高中英語Unit 12 Cultural Shock現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的語法作用課件 北師大 必修4

1、2021/8/11 星期三1高三英語總復(fù)習(xí)語法系列訓(xùn)練分 詞2021/8/11 星期三2一、形 式主動形式被動形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done 過去分詞只有一種形式。 現(xiàn)在分詞：2021/8/11 星期三3二、 功 能1作表語2作定語3作狀語4作賓語補(bǔ)足語5. 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式6. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)2021/8/11 星期三41作表語?，F(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，如： The news was exciting. The situation is encouraging. She l

2、ooked disappointed. He appeared satisfied with my answer. He seemed quite delighted at the idea. Dont get excited.注：已經(jīng)成為形容詞的分詞，可以用 very 修飾；沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite，有時也可用very much，如： Im very much pleased. Hes very much worried about his health.2021/8/11 星期三5注：過去分詞作表語時，應(yīng)注意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。 系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀態(tài)或具有的性

3、質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)；被動結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動作，指主語所承受的動作。此外還有：系表結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài)；b. 一般不帶狀語； c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞。被動結(jié)構(gòu)：a. 有多種時態(tài)，常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致；b. 可以帶時 間、方式或 by 短語作狀語；c. 必須是及物動詞。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài)) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作) Im interested in chess. I was interested by what

4、you told me. The sun is risen. This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921. 2021/8/11 星期三62作定語： 單獨(dú)作定語，應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之前，如： touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed bread Barking dogs seldom bite. Soon our respected and beloved le

5、aders entered the banquet hall.注：分詞作定語時，意義上接近于一個定語從句，如： developing countries = countries that are developing a growing city = a city that is growing liberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情況下，可以用分詞短語作定語，這時分詞短語應(yīng)放在被修飾的名詞之后，在意義上也相當(dāng)于一個定語從句，如： Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by

6、the door? They built a highway leading (= which leads) into the mountains. They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history. Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 2021/8/11 星期三7 作定語的現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生的時間有兩種情況：a. 表示正在進(jìn)行的動作, (變?yōu)閺木鋾r要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)), 如： Tell the children playing there (who

7、are playing there) not to make so much noise. Did you see the man talking (who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示經(jīng)常性的動作, 或現(xiàn)在 (或當(dāng)時) 的狀態(tài), (變?yōu)閺木鋾r, 用一般時態(tài)), 如： They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 過去分詞作定語時，過

8、去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性，如： Is this the book recommended by our teacher? The meeting held last week is very important. He is a man loved by all. I hate to see letters written in pencil. 2021/8/11 星期三8注：如果所表示的動作現(xiàn)刻正在發(fā)生，或是與謂語所表示的動作同時發(fā)生，可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting being held is very impo

9、rtant. We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.注：如果所表示的是一個未來的動作，可以用一個不定式的被動形式來表示，如： The meeting to be held next week is very important. Please tell me the subjects to be discussed at the next meeting. 分詞還可以作非限制性定語（相當(dāng)于一個非限制性定語從句），這時，它和句子的其他部分用逗號隔開，試比較： All my brothers living in Shang

10、hai are scientists. All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists. All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister. All the letters in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.2021/8/11 星期三9 本節(jié)值得注意的問題：現(xiàn)在分詞短語作定語時，所表示的動作不能先于謂語所表示的動作，也不可以表示將來。另外，一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語，所以，下列句子

11、都是錯的： Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (應(yīng)改為who has come from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (應(yīng)改為who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為who gave us) 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語，此時要用從句來表示，如： Those being busy dont have to go. (

12、應(yīng)改為Those who are busy dont have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為who is) 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語，若要表示這個意思要用從句，如： The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應(yīng)改為which/that died) 2021/8/11 星期三103作狀語： 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況，如： The children ran out of the room, laughing

13、 and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作；b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作（或狀態(tài)）是同時發(fā)生的；c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作，對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明；d. 大部分放在謂語之后；e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示行為方式或手段（這類狀語可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有時還可以放在句中。其他參考上述a-c），如： Followi

14、ng the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.2021/8/11 星期三11 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，表示原因或理由，如： Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her. Being so poor

15、 in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，則要用完成形式，如： Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. 現(xiàn)在分詞

16、作時間狀語（相當(dāng)于 when 引導(dǎo)的從句），如： Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of those days in Yanan. 2021/8/11 星期三12注：這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作，這動作一發(fā)生，謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。這類分詞一般放在句首。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的，多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu)，如：

17、Be careful when crossing the street. Dont mention this while talking to him.注：如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時，分詞的動作已經(jīng)完成，這個分詞要用完成形式，如： Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步，如： Her husband died in 1942, leavi

18、ng her with five children. (結(jié)果) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步)2021/8/11 星期三13 過去分詞短語作狀語，可

19、以修飾謂語，說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況，如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. 過去分詞短語表示原因（相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句），如： The

20、children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted)2021/8/11 星期三14 過去分詞短語有時可以表示時間（相當(dāng)于時間狀語從句）和條件（相當(dāng)于條件狀語從句），如： United, we stand; divided, we fall. (=When / If we are united ) Heated, water changes into steam. (=When / If water is heated ) S

21、een from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.注：過去分詞短語作狀語時，前面有時可以加上when, if, while, though, as if 等連詞，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是一種省略的狀語從句（省略部分多為 “主語 + be 的多種形式”）。需要注意的是，省略的主語必須和主句的主語相同，如： If / When heated, water changes into steam. Even if invited, I wont go. We will not attack unless attacked. The girl is very s

22、hy, and never speaks until spoken to.2021/8/11 星期三154作賓語補(bǔ)足語： 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如： Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long. I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face. He tried to start the engine running. The words immediately set us all laughing.注：現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作與謂語同時發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行，強(qiáng)調(diào)動作過程。 過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語，如：

23、He watched the TV set carried out of the room. Last year they had the house rebuilt. When you speak English, be sure to make yourself understood. Youd better have your shoes mended.注：過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語表示動作完成結(jié)果，并有被動意義。 2021/8/11 星期三16 現(xiàn)在分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，賓語補(bǔ)足語一般為賓語所做的動作；過去分詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語時，與賓語有著動賓關(guān)系，賓語是過去分詞所表示

24、的動作的承受者，如： He saw an old man getting on the bus. An old man was getting on the bus. I once heard this song sung in Japanese. This song was once sung in Japanese. I dont want the children taken out in such weather. The children were taken out in such weather. 以上句子可以變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)，這時，賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語，與謂語一起稱為“復(fù)合謂

25、語”，如： We were kept waiting for quite a long time. She was never heard singing that song again. One of the glasses was found broken. 2021/8/11 星期三17 有些動詞既可以用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，又可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，有些動詞只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語，這些動詞是：catch, keep, mind, prevent, remember, stop, start, smell, excuse, spy, send 等，例如： She caught he

26、r son smoking a cigarette. Wed better keep the fire burning. I dont mind you joking. I like it. The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time. I dont remember him ever saying anything like that. We must try to stop them getting into trouble. His words started me thinking seriously. Can you smell s

27、omething burning? The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground. 2021/8/11 星期三18現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式和被動形式 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式主要用在狀語中，表示動作在謂語動作之前發(fā)生，如： Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide. The delegates, having fulfilled their mission, arrived back in Shanghai.注：在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式，如： His comrades having all left for the front, he didnt want to stay in the rear.2021/8/11 星期三19 在表示一個被動的動作時，如果這個動作是現(xiàn)刻正在進(jìn)行的，或是與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生的，就可以用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動形式。這種形式可以作定語、狀語或構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語，如： That building being repaired is our library. （定語） He asked w