歷年托福考試閱讀學(xué)習(xí)試題匯總含答案

1、0308托福試題閱讀（55minutes）Question1-11Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whentheputrefiedmaterialisexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredothesebacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfoodEvenuntilthemid-nineteenthcentury,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsorigi

2、natedbyspontaneous(5)generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonlivingmatter.ThemostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwastheFrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur(1822-1895).Pasteurshowedthatstructurespresentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputre

3、fyingmaterials.Hedid(10)thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticlesthatithadtrappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscopeslide.Pasteurfoundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranginginsizefrom0.01mmtomoreth

4、an1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductivestructuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvariousothermicrobialcells.Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycouldnotbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorg

5、anismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginatedfromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthatthesebodiesareconstantlybeingdepositedonallobjects.Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskandheatedtoboilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,itneverputrefied.Theproponentso

6、fspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryforspontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffectedinsomewaybyheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.Pasteurconstructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butaircouldreenter.Thebend

7、sintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingintheflask.Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(a)Pasteursinfluenceonthedevelopmentofmicroscope.(b)Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.(c)Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.(d)Pasteursargumentagainstthetheoryt

8、heofspontaneousgeneration.2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto(a)fullof(b)developinginto(c)resistantto(d)hurtby3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempttoanswer(a)Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood(b)Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonf

9、ood(c)Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination(d)Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies4,Theword“resemble”meaningto(a)benefitfrom(b)appearsimilarto(c)jointogetherwith(d)growfrominline9isclosestin5,Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto(a)trapparticlesfor

10、analysis(b)slowtheprocessofputrefaction(c)increasetheairflowtothemicroscopicslide(d)aidthemixingofalcoholandether6,Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe(a)thicknessofalayeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject(b)diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters(c)thicknessofthemicroscopeslid

11、esthatwereused(d)sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollectedword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggestedobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere(a)primarilysingle-celledorganisms(b)nodifferentfromobjectsfoundtheinairinhisputrefying

12、materials(c)fairlyrare(d)abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandetherword“it”inli(a)anutrientsolution(b)aglassflask(c)boilingne22refersto(d)spontaneousgenerationtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelievedthatwhichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed(a)Asealedcontainer(b)Freshair(c)He

13、at(d)Thepresenceofnutrientscanbeinferredfromparagraphemployedaswam-neckedflaskto(a)storesterilizedliquidsforexperiments3thatuseinPasteurfuture(b)preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution(c)disproveacriticismofhisconclusions(d)estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofairQuestions12-20IntheearlydecadesoftheUn

14、itedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmerassocietyshero.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmerwasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.TheperiodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof(5)thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianph

15、ilosophers,representedmosteloquentlybyThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagoodsociety,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.Andvirtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenetsofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagricultureasthekeycomp

16、onentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat(10)alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomicBoththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportationinfrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepeningharbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams

17、.Thenationalgovernmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand(15)launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest.Inaddition,governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagriculturalproducts.Fortheirpart,farmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarianphilosophershadforthem,astheirbroader

18、horizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome(20)morescientific,joiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarmnewspapersthatsprangupthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednewcropsandpureanimalbreeds,andbec

19、amemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded(25)lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.Europeandema

20、ndforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemandhighinEurope.UnitedStatescitiesandindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.doesthepassagemainlydiscuss(a)Theagrarianphil

21、osophyofThomasJefferson(b)Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture(c)Improvementsinfarmingtechniques(d)Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmerword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explainedauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asanexamp

22、leof(a)aleaderduringtheRevolution(b)aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques(c)aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety(d)afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopmentphrase“subscribedto”inline8isclosestinmeaningto(a)contributedto(b)agreedwith(c)thoug

23、htabout(d)expandedonofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbyinformationinparagraph1(a)AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJeffersonviewsofagricultureandfarmers.(b)Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween17831861.(c)Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.(d)Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenationeconomy.thesa

24、ndstothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT(a)buildroads(b)importnewplantvarieties(c)givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops(d)developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproductsofthefollowingfarmersmeetingarethementionedexpectationsasexamplesofofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT(a)obtai

25、ninginformationfromfarmnewspapers(b)accumulatingpersonalwealth(c)plantingnewcrops(d)becomingmorescientificword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradualofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4(a)Agriculturaldevelopmentcontributedtodevelopmentinoth

26、erpartsoftheeconomy.(b)EuropeanagriculturalproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedintheUnitedStates.(c)ThegrowingsettlementoftheWestledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.(d)Farmerswereinfluencedmorebygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.Question21-29ThewidevarietyofclimatesinNorthAmeri

27、cahashelpedspawnacomplexpatternofsoilregions.Ingeneral,therealmssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmentalpartitioninginto“humidAmerica”and“aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitationexceeds20inches(50centimeters),soilsinhumidareastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,Sincecrops(5)dobestinsoilsthatareneitheracidic(h

28、igherinacidcontent)noralkaline(higherinsaltcontent).fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethedesiredlevelofneutralitybetweenthetwo.AridAmericassoilsaretypicallyalkalineandmustbefertilizedbacktowardneutralitybyaddingacidiccompounds.Althoughmanyofthesedrylandsoils,particularlyintheGreatPlains,arequiteferti

29、le,Europeansettlerslearnedoveracenturyagothatwateristhemainmissingingredientinachievingtheiragriculturalpotential.Inthe1970s,certainirrigationmethodswereperfectedandfinallyprovidedarealopportunitytoexpandmoreintensivefarmingwestfromtheCentralLowlandintothedrierportionsoftheGreatPlains.Glaciationalso

30、enhancedtherichlegacyoffertilesoilsinthecentralUnitedStates,bothfromthedepositionofmineral-richglacialdebrisleftbymeltwaterandfromthicklayersoffinewind-blownglacialmaterial,calledloess,inandaroundthemiddleMississippiValley.NaturalvegetationpatternscouldbedisplayedonamapofNorthAmerica,buttheenormoush

31、umanmodificationoftheNorthAmericanallbutreducedthisregionalizationschemetothelevelofthehypothetical.Nonetheless,thehumidAmerica-aridAmericadichotomyisstillavalidgeneralization:thenaturalvegetationofareasreceivingmorethan20inchesofwateryearlyisforest,whereasthedrierclimatesgiverisetoagrasslandcover.T

32、heforestsofNorthAmericatenttomakeabroadtransitionbylatitude.IntheCanadianNorth,needle-leafforestsdominate,buttheseconiferoustreesbecomemixedwithbroadleafdeciduoustreesasonecrossestheborderintotheNortheastUnitedStates.AsoneproceedstowardtheSoutheast,broadleafvegetationbecomesdominant.AridAmericamostl

33、yconsistsofshort-grassprairiesorstepper.TheonlyareasoftruedesertareintheSouthwest.21WhataspectofNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscussThewidevarietyofclimatesSoiltypesandvegetationpatterns(C)ImprovedirrigationmethodsandtheexpansionofagricultureThechangeinprecipitationpatterns22Theword“spawn”inline1

34、isclosestinmeaningtodistinguisheliminateprotectcreate23Theword“partitioning”inline2isclosestinmeaningtodivisionmodificationopeningcirculating24Accordingtothepassage,acidicsoilstenttobeassociatedwithahighsaltcontentanincreaseinfarminglargeamountsofrainglacialmeltwater25Theword“enhanced”inline13isclos

35、estinmeaningtoimpliedincreasedindicatedinformed26HowdidglacialmeltdownaffectAmericathesoilinNorthItredistributedthesoiltypesItaddedsalttothesoilItmadethesoilmoreneutralincontentItaddedmineralstothesoil27Thephrase“thisregionalization19referstothe(A)movementsofglacialdeposits(B)patternsofnaturalvegeta

36、tion(C)humanmodificationoftheenvironment(D)distinctionbetweenhumidAmericascheme”inlineNorthAmericanAmericaandarid28Theword“transition”inline23isclosestinmeaningtoelevationchangeadvantagecondition29Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatements(A)AridAmericaisnotnecessarilycharacterizedbythepresence

37、ofdesertsMostofCanadaandthenortheasternUnitedStatesconsistsofshort-grassprairieswherevernaturalvegetationhasnotbeenmodifiedbyhumansTheaccumulationofloessisprimarilytheresultofirrigationGlaciationremovedthefertilelayerofsoilfrommuchoftheMississippiValleyQuestions30-40Mostsourcesofilluminationgenerate

38、lightoveranappreciableperiod,andindeedifanobjectislitforaverybrieftime(lessthat1/25second),thehumaneyewillnotreactintimetoseetheobject.Aphotographicemulsion-thatis,alight-sensitivecoatingonrecordmuchshorterburstsoflight.A(5)photographicflashcanthereforebeusedtocapturehigh-speedmovementonfilmaswellas

39、tocorrectdeficienciesofthenormalsurroundinglighting.Photoflashisnowgeneratedelectronically,buttheearliestform,firstusedin1864,wasapaperbagcontainingmagnesiumwireandsomeoxygen-richsubstance,suchaspotassiumchlorate.Whenthebagwasignited,themetalburnedwithanintenseflash.Acontemporaryobserverreported(10)

40、that“thisquiteunsafedeviceseemstohavedonenothingworsethatengulftheroomindensesmokeandleadtopicturesofdubiousqualityandoddposes.”Theevolutionofthephotoflashwasslow,flashbulbs,containingfinewiremadeofametal,suchasmagnesiumoraluminum,capableofbeingignitedinanatmosphereofpureoxygenatlowpressure,wereintr

41、oducedonlyinthe1920s.Intheearliesttype,themetal(15)wasseparatedfromtheoxygenbyathinglassbulb.Theflashwasfiredbypiercingthebulbandallowingtheoxygentocomeintocontactwiththemetal,whichignitedspontaneously.Laterbulbswerefiredbyanelectricbattery,whichheatedthewirebypassingasmallcurrentthroughit.Othercomb

42、inations,suchasthepairingofoxygendifluoridewithzirconium,havealsobeenused.Ineachcaseenoughenergyisgivenouttoheattheoxidizablemetalmomentarilytoawhite-hotemissionofvisiblelight.Thesmokeparticlesaresosmallthattheycoolrapidly;butsincetheyarewhite,theycontributetothebrilliancebyreflectingthelightfromthe

43、irstill-glowingneighbors.Aslightlybiggerformofthemetalwillburnforalongertime.30WhatdoesthepassagemainlydiscussThehistoryofthephotoflashTheoriesabouthowtheeyereactstolightThetechnologyofmodernphotographyThedangersofusingtheearlyphotoflash31Accordingtothepassage,1/25secondistheminimumamountoftimerequi

44、redfortherecordingofanimageonfilmgenerationofartificiallightcreationofaphotographicemulsionhumaneyetoreacttolight32Accordingtothepassage,anadvantageofusingaphotoflashisthatitcanproducerepeatedburstsoflightintensitiescolorsinphotographsisshortenoughnottobotherhumaneyessupplementsexistinglighting33The

45、word“ignited”inline9isclosestinmeaningto(A)setonfire(B)cutinto(C)opened(D)shaken34Whichofthefollowingphrasesparagraph1isdefinedin”appreciableperiod”(line1)”photographicemulsion”(line3)”high-speedmovement”(line5)”oddposes”(line11)35Theword“evolution”inline12isclosestinmeaningtopublicityadoptiondevelo

46、pmentmanufacture36Thefunctionoftheglassinthefirstflashbulbswastoproducethesparkthatinitiatedtheflashmagnifythelightproducedbytheflash(C)protectthephotographerfromtheheatoftheflashkeepthemetalandoxygenapartbeforetheflash37Theword“it”inline18referstooxygenbatterywirecurrent38Theword“momentarily”inline

47、20isclosestinmeaningtoeffortlesslybrieflyelectronicallygradually39Accordingtothepassage,thewhitecolorofthesmokeparticlesgeneratedbyaflashbulbcontributestorapidcoolingbrightilluminationelectricalconductivityintenseheat40Accordingtothepassage,aflashbulbcanbemadetoburnlongerbyusing(A)thickerwire(B)more

48、oxygen(C)thinnerglass(D)continuouselectricityQuestions41-50ThestylisticinnovationinpainingknownasImpressionismbeganinthe1870s.TheImpressionistswantedtodepictwhattheysawinnature,buttheywereinspiredtoportrayfragmentarymomentsbytheincreasinglyfastpaceofmodernlife.Theyconcentratedontheplayoflightoverobj

49、ects,people,andnature,breakingupseeminglysolidsurfaces,(5)stressingvividcontrastbetweencolorsinsunlightandshade,anddepictionreflectedlightinallofitspossibilities.Unlikeearlierartists,theydidnotwanttoobservetheworldfromindoors.Theyabandonedthestudio,paintingintheopenairandrecordingspontaneousImpressi

50、onsoftheirsubjectsinsteadofmakingoutsidesketchesandthenmovingindoorstocompletetheworkformmemory.(10)SomeoftheImpressionistspaintingmethodswereaffectedbytechnologicaladvances.Forexample,theshiftfromthestudiototheopenairwasmadepossibleinpartbytheadventofcheaprailtravel,whichpermittedeasyandquickaccess

51、tothecountrysideorseashore,aswellasbynewlydevelopedchemicaldyesandoilsthatledtocollapsiblepainttubes,whichenabledartiststofinishtheirpaintingsonthespot.(15)Impressionismacquireditsnamenotfromsupportersbutfromangryartloverswhofeltthreatenedbythenewpainting.Theterm“Impressionism”wasbornin1874,whenorga

52、nizedanexhibitionoftheirpaintingsinordertodrawpublicattentiontotheirwork.Reactionfromthepublicandpresswasimmediate,andderisive.Amongthe165paintingsexhibitedwasonecalled(20)Impression:Sunrise,byClaudeMonet(1840-1926),Viewedthroughhostileeyes,Monetspaintingofarisingsunoveramisty,waterysceneseemedmessy

53、,slapdash,andanaffronttogoodtaste.BorrowingMonetstitle,artcriticsextendedtheterm“Impressionism”totheentireexhibit.Inresponse,Monetandhis29fellowartistsintheexhibitadoptedthesamenameasabadgeoftheirunity,despiteindividualdifferences.(25)Fromthenuntil1886Impressionismhadallthezealofa“church”,asthepainterRenoirputit.MonetwasfaithfultotheImpressionistcreeduntilhisdeath,althoughmanyoftheothersmovedontonewstyles.41Whataspectofpaintinginthenineteenthcenturydoesthepassagemainlydiscuss(A)Theimpactofsomeartistsresistancetothefastp