現(xiàn)代農(nóng)林英語英漢對照

1、現(xiàn)代農(nóng)林英語課文英漢對照碩水保 163 班2016 年 12 月 29日contentsUnit1UbnAgriclt IUnit2FotyMnnt IUnit3Bioiity VIUnit4WetlandsVIIIUnit5AgriculturalHighTechnologyXIUnit6Low-CarbonAgricultureXIVUnit7UrbanPlanningXVIUnit9LandscapeGardensXXUnit 10EcologicalLiteratureXXIIUnit 1 Urban AgricultureCurrent Situation and IssuesThe

2、 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization has warned that the 12 megacities (+10 million population) will experience increasing difficulty in feeding themselves. Londons ecological footprint is estimated to extend to 125 times the capitals surface with food accounting for around 40% of this.

3、 Londons residents, visitors and workers consume 2.4 million tons of food and produce 883,000 tons of organic waste per The food industry makes a significant contribution to Londons Domestic Product (GDP) with of all jobs found in the food 聯(lián)合國糧食及農(nóng)業(yè)組織警告說 12 個擁有千萬人口的超大城市將要在養(yǎng)活自己上遭遇越來越多的困難。據(jù)估計，倫敦的生態(tài)足跡已經(jīng)

4、延伸到城市面積的 125 倍，其中糧食占據(jù)40%的面積。倫敦的居民、參觀者和工人每年消耗 240 萬噸食物，產(chǎn)生 883000 噸有機(jī)垃圾。食品產(chǎn)業(yè)這對倫敦的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）做出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn)：約 11%的工作可以在食品部門找到。The Lea Valley region of East London typifies a declining industrialized horticulture. This once thriving area for food production has shrunk since the war due to the relative scarcit

5、y of labor and competition from imports from an increasingly globalized food economy. The industry now covers an area of 120 hectares under glass. It has a high productivity with 200 or so horticultural enterprises ranging in size from less than an acre to 20 acres with production nearly always auto

6、mated and hydroponic, often in peat based media and using artificial fertilizers. There is some pesticide use but it is now lower because of the adoption of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach, whilst energy use has also been reduced through technological improvements. The enterprises sell

7、nationally to wholesalers and supermarkets.東倫敦的 Lea Valley 地區(qū)代表著衰退的產(chǎn)業(yè)化園藝。自戰(zhàn)爭以來，由于勞動力相對稀120 200 畝到 20 （IPM）法，同時通過技術(shù)改進(jìn)減少了能源使用。該企業(yè)銷售給全國的批發(fā)商和大型超市。This remnant of urban agriculture (UA) could provide an opportunity to redevelop, modify, and diversify the industry towards a more sustainable system; furthe

8、r improvements in technology and IPM, conversion to organic, development of sustainable, social enterprises, and production for local London markets, such as farmers markets, shops restaurants, and co-ops, etc., could utilize the existing infrastructure and change the modes of production and food sy

9、stem in London.這種城市農(nóng)業(yè)（UA）的殘余可以為重建、修改和多元化行業(yè)使其成為一個更加可持續(xù)的系統(tǒng)提供機(jī)會;進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)技術(shù)和病蟲害綜合防治，轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛袡C(jī)，開發(fā)可持續(xù)的社會企業(yè)以及為當(dāng)?shù)貍惗厥袌觯ㄈ甾r(nóng)民市場，商店，餐館和合作社等）的生產(chǎn)可以利用現(xiàn)有基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施并改變模式的生產(chǎn)和食品系統(tǒng)。UA in East London is generally no longer a response to crises or a coping strategy as it once was during the first and second world wars and in previous

10、centuries. Commercial activities are primarily motivated by profit although some producers, particularly organic, have aphilosophy attributed to their lives and see it more than simply a way to make money. Sustained losses to enterprises result in an erosion of capital, increase in debt, and eventua

11、l bankruptcy.Social and environmental objectives and policies of initiatives (local sourcing, price discrimination/sliding subscription scales, workers rights and conditions, animal welfare, etc.), need to coexist with financial profitability and economic sustainability if they are to survive and th

12、rive.東倫敦的城市農(nóng)業(yè)不再是應(yīng)對危機(jī)或“應(yīng)對策略”的反應(yīng)，就如它曾經(jīng)在第一次和第二次世界大戰(zhàn)和在過去的幾個世紀(jì)中那樣。商業(yè)活動主要是由利潤驅(qū)動，雖然一些生產(chǎn)者， 特別是有機(jī)生產(chǎn)者，由于他們富有哲理的生活使他們看到它不僅僅是一種賺錢的方式。企業(yè)的持續(xù)虧損導(dǎo)致資本流失，債務(wù)增加和最終破產(chǎn)。社會和環(huán)境的主體以及初步政策（地方采購，價格歧視/滑動認(rèn)購規(guī)模，工人的權(quán)利和條件，動物福利等）需要與金融利潤和經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)共存，如果他們要生存和繁榮的話。Recreational food growing is motivated by factors other than profit, such as th

13、erapy and enjoyment. UA activities do provide a way for low-income groups to have a supply of fresh fruit and vegetables along with many of other benefits, contributing to household food security and nutrition. This is of particular importance to communities in East London experiencing problems in t

14、he availability of, and access to, affordable, fresh food or food poverty.休閑食物的生長是由于除了利潤之外的因素的促進(jìn)，如治療和享受。城市農(nóng)業(yè)活動為低Ut2rryMaThe Economic and Ecological Gains of a Green Drive綠色驅(qū)動下的經(jīng)濟(jì)和生態(tài)增益Forests are replacing fields for the snake of ecology and economy, and it seems whats good for the planet is good for

15、 the wallet.為了尋求生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)，森林正在取代農(nóng)田，這看起來就像對地球有利的對錢包也有利。Good for the Wallet對錢包有利This mountainous is barren, and the output of my corn and rice fields wasnt enough to liveon.Ayearsworkgavememiserlyreturns,andnotapennysavedbeforetheprojectwas carried out, said Zhao Liping, a farmer in of Hongya SichuanProvi

16、nce.四川省洪雅縣文山村的一位農(nóng)民趙立平說：“山區(qū)土地貧瘠，我的玉米田和水稻田的產(chǎn)出都不夠維持生活。一年的勞作給我極少的回報，在工程執(zhí)行前幾乎沒有攢下積蓄。”10 years ago, like 600 other households in the village, Zhao relied on 13 Mu (15 Mu = 1 hectare) of arable land to barely make ends meet. He contracted a small lot of forestland to supplement his income, but poor mountai

17、n paths made the cost of lumber and people movement extremely high, canceling out the revenue.十年前，趙立平就像村里其他 600 戶家庭一樣，依靠著 13 畝耕地勉強(qiáng)維持收支平衡。他簽訂了一小片林地來增補(bǔ)他的收入，但是差勁的山路使得木材和人的移動所產(chǎn)生的費(fèi)用非常高，這部分就抵消了收入。The year 2001 saw big changes as projects returning farmland to forest were piloted here. Zhao was involved, p

18、lanting eucalyptus and tea on his own land. In addition, he was subsidized RMB 230 for each Mu, which almost equaled the farming revenue. With the newly assighed forest, he had a total of over 40 Mu of land. And the expected increase in income was seen as the trees grew. Zhao and his fellow villager

19、s were very satisfied.2001 年這一年見證了巨大的轉(zhuǎn)折因為退耕還林工程在這里進(jìn)行了試驗。趙立平也涉及了這項工程，在他的地上種植了桉樹和茶樹。他還獲得了額外的每畝地 230 元的津貼，相當(dāng)于他種地的收入。包括新分配的林地在內(nèi)，他總共擁有超過 40 畝的土地，以及隨著林木生長而可以預(yù)期的增長的收益。趙立平和他的村民同伴對此非常滿意。Thanks to the subsidies, Zhao and his family are no longer ruled by the land. They started to raise chickens, cultivate tre

20、es and bamboo, or take seasonal work at factories or mines. Three years later, he had some saving set aside and knocked down their old adobes to make way for a now house.得益于這額外的收入，趙立平和他的家人不在受限于土地。他們開始養(yǎng)雞、栽植樹木和竹子，或者在工廠或者礦井做一下季節(jié)性的工作。三年后，他有了一些存款并推翻了他們的舊房子來蓋新房子。In Zhaos memory, there wasnt a single multi

21、ple-floor residence here before 2001. Not every household in the village has moved into multiple-storey housing, but over 80percent farmers now own a mobile phone, and many bought motorcycles too.在趙立平的記憶里，2001 年以前村里沒有獨(dú)棟的多層樓房。雖然村里不是所有的居所都換成了多層樓房，但是超過 80%的農(nóng)民擁有了移動電話，許多人還購買了摩托車。Noonimaginedthemountainsb

22、eforeconstructionbeganin2004,Zhaosaid.Ifwewere using the original broken paths, it would take an day to shoulder 25 kg fertilizer up. Now tons of timber is transported down inhours.趙立平說：“沒有人能想到大山能夠變成今天這樣。道路建設(shè)是最令人印象深刻的2004 年施工開始之前沒有一條路通向山里。”“如果我們走最初的破爛的道路，它將花費(fèi)一整天的時間去將 25kg 的肥料扛上山。現(xiàn)在，數(shù)噸的木材能夠在一小時內(nèi)就運(yùn)輸下來

23、。”Its a piece of cake to carry 25 kg of fertilizer with a motorcycle, he grinned. Besides a motorcycle, Zhao also bought a compact car and a van. Peng Changshu, director of the forestry supervision station at the town, pointed out that people as well off or more so than Zhao is by no means rare. As

24、forestland was assigned to each household, they all planted bamboo or trees that bring higher returns like cedar, eucalyptus and birch. At present one Mu can produce nearly RMB 10,000. For those contracting 500 or 600, even 1,000 Mu, benefits are quite considerable.他笑著說：“用摩托車載 25kg 的肥料簡直是小菜一碟?！背四ν熊?/p>

25、，趙立平還買了一500畝或者 600 畝，甚至 1000 畝地的人來說，收入是十分可觀的。While the successful pilot was still producing results in Wenshan Village, the Grain for Green project was kicked off across the country.因為這個成功的試驗在文山村一直產(chǎn)生效益，退耕還林政策開始向全國推廣開來。Good for the Planet對地球有利In response to escalated ecological deterioration across t

26、he nation, particularly frequent floods of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers and serious soil erosion in central and western regions, the State Council decided to conduct a trial of returning farmland to forest or grassland in 1999. The project was implemented nationwide and was in full swing by 2002. F

27、armland with a slope of more than 25 degrees and seriously desertified land would be covered by trees.1999 2002 展地如火如荼。坡度超過 25 度的農(nóng)田和嚴(yán)重土壤沙漠化的土地將被種植樹木。When forest area was small, as in the past, the air wasnt very good, Zhao pointed out. He has been living in the mountains for decades, so he is sensit

28、ive to air quality. Now, the farther you walk, the more comfortable you feel; the air is clear.趙立平指出：“在過去，森林面積小，空氣不是很好?！彼麕资陙砭幼≡谏街?，因此對空氣質(zhì)量很敏感?！艾F(xiàn)在，你越往深處走，你越會感覺舒適；空氣很清新?！盩he effects of better air quality and water conservation are almost intuitive, said Peng. The Qingyi River at foot of the mountains

29、is crystal clear now. In the past, however, surface soil would be washed into the river when it rained, or carried away as the waters rose on the banks. Better vegetation prevents soil erosion.彭長書說：“更好的空氣質(zhì)量和水資源保護(hù)的效果很直觀?！薄吧侥_下的清潩河現(xiàn)在如水晶般清澈。然而在過去，地表土在下雨的時候會被沖刷到河里，或者被漲到岸上的水帶走。植被更好的保護(hù)了水土流失?！盚ongya County

30、took on an entirely new look with the project and rural tourism prospers as a result. In Liujiang Town, for example, 120 households opened family inns.洪雅縣由于該工程換上了全新的面貌并使農(nóng)村旅游變得昌盛。比如，柳江鎮(zhèn)有 120 戶家庭開放了家庭旅館。Located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, Sichuan is of treat significance in

31、terms of water resource conservation. Indeed it plays an important role in national ecological reconstruction.四川位于長江和黃河的上游，對于水資源的保護(hù)具有重要的意義。它的確在國家生態(tài)重建上也承擔(dān)著重要角色。In 11999, Sichuan took the lead in implementing the Grain for Green project. As of the end of 2009, forestlands had increased by 28.32 millio

32、n Mu, of which about 13.36 million used to be farmland. Investment from the central and local governments amounted to RMB 29 billion, benefiting 22.66 million farmers in 6.34 million households. Each household received an average subsidy of RMB 4,000.1999 2009 2832 萬畝，其中 1336 29 634 萬戶家庭的 2266 萬名農(nóng)民。

33、每一戶可以收入平均 4000 元的補(bǔ)貼。Unit 3BiodiversityWhat IsBiodiversity?All living things we know of are part of the Earths biodiversity, the diversity of life. The concept of biodiversity can be divided up in levels such as:我們所知道的所有的生命體都是地球生物多樣性的一部分生命多樣性。生物多樣性的概念可以被分成幾個層次： 景觀 生態(tài)統(tǒng) 物種Genes(geneticdiversity) 基（因樣）I

34、t is important to understand that these are all interconnected. As we know, several species are only found in specific areas, or ecosystems. We do not find many rainforest trees in the desert for example. Some species are adapted to specific temperature ranges or need a minimum amount of rainfall ev

35、ery year to survive. Other species may live their whole lives on land except when it is time to mate. Frogs and toads, for example, lay eggs that need water to develop. Species may also be restricted to an environment because of other species, either because of competition that allow the stronger co

36、mpetitor to occupy the space or by intricate relationships whereby one or more species are dependent on the presence of another species. So it is important to realize that in nature there is often a reason why things are found where they are and that every habitat is a network of species. These spec

37、ies have generally, in turn, evolved to be dependent on each other but also on the specific conditions found in that environment for survival.理解他們之間是互相聯(lián)系的這點(diǎn)很重要。眾所周知，一些物種只能在特定的區(qū)域或者If an area is suddenly destroyed or even disturbed, the chance is often very small that all species will have time to fin

38、d a refuge within reasonable distance to survive. Another very important aspect of this is that the biological diversity also includes things we may not necessarily like such as wasps, venomous snakes, sharks, poison ivy and ticks. Some may say, I can do without those things but I agree that we shou

39、ld help the pandas and dolphins. Well, it is not that simple since in nature, fundamentally, everything plays a role.如果一個區(qū)域突然被破壞或者甚至被擾亂，所有的物種有時間去找到一個在合理距離Why should we strive to conserve habitats and species? Why should we care? The moststriking answer to this question would probably be, to survive

40、as a species ourselves. The only way the human species is going to survive is a careful and sustainable use of the Earths resources.為什么我們應(yīng)該努力去保護(hù)棲息地和物種？我們應(yīng)該關(guān)系什么？這個問題最引人注目的回答可能是：“把我們自己當(dāng)成一個物種去生存”。人類唯一的生存方式是小心和可持續(xù)的利用地球資源。Estimates have varied greatly about how many species there are alive on earth today

41、.Different scientists have estimated between 2 million and 100 million species, where only about1.6 million species have actually been described. New species are being discovered and described every year, especially in the tropics. It was not long ago that whole new ecosystems on the deep- sea floor

42、 were discovered. An environment that was thought to be relatively empty was found to hold a diverse community of organisms living together around deep-sea vents, thousands of meters away from sunlight.已經(jīng)最大范圍的估算了現(xiàn)在地球上還有多少物種存在。不同的科學(xué)家已經(jīng)估算了是二百萬到一億之間，但是實際上只有 160 萬的物種被描述。每年都有新的物種被發(fā)現(xiàn)和被描述，尤其是在熱帶。不久前全新的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

43、在深海層被發(fā)現(xiàn)。在距離陽光數(shù)千米處的深海入口處，一個相對較空的環(huán)境被發(fā)現(xiàn)支撐著多種有機(jī)共同體一起生活。Unfortunately for nature, biodiversity is facing a great challenge due almost entirely to one strong competitorhumans. The rapid increase in global human population has resulted in major threats to our natural environment and many of its species. Hu

44、mans have applied skills to alternature in such abrupt ways that many species have had no chance to adapt to the new conditions. Since no one knows exactly how many species there are, it is difficult to say how fast the extinction rate is. It has on the other hand, been estimated that between five a

45、nd 10 species may disappear every DAY. (Some even say that this number is an understatement). This would add up to several thousand species every year.對自然界不幸的是，生物多樣性正面臨著一個巨大的挑戰(zhàn)人類，幾乎是一個強(qiáng)大5-10 Extinctions have been occurring naturally for as long as earth has existed. The most commonly mentioned mass

46、extinction was when the dinosaurs died out approximately 64 million years ago. The difference nowadays is that the extinction rate during the 20th century seems to have gone several thousands of times faster than before. It is obvious that we do need land grow crops on, and we do need construction m

47、aterial to build houses for people to live in and, of course, we need to find ways to feed all people of the world. The problem is just how we could do this without causing more disturbances on nature, and what the results may be if we ignore the conservation of nature trying to solve these problems

48、.滅絕從地球存在開始就自然而然地出現(xiàn)。最普遍提到的大量滅絕的是 650 萬年前的恐20 Unit 4WetlandsEconomic Benefits of濕地的經(jīng)濟(jì)價值Only recently have we begun to understand the importance of the functions that wetlands perform. Far from being useless, disease-ridden places, wetlands provide values that no other ecosystem can, including natural

49、water quality improvement, flood protection, shoreline erosion control, opportunities for recreation and aesthetic appreciation, and natural products for our use at no cost. Wetlands can provide on or more of these functions. Protecting wetlands in turn can protect our safety and welfare.直到最近，我們才開始認(rèn)

50、識到濕地功能的重要性。濕地可以提供其他生態(tài)系統(tǒng)所不能提供的價值，包括提高自然界中水的質(zhì)量、抗洪、控制海岸線侵蝕、提供娛樂與美學(xué)欣賞機(jī)會和可以無代價的使用自然產(chǎn)品，完全不是一個沒用和疾病橫生的地方。除此之外，濕地還可以提供更多的功能。保護(hù)濕地就是保護(hù)我們的安全和幸福。Water Quality and Hydrology水質(zhì)量與水文學(xué)Wetlands have important filtering capabilities for intercepting surface water runoff from higher dry land before the runoff reaches o

51、pen water. As the runoff water passes through, the wetlands retain excess nutrients and some pollutants, and reduce sediment that would clog waterways and affect fish and amphibian egg development. In performing this filtering function, wetlands save us a great deal of money.濕地具有重要的過濾功能，該功能可以攔截從干旱的高

52、處流到開闊水的地表水。在地表徑流經(jīng)過時，濕地可以儲存過量的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和一些污染物，并減少可能阻塞水道和影響魚類產(chǎn)卵的沉淀物。濕地的過濾功能可以為我們節(jié)省一大筆錢。In addition to improving water quality through filtering, some wetlands maintain flow during dry periods, and many replenish Many Americans depend on groundwater for drinking.除了通過過濾提高水體質(zhì)量，一些濕地可以在干旱時期維持溪流的流動。Flood Protect

53、ion防洪Wetlands function as natural sponges that trap and slowly release surface water, rain, snowmelt, groundwater and flood waters and distribute them more slowly over the floodplain. This combined water storage and braking action lowers flood heights and reduces erosion.Wetlands within and downstre

54、am of urban areas are particularly valuable, counteracting the greatly increased rate and volume of surface water runoff from pavement and buildings.濕地的功能像海綿一樣可以保留和緩慢釋放地表水、雨水、融雪水和地下水。樹、根系及其他濕地植物也可以降低洪水速度并緩慢分配在泛濫平原中。濕地通過儲存與阻礙的功能降低了洪水高度，減緩了土壤侵蝕。城市中的濕地及濕地下游是非常有價值的，因為這可以大大緩沖從路面和建筑中流出的地表徑流的增加速度和體積。The ho

55、lding capacity of wetlands helps control floods and prevents water-logging of crops.Preserving and restoring wetlands, together with other water retention, can often provide the level of flood control otherwise provided by expensive dredge operations and levees. The bottomland hardwood-riparian wetl

56、ands along the Mississippi River once stored at least 60 days ofNow they only 12 days because most have been filled or drained.1612天。Shoreline Erosion海岸線侵蝕The ability of wetlands to control erosion is so valuable that some states in the US are restoring wetlands in coastal areas to buffer the storm

57、surges from hurricanes and tropical storms. Wetlands at the margins of lakes, rivers, bays, and the ocean protect shorelines and stream banks against erosion. Wetland plants hold the soil in place with their roots, absorb the energy of waves, and break up the flow of stream or river currents.濕地控制海岸線

58、侵蝕的功能是非常重要的。因此美國的一些州正在恢復(fù)沿海的濕地并以此來緩沖颶風(fēng)和熱帶風(fēng)暴所帶來的暴風(fēng)雨。湖邊、河邊、海灣邊、海邊的濕地可以保護(hù)海岸線河岸不被侵蝕，濕地植物可以通過根系來保持土壤、吸收水流的能量并分散溪水和河流的流動。Fish and Wildlife Habitatthan one-third of the United States threatened and endangered species live only in wetlands, and nearly half use wetlands at some point in their lives. Many othe

59、r animals and plants depend on wetlands forsurvival.美國超過三分之一的受威脅物種和瀕危物種只能在濕地中生存，接近一半的物種會在一生中某一時刻使用濕地。其他很多的動物和植物依靠濕地生存。Estuarine and marine fish and shellfish, various birds, and certain mammals must have coastal wetlands to survive. Most commercial and game fish breed and raise their young in coasta

60、l marshes and estuaries. Menhaden, flounder, sea trout, spot, croaker, and striped bass are among the more familiar fish that depend on coastal wetlands. Shrimp, oysters, clams, and blue and Dungeness crabs likewise need these wetlands for food, shelter, and breeding grounds.河口和海岸的魚類和貝殼類生物、各種鳥類和某些哺乳