系統(tǒng)功能語法-投射小句市公開課獲獎課件

1、 韓禮德（1970，1973，1985/1994/）把語言純理功效或元功效（metafunction）,分為三種概念功效（ideational function），人際功效（interpersonal function）和語篇功效（texual function）。邏輯功效“投射”符號與“投射”信息外國語言學及應用語言學杜玉第1頁第1頁經驗功效experientionalfunction概念功效ideational function邏輯功效logicalfunction及物性系統(tǒng)transivity system語態(tài)voice互相依存interdependency邏輯語義關系logical-s

2、emantic relation并列parataxis擴展expansion主從hypotaxis投射projection第2頁第2頁邏輯功效指是語言所具備反應兩個或兩個以上語言單位之間邏輯語義關系功效，Halliday（1985/1994/）是從兩個不同角度來研究這種功效：相互依存（interdependency）和邏輯語義關系（logical-semantic relation）。第3頁第3頁并列兩個或兩個以上語言單位同等主要，這種關系即可出現在詞復合體（word complex），也可出現在小句復合體（clause complex）。詞復合體（word complex）：tea or c

3、offee小句復合體（clause complex）: She is an intelligent and diligent girl.互相依存interdependency并列parataxis第4頁第4頁互相依存interdependency主從hypotaxis主從兩個或兩個以上語言單位在邏輯和語義上地位不同，其中一個單位比其它單位主要，是其它單位依附對象。Halliday把這類語言單位叫做支配成份（dominant element）,把處于從屬地位語言單位叫做依附成份（depenent element）。詞復合體: There is a stone bridge on the rive

4、r. 依附 支配小句復合體: Nobady believed that he is a liar.第5頁第5頁邏輯語義logical-semantic relation擴展expansion語言單位之間邏輯關系大體可分為：擴展（expension）和投射（projection）。擴展一個詞或一個小句在語義上對另一個詞或小句進行擴充，擴充方式有三種：詳述（elaboration）、延伸（extension）和增強（enhancement）第6頁第6頁詳述改換一個說法來表示已經表述語義，新舊說法在內容上是一致John ran away; he didnt wait.John ran away, w

5、hich means he didnt wait.延伸在原有語義上添加新內容John ran away and Fred stayed behind.John ran away whereas Fred stayed behind.增強交代時間、地點、因果、條件等環(huán)境原因來對小句進行語義闡明John was so scared so he ran away.John ran away because he was scared.第7頁第7頁投射通過一個小句引出另一個小句語言現象。被投射小句能夠是話語（locution），包括直接引語（direct speech）和間接引語（indirect s

6、peech）或某人想法（idea）。直引John said: “ Im running away. ”間引John said he was running away.想法John thought he would run away.邏輯語義logical-semantic relation投射projection第8頁第8頁功效語法在分析“投射”現象時，主要描寫了“投射”小句與被“投射”小句之間邏輯功效，著重分析了小句與小句之間關系。 Irene said: “ You are required to do it .” “投射”符號等于“投射”小句，而“投射”信息是一個“被投射”小句或一個嵌入

7、言語或觀點（embedded locution or idea），或事實(facts)?！?投射 ”小句“ 被投射 ”小句“投射”符號 “投射”信息第9頁第9頁“投射”符號“投射”信息投射小句： 1, 2投射副詞或介詞：8,10,16,17投射名詞： 6, 7 外置結構： 14引號： 17 引語： 1, 4小句復合體：6, 7, 9that 小句： 2, 3, 5wh 小句： 15動詞不定式：12-ing 小句： 18介詞短語： 11, 13名詞詞組： 17第10頁第10頁(1) Dont forget, he had said, were responsible for your safet

8、y and for the safety of the kit.引語(2) The council spokesman also said there were not enough professional caterers in the area to meet demand.that小句(3) It is often said that there can be no confidence in iniquity.that小句(4) Ow was I supposed to know, he thought afterwards.引語(5) I thought you were anxi

9、ous to hear about your friend.that小句(6) But the answer is, each one secretly thinks hes the best.小句復合體(7) The message which Balfour sent was that, He is also of the opinion that will be a serious danger if the Socialist Party is allowed to assume office at the present time and he thinks every means

10、ought to be taken to avert the Parliamentary defeat which would bring them into office in your place.小句復合體第11頁第11頁(8) As for Paul, he thinks its fantastic.介詞(9) An opinion poll for the Globe and Mail and the Canadian Broasting Corporation produced surprising results from Quebec: while most people th

11、ere strongly demand change, only 10% want full independence and 52% wish their province to remain within Canada.小句復合體(10) According to Moscucci, this claim commanded the general assent, although practitioners interpreted it in vastly different ways.介詞(11) If all goes well, the company could add by r

12、oyal appointment to its other claims to fame.介詞短語(12) ECGD does not require these agents to have any sp ecial qualifications as claimed by the Director of Adjustment Claims Services Ltd.動詞不定式第12頁第12頁(13) I didnt come to argue about what you meant to Maurice.介詞短語(14) It is very significant that nobody abstained.外置結構(15) She asked what to do.wh小句(16) He also reportedly jotted down the license plate numbers of cars spouting black smoke from their exhaust pipes and sent the culprits numbers to the pol