朝鮮族純英文介紹-帶水印

1、MusicMainarticle:MusicofKoreaPansoriPungmulApartfromtheinstrumentsused,traditionalKoreanmusicischaracterizedbyimprovisationandthelackofbreaksbetweenmovements.Apansoriperformancecanlastforovereighthoursduringwhichasinglesingerperformscontinuously.RatherthancontrastingdifferentspeedsasitiscommoninWest

2、ernmusic,mosttraditionalKoreanmusicbeginswiththeslowestmovementandthenacceleratesastheperformancecontinues.Koreancourtmusic,calledjeongak,iscloselyrelatedtotheliterateupper-class,andhasastrongintellectualemphasis.Jeongakisplayedataveryslowpace,withsinglebeatstakingaslongasthreeseconds.Thebeatmatches

3、thespeedofbreathingratherthantheheartbeatasinmostWesternmusic,andfeelsstaticandmeditative.ThetoneofJeongakissoftandtranquilbecausethetraditionalinstrumentsaremadeofnon-metallicmaterials.Stringinstrumentshavestringsmadeofsilkratherthanwire.Almostallwindinstrumentsaremadeofbamboo.PungmulisKoreasfolkmu

4、sicandisfullofexpressionsandemotions.Thiskindoftraditionalmusiciscloselyrelatedtothelivesofcommonpeople.AswiththeJeongak,improvisationiscommoninMinsogak.TraditionalKoreanmusicalinstrumentscanbedividedintowind,string,andpercussiontypes.Windinstrumentsincludethepiri(cylindricaloboe),taepyeongso(metal-

5、bellshawm),daegeumsaenghwang(mouthorgan)andthehun(ocarina).Traditionalstringinstrumentsincludezitherssuchasthegayageum,geomungo,andajaeng,andthehaegeum,atwo-stringedfiddle.Agreatnumberoftraditionalpercussioninstrumentsareusedincludingthekkwaenggwari(hand-heldgong),thejing(hanginggong),buk(barreldrum

6、),janggu,(hourglassdrum),bak(clapper),andpyeonjong(bellchimesorstonechimes),aswellastheeo(tiger-shapedscraper)andthechuk(woodenbox).Mainarticle:KoreanpaintingMainarticle:KoreanpaintingDanceMainarticle:KoreandanceJinjugeommuAswithmusic,thereisadistinctionbetweencourtdancesandfolkdances.Commoncourtdan

7、cesarejeongjaemuperformedatbanquets,andilmu,performedatConfucianrituals.Jeongjaemuisdividedintonativedances(hyangakjeongjae)andformsimportedfromChina(dangakjeongjae).Ilmuaredividedintocivildance(munmu)andmilitarydance(mumu).Religiousdancesincludealltheperformancesatshamanisticrites(gut).Seculardance

8、sincludebothgroupdancesandindividualperformances.Traditionalchoreographyofcourtdancesisreflectedinmanycontemporaryproductions.PaintingAsceneryonDanodayTheearliestpaintingsfoundontheKoreanpeninsulaarepetroglyphsofprehistorictimes.WiththearrivalofBuddhismfromChina,differenttechniqueswereintroduced.The

9、setechniquesquicklyestablishedthemselvesasthemainstreamtechniques,butindigenoustechniquesstillsurvived.Thereisatendencytowardsnaturalismwithsubjectssuchasrealisticlandscapes,flowersandbirdsbeingparticularlypopular.Inkisthemostcommonmaterialused,anditispaintedonmulberrypaperorsilk.Inthe18thcenturyind

10、igenoustechniqueswereadvanced,particularlyincalligraphyandsealengraving.ArtsarebothinfluencedbytraditionandrealisminNorthKorea.Forexample,ansnea-photographicBreakTimeattheIronworksshowsmuscularmendrippingwithsweatanddrinkingwaterfromtincupsataswelteringfoundry.SonsPeakChonnyoofMountKumgangisaclassic

11、alKoreanlandscapeoftoweringcliffsshroudedbymists(source:TheNewYorkTimes,5.SistersDukSoonFwhangandChungSoonFwangODwyerwhofledtotheUnitedStatesinthelate1950savoidovertlypoliticalstatements,andrenderseeminglybenignsubjectsofnatureflowers,birds,fields,insects,mountainsastempestuousandemotionallychargedz

12、onesofconflict.CraftsLacquerdrawerwithmother-of-pearlinlay,attheNationalMuseumofKoreainSeoul.ThereisauniquesetofhandicraftsproducedinKorea.Mostofthehandicraftsarecreatedforaparticulareverydayuse,oftengivingprioritytothepracticaluseratherthanaesthetics.Traditionally,metal,wood,fabric,lacquerware,ande

13、arthenwarewerethemainmaterialsused,butlaterglass,leatherorpaperhavesporadicallybeenused.Ancienthandicrafts,suchasredandblackpottery,sharesimilaritieswithpotteryofChineseculturesalongtheYellowRiver.TherelicsfoundoftheBronzeAge,however,aredistinctiveandmoreelaborate.Manysophisticatedandelaboratehandic

14、raftshavebeenexcavated,includinggiltcrowns,patternedpottery,potsorornaments.DuringtheGoryeoperiodtheuseofbronzewasadvanced.Brass,thatiscopperwithonethirdzinc,hasbeenaparticularlypopularmaterial.Thedynasty,however,isrenownedforitsuseofceladonware.DuringtheJoseonperiodpopularhandicraftsweremadeofporce

15、lainanddecoratedwithbluepainting.Woodcraftwasalsoadvancedduringthatperiod.Thisledtomoresophisticatedpiecesoffurniture,includingwardrobes,chests,tablesordrawers.Mainarticle:KoreanpotteryandporcelainMainarticle:KoreanpotteryandporcelainMainarticle:KoreanpotteryandporcelainMainarticle:Koreanpotteryandp

16、orcelainCeramicsAceladonincenseburnerfromtheGoryeoDynastywithKoreankingfisherglaze.TheuseofearthenwareontheKoreanpeninsulagoesbacktotheNeolithic.ThehistoryofKoreanCeramicsislongandincludesbothKoreanpotteryalaterdevelopmentafterthetraditionaluseofcoilsandhammeredclaytocreateearlyvotiveandsculpturalar

17、tifacts.DuringtheThreeKingdomsperiod,potterywasadvancedinSilla.Thepotterywasfiredusingadeoxidizingflame,whichcausedthedistinctivebluegreyceladoncolor.Thesurfacewasembossedwithvariousgeometricalpatterns.IntheGoryeoperiodjadegreenceladonwarebecamemorepopular.Inthe12thcenturysophisticatedmethodsofinlay

18、ingwereinvented,allowingmoreelaboratedecorationsindifferentcolours.Whiteporcelainbecamepopularinthe15thcentury.Itsoonovertookceladonware.Whiteporcelainwascommonlypaintedordecoratedwithcopper.WiththeJapaneseinvasionsofKoreainthe16thcentury,manypotterswerekidnappedtoJapanwheretheyprofoundlyinfluencedJ

19、apaneseceramics.456ManyleadingJapanesepotteryfamiliestodaycantracetheirartandancestrytotheseKoreanpotterswhomtheJapanesekidnappedbythethousands,suchasduringtheJapaneseAssaultonKoreaof1592.678InthemidJoseonperiod(late17thcentury)blue-and-whiteporcelainbecamepopular.Designswerepaintedincobaltblueonwhi

20、teporcelain.WiththegrowthofJapanshegemonyonthepeninsulatowardstheendofthe19thcenturythetraditionofporcelainlargelydeclinedinfavourofJapaneseimports.However,thefactthatJapansrelocatingwholecitiesofKoreanpottersbyforcetoboostpotterycultureinJapanannulsthemisconceptionthattheJapanesepotterycultureflour

21、ishedatthetime.HomesMainarticle:KoreanarchitectureTraditionalhouse,hanokTraditionalfarmershouse;FolkVillage,SeoulSitesofresidencearetraditionallyselectedusinggeomancy.Itisbelievedthatanytopographicalconfigurationgeneratesinvisibleforcesofgoodorill(gi).Thenegativeandpositiveenergies(yinandyang)mustbe

22、broughtintobalance.Ahouseshouldbebuiltagainstahillandfacesouthtoreceiveasmuchsunlightaspossible.ThisorientationisstillpreferredinmodernKorea.Geomancyalsoinfluencestheshapeofthebuilding,thedirectionitfacesandthematerialitisbuiltof.TraditionalKoreanhousescanbestructuredintoaninnerwing(anchae)andanoute

23、rwing(sarangchae).Theindividuallayoutlargelydependsontheregionandthewealthofthefamily.Whereasaristocratsusedtheouterwingforreceptions,poorerpeoplekeptcattleinthesarangchae.Thewealthierafamily,thelargerthehouse.However,itwasforbiddentoanyfamilyexceptforthekingtohavearesidenceofmorethan99kan.Akanisthe

24、distancebetweentwopillarsusedintraditionalhouses.Theinnerwingnormallyconsistedofalivingroom,akitchenandawooden-flooredcentralhall.Moreroomsmaybeattachedtothis.Poorerfarmerswouldnothaveanyouterwing.Floorheating(ondol)hasbeenusedinKoreaforcenturies.Themainbuildingmaterialsarewood,clay,tile,stone,andth

25、atch.Becausewoodandclaywerethemostcommonmaterialsusedinthepastnotmanyoldbuildingshavesurvivedintopresenttimes.JapanskidnappingofanentirecityknownforitscastlebuildingskillsbuiltJapansmostfamouscastlesandpalaces,anactwhichtheJapanesegovernmenthasformallyacceptedandapologizedfor.Butnowdays,peoplelivein

26、apartmentsandmoremodernizedhouses.GardensMainarticle:KoreangardenHyangwonjeong,agardeninGyeongbokgung,SeoulTheprinciplesoftemplegardensandprivategardensarethesame.TheygenerallyresemblegardensinChina,andtheJapaneseinturnadoptedasimilargardenlayoutfromKorea.PartofthereasonisbecausegardeninginEastAsiai

27、sheavilyinfluencedbyTaoism.Taoismemphasizesnatureandmystery,payinggreatattentiontothedetailsofthelayout.IncontrasttoJapaneseandChinesegardenswhichfillagardenwithmanmadeelements,traditionalKoreangardensavoidartificialities,tryingtomakeagardenmorenaturalthannature.Thelotuspondisanimportantfeatureinthe

28、Koreangarden.Ifthereisanaturalstream,oftenapavilionisbuiltnexttoit,allowingthepleasureofwatchingthewater.TerracedflowerbedsareacommonfeatureintraditionalKoreangardens.ThePoseokjeongsitenearGyeongjuwasbuiltintheSillaperiod.IthighlightstheimportanceofwaterintraditionalKoreangardens.ThegardenofPoseokje

29、ongfeaturesanabalone-shapedwatercourse.DuringthelastdaysoftheSillakingdom,thekingsguestswouldsitalongthewatercourseandchatwhilewinecupswerefloatedduringbanquets.DressMainarticle:HanbokHanbokHwarot,bridalrobeSeealsoListofKoreanclothing.Thetraditionaldressknownashanbok(,)(knownasjoseonotintheDPRK)hasb

30、eenwornsinceancienttimes.Thehanbokconsistsofashirt(jeogori)andpants(baji).Thetraditionalhatiscalledgwanmoandspecialmeaningisattachedtothispieceofclothing.Accordingtosocialstatus,Koreansusedtodressdifferently,makingclothinganimportantmarkofsocialrank.Impressive,butsometimescumbersome,costumeswerewornbytherulingclassandtheroyalfamily.Jewelrywasalsousedtodistancet