the police. The news is a great e

60、ncouragement to us. A series of debates between the lectures was scheduled for the next weekend. 6. a pair of + 由兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers 等）做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如： My new pair of pants is being altered. 我的一條短褲正在被修改。 A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 現(xiàn)在配一副