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1、計算機專業(yè)英語東莞理工學院 計算機學院趙維佺(博士、副教授)Email:zhaowqTel短號:784069)/ Computer Professional English 10/10/1計算機專業(yè)英語教程第1頁課程介紹(一)學習應用點: 閱讀文件,科技論文寫作,匯報,發(fā)郵件課程性質(zhì):考查課理論課時:32與普通英語區(qū)分:專業(yè)性,科技性表現(xiàn)形式: 詞匯組成,時態(tài)與語態(tài),符號表示方法,翻譯方法 10/10/2計算機專業(yè)英語教程第2頁課程介紹(二)課程學習:課前預習+課堂講授+課后練習+ 學生自己做匯報練習內(nèi)容:以組為單位,閱讀一篇專業(yè)文 獻,以匯報形式講解展示;考試形式:

2、閉卷成績百分比:平時出勤、作業(yè)(20%) 小組課堂匯報(20%) 卷面考試(60%)10/10/3計算機專業(yè)英語教程第3頁教 材 內(nèi) 容 簡 介本書包含了大量與計算機專業(yè)基礎、專業(yè)技術及專業(yè)前沿知識相關英文資料,并依據(jù)知識點分成28課。分別講述了計算機硬件基礎、計算機系統(tǒng)結構、計算機軟件思想、編程語言、計算機網(wǎng)絡結構、電子商務應用、計算機圖像與動畫以及計算機領域新技術等內(nèi)容。每課內(nèi)容相對獨立,如數(shù)據(jù)結構、操作系統(tǒng)、無線網(wǎng)絡、遠程教育、人工智能、電子支付等。每課后均附有重點詞匯、課文難點注釋、練習、兩篇與課文內(nèi)容相關閱讀材料以及計算機專業(yè)英語中相關語法知識講述或專業(yè)術語介紹。書末附有練習答案,同

3、時提供課文及第一篇閱讀材料參考譯文。 10/10/4計算機專業(yè)英語教程第4頁目 錄 Unit 1 Introduction of Computers Unit 2 CPU and Memory Unit 3 Input and Output Systems Unit 4 C+ Language Unit 5 Operating System Unit 6 Data Structure Unit 7 Database Principle 10/10/5計算機專業(yè)英語教程第5頁目 錄Unit 8 Principles of Compiler Unit 9 Software Engineering

4、Unit 10 MultimediaUnit 11 Distance EducationUnit 12 Computer Graphics and ImagesUnit 13 AnimationUnit 14 Grid Computing10/10/6計算機專業(yè)英語教程第6頁目 錄Unit 15 Distributed SystemsUnit 16 Computer Network BasicsUnit 17 InternetUnit 18 Wireless NetworkUnit 19 Computer VirusUnit 20 Office AutomationUnit 21 Virtua

5、l Reality10/10/7計算機專業(yè)英語教程第7頁目 錄Unit 22 Artificial IntelligentUnit 23 Neural NetworkUnit 24 Introduction of Electronic CommerceUnit 25 Electronic Payment SystemUnit 26 Logistics and Supply-chain managementUnit 27 Electronic MarketingUnit 28 Computer Security10/10/8計算機專業(yè)英語教程第8頁Unit 1 Introduction of C

6、omputers1.1 TextA computer is a digital electronic data processing system. Digital computer uses the binary number system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary is called a bit. Information represented in digital computers is in groups of bits. 10/10/9計算機專業(yè)英語教程第9頁Notes 1 By using various coding te

7、chniques, group of bits can be made to represent not only binary number but also other discrete symbols, such as decimal digits or letter of alphabet.譯文:經(jīng)過應用各種編碼技術,字位組合不但能夠用來表示二進制數(shù),還能夠表示其它離散符號,比如十進制數(shù)字和字母表上字母等。說明:本句“By using various coding techniques”作狀語,主句采取被動語態(tài)。10/10/10計算機專業(yè)英語教程第10頁Computer Develop

8、ment The First Generation of Computers (1946 through 1959). Through 1950, several other notable computers were built, each contributing significant advancements, such as binary arithmetic, random access, and the concept of stored programs. 到1950年,又制造了幾臺著名計算機,而且每臺都取得了很大進展,如二進制運算,隨機存取和存放程序概念。 10/10/11

9、計算機專業(yè)英語教程第11頁Computer DevelopmentThe Second Generation of Computers (1959 through 1964) 2 The transistor meant more powerful, more reliable, and less expensive computers that would occupy less space and give off less heat than did vacuum-tube-powered computers.譯文:使用晶體管可做成功效更強、更可靠、更價廉計算 機,它與真空管計算機相比占

10、地面積小,功耗小。說明:本句“that”引導定語從句,修飾賓語“computers”。10/10/12計算機專業(yè)英語教程第12頁Computer DevelopmentThe Third Generation of Computers (1964 through 1971) In time, the conversion of information systems from second-generation to third-generation hardware was written off as the price of progress. 這時(很快),信息系統(tǒng)從第二代向第三代硬件

11、轉換完成了。 written off:注銷;很快完成 as the price of progress:因為價格進步 10/10/13計算機專業(yè)英語教程第13頁Computer DevelopmentThe Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 through now) First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistors per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI),

12、 with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. 首先,出現(xiàn)了一個芯片上含有數(shù)百和數(shù)千個晶體管大規(guī)模集成電路(LSI),接著出現(xiàn)了一個芯片上含有數(shù)萬和數(shù)十萬個晶體管超大規(guī)模集成電路(VLSI)。10/10/14計算機專業(yè)英語教程第14頁Some people prefer to pinpoint the start of the fourth generation as 1971, with introduction of large-scale integration (more circuits per un

13、it space) of electronic circuitry. 有些人主張把推出大規(guī)模集成電路(單位空間上有更多電路)1971年作為第四代計算機開始。However, other computer designers argue that if we accept this premise, then there would probably have been a fifth, a sixth, and maybe a seventh generation since 1971. 然而其它計算機設計者爭辯說假如接收這個觀點,則可能在1971年后已經(jīng)有了第五代、第六代、甚至第七代計算機。

14、10/10/15計算機專業(yè)英語教程第15頁Computer types Microcomputer is generally a synonym for the more common term, personal computer, or PC, which is a small single-user computer based on a microprocessor. 微型機通常是更慣用術語“個人計算機”或“PC”同義詞。個人計算機是基于微型機基礎上小型單用戶計算機。3 In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has

15、 a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. 譯文:除了微型處理器,個人計算機還有輸入數(shù)據(jù)鍵盤、顯示信息顯示器和存放數(shù)據(jù)存放裝置。 說明:本句中“In addition to the microprocessor”是狀語,賓語是“keyboard”、“monitor”和“storage device”,賓語后“for”結構是賓語補足語。10/10/16計算機專業(yè)英語教程第16頁Computer typesWorkstation

16、is a powerful single-user computer. 工作站是功效強大單用戶計算機。Mainframe or mainframe computer is a powerful multi-user computer. 大型機或大型計算機是一個功效強大多用戶計算機。Minicomputer is a multi-user computer of a size between a microcomputer and a mainframe. 小型機是一個多用戶計算機,尺寸介于微型機和大型機之間。Supercomputer is an extremely fast computer

17、 that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.巨型機是一個速度極快計算機,每秒能執(zhí)行上億條指令。10/10/17計算機專業(yè)英語教程第17頁Desktop ComputersDesktop computers are the natural choice when a computer remains in the same place for all of its working life. 譯文:當一臺計算機在它整個工作期間一直都被放在同一個地方時,臺式計算機是一個理所當然選擇。說明:本句由“when”引導

18、時間狀語從句。 In addition, the common parts specifications allow a repair shop to maintain a smaller inventory because they can use the same parts in many different desktop computer makes and models.譯文:另外,普通配件說明書中都允許維修車間維持較少庫存量,這是因為他們能夠在不一樣品牌和模型臺式計算機上使用相同配件。說明:本句由“because”引導原因狀語從句,“to maintain a smaller i

19、nventory”作賓語補足語。10/10/18計算機專業(yè)英語教程第18頁Desktop ComputersDesktop computers are modular systems that make it easy to add or replace individual parts to meet each users particular requirements. 臺式計算機采取模塊化設計,使得在滿足每位用戶特殊需求時能夠輕易添加和替換單個部件。10/10/19計算機專業(yè)英語教程第19頁A computer intended for an illustrator or a compu

20、ter-aided designer might have a higher-quality graphics controller and video display, where a purchasing agent may not use anything more demanding than a word processor and a spreadsheet.假如一臺計算機要求能夠畫圖或者帶有計算機輔助設計系統(tǒng),則要配置更高質(zhì)量顯卡及顯示設備,而一個采購人要求使用字處理軟件和報表系統(tǒng)也并不是什么過分事情。Graphics 圖形 video 視頻10/10/20計算機專業(yè)英語教程第2

21、0頁Modular design also means that you can transfer some old parts to your new computer when your old faithful machine that has finally become obsolescent.模塊化設計也意味著當要扔掉已經(jīng)廢棄計算機時,能夠將一些舊配件放在新計算機上。Faithful 可信,忠誠Obsolescent 荒廢,廢棄10/10/21計算機專業(yè)英語教程第21頁You can not use a brand-new memory module or the latest d

22、isk drives with a 10-year-old motherboard because the designs have changed to accommodate newer and better processors and other devices. 不能使用一個新品牌內(nèi)存或者近期生產(chǎn)硬盤去匹配十年前生產(chǎn)主板,因為設計要求它們匹配更新更加好處理器和其它設備。module 模塊Accommodate適應,供給,匹配10/10/22計算機專業(yè)英語教程第22頁Of course, there is a point of diminishing returns where it

23、is better and less costly to buy a new system, but just about every desktop computer has room for economical improvement.當然,有一個收益遞減觀點,就是購置一個新系統(tǒng)會更加好且成本會更低,但幾乎全部桌面計算機都含有經(jīng)濟方面改進空間。10/10/23計算機專業(yè)英語教程第23頁Desktop Computers The CPU chip in a desktop systemthe central processing unit that controls everything

24、elseis also relatively easy to remove and replace with a faster CPU with similar architecture, and that fits in the same socket. CPU是臺式計算機系統(tǒng)中央處理器,用來控制系統(tǒng)中個每件事情,移走它或用一個相同結構、能夠匹配一樣插槽快速CPU來替換,相對來講也是輕易。10/10/24計算機專業(yè)英語教程第24頁Keywords accommodate 供給,適應,調(diào)整alphabet 字母表arrangements 安排,整理,約定compatibility 兼容性,一致

25、性configure 配置conversion 改變,轉換discrete 離散,分立eliminate 消去,淘汰emergence 出現(xiàn),發(fā)生expansion 擴展,擴大evolutionary 發(fā)展,進化illustrator 說明者instruction 指令latch 取得,抓住,封閉mainframe 大型機10/10/25計算機專業(yè)英語教程第25頁Keywords manufacturer 制造商notable 顯著,著名obsolescent 廢棄,淘汰occupy 占據(jù),占用portable 便攜式prominent 突出,主要proprietary 專有,獨占reliab

26、le 可靠,確實represent 描述,表示revolutionary 革命性silicon 硅socket 插座,插槽transistor 三極管vacuum 真空10/10/26計算機專業(yè)英語教程第26頁1.2 Reading Material 1:MotherboardMotherboard is generally rectangular circuit board.Motherboard is usually composed of a CPU slot, an AGP slot, a CNR slot, five PCI slots, three DIMM slots, two

27、IDE interfaces, a floppy drive interface, two serial ports, one parallel port, a PS/2 keyboard interface, a PS/2 mouse interface, two USB interfaces, erasable BIOS, control chip sets and other components. 10/10/27計算機專業(yè)英語教程第27頁Sound Card and Graphics Sound card is audio sound card. Its basic function

28、 is to produce and handle voice signals, and then transfer the signals to the speakers. Graphics works more as a coprocessor. It is right for accelerating graphics processing operation, and the CPU can handle other more important tasks. 10/10/28計算機專業(yè)英語教程第28頁Keywordsaccelerate 加速,促進attention 注意,留心cha

29、ssissi 機箱lever 杠桿merely 只,純粹needle 針,磁針orifice 口,孔popularity 普及,流行rectangular 矩形strictly 精密地,嚴格地10/10/29計算機專業(yè)英語教程第29頁1.3 Reading Material 2:Notebook ComputerHigher performance of CPUs, multimedia technology, as well as bigger memory and large-capacity silicon chips allow manufacturers to put in fanc

30、ier things into notebook computers. The trend of notebook computers is as follows:Faster speed. Processors used are now usually fast CPUs.Large storage capacity.Multimedia capabilities. To support microphones, headphones, video-performance, and CD-ROM.Easier input methods. Pen, voice, and speech rec

31、ognition in future.Built-in data communication support. Networking, built-in modern, even wireless support.10/10/30計算機專業(yè)英語教程第30頁Keywords affordable 負擔得起compromise 折衷方案,調(diào)和fancier 行家,空想家headphone 頭戴受話器,耳機innovation 創(chuàng)新,革新interview 協(xié)商,會談intuitive 直覺,直觀返回10/10/31計算機專業(yè)英語教程第31頁Unit 2 CPU and Memory10/10/32

32、計算機專業(yè)英語教程第32頁Unit2 CPU and Memory Keywordsconstraint 約束,強制力contribute 貢獻distinguish 區(qū)分,區(qū)分emit 發(fā)射,發(fā)行independently 獨立地,任意地kilobyte 千字節(jié)megahertz 兆赫mainstream 主流manipulate mnipjuleit 處理,控制performance 性能10/10/33計算機專業(yè)英語教程第33頁Keywordspermanent 永久,不變Quadrillion kwdriljn 千五次冪,千萬億register 存放器respective 分別,各自s

33、erially 連續(xù)地,順次server 服務器Simultaneously saimlteinisli 同時發(fā)生specification 規(guī)范,規(guī)格,說明tendency 傾向,趨勢10/10/34計算機專業(yè)英語教程第34頁CPU and Memory2.1 TextThe CPU means the Central Processing Unit. It is the heart of a computer system. Cpu是指中央處理單元。它是計算機系統(tǒng)心臟(關鍵)。10/10/35計算機專業(yè)英語教程第35頁NOTESA processor is a functional uni

34、t that interprets and carries out instructions.處理器是解釋并執(zhí)行指令功效部件。10/10/36計算機專業(yè)英語教程第36頁Notes Every processor comes with a unique set of operations such as ADD, STORE, or LOAD that represent the processors instruction set.譯文:每個處理器都有一個獨特諸如ADD、STORE或LOAD這么操作集,這個操作集就是該處理器指令系統(tǒng)。說明:本句賓語是“operations such as AD

35、D, STORE, or LOAD”,“that represent the processors instruction set”作定語,修飾賓語。10/10/37計算機專業(yè)英語教程第37頁NOTESComputer designers are fond of calling their computer machines, so the instruction set is something referred to as machine instructions and the binary language in which they are written is called mac

36、hine language. 計算機系統(tǒng)設計者習慣將計算機稱為機器, 所以該指令系統(tǒng)有時也稱做機器指令系統(tǒng),而 書寫它們二進制語言叫做機器語言。10/10/38計算機專業(yè)英語教程第38頁NOTESA processor is composed of two functional units: a control unit and an arithmetic/logic unit, and a set of special workspaces called registers. 處理器有兩個功效部件(控制部件和算術邏輯部件)和一組稱做存放器特殊工作單元組成。10/10/39計算機專業(yè)英語教程第

37、39頁NotesInstead,the system clock sets the speed of “frequency” for data transport and instruction execution. 系統(tǒng)時鐘與保留天天時間“實際時鐘”不 同(The system is not the same as a “real-time clock” that keep track of the time of day )。系統(tǒng)時鐘設置數(shù)據(jù)傳輸和指令執(zhí)行速度和頻率。10/10/40計算機專業(yè)英語教程第40頁Notes The clock rate set by the system cl

38、ock determines the speed at which the computer can execute an instruction and, therefore, limits the number of instructions that a computer can complete within a specific amount of time.譯文:系統(tǒng)時鐘頻率決定了計算機執(zhí)行指令速度,所以限制了計算機在一定時間內(nèi)所能執(zhí)行指令數(shù)。說明:這是一個并列句,主語只有一個,“set by the system clock”作定語,修飾主語“The clock rate”,謂語

39、有兩個“determines”和“l(fā)imits”,“at which the computer can execute an instruction”作定語,修飾賓語“speed”,而“that a computer can complete within a specific amount of time”也是定語,修飾“instructions”。10/10/41計算機專業(yè)英語教程第41頁NotesFor example, a CPU with an 8-bit word size is referred to as an 8-bit processor ,it has 8-bit reg

40、isters and manipulates 8-bit at a time. 比如,字長為8位CPU被稱為8位處理器,它存放器是8位寬,能夠同時處理 8位數(shù)據(jù)。10/10/42計算機專業(yè)英語教程第42頁NotesThere has also been a tendency toward special instructions that make certain operations particularly efficient, and the addition of hardware virtual memory support and L1 caching on the process

41、or chip. 還有一個趨勢是用特殊指令使某個運算尤其有效,以及在處理器芯片上增加硬件虛擬內(nèi)存支持和L1緩存。10/10/43計算機專業(yè)英語教程第43頁NotesAnd even home machines will start bumping up against the 2GB or 4GB limit pretty soon if current trends continue. 按當前趨勢發(fā)展下去,就連家用計算機也很快會遇上2GB和4GB極限。 Pretty 相當,頗10/10/44計算機專業(yè)英語教程第44頁NotesA 64-bit chip has none of these c

42、onstraints because a 64-bit RAM address space is essentially infinite for the foreseeable future264 bytes of RAM is something on the order of quadrillion gigabytes of RAM。 64位芯片沒有這種限制,因為64位RAM地址空間在能夠預見未來實際上是無限,因為264字節(jié)內(nèi)存是千萬億GB內(nèi)存數(shù)量級。10/10/45計算機專業(yè)英語教程第45頁Notes With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-s

43、peed data buses on the motherboard, 64-bit machines also offer faster I/O speeds to things like hard disk drives and video cards.譯文:利用主板上64位地址總線與寬高速數(shù)據(jù)總線,64位機器還提供了硬盤驅動器、顯示卡等高速I/O速度。說明:本句“With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard”作狀語,“to things like hard disk drives

44、and video cards”是賓語補足語。10/10/46計算機專業(yè)英語教程第46頁Notes People doing video editing and people doing photographic editing on very large images can benefit from this kind of computing power.譯文:這類計算功效對進行視頻編碼和進行超大圖像照片編輯人有好處。說明:本句主語是并列兩個“people”,“doing video editing”修飾第一個“people”,“doing photographic editing on

45、 very large images”修飾第二個“people”。10/10/47計算機專業(yè)英語教程第47頁NotesAn SIMD architecture also has a single instruction cycle, but multiple sets of operands may be fetched to multiple processing units and may be operated upon simultaneously within a single instruction cycle. 單指令流多數(shù)據(jù)流結構也是只有單一指令周期。不過,其多個處理器能夠取多

46、個操作數(shù),且能夠在單一指令周期內(nèi)同時執(zhí)行。 Fetch 取得10/10/48計算機專業(yè)英語教程第48頁NotesIn an MIMD architecture, several instruction cycles may be active at any given time, each independently fetching instructions and operands into multiple processing units and operating on them in a concurrent fashion. 在多指令流多數(shù)據(jù)流結構中,在任何給定時間內(nèi)能夠有多個指

47、令周期,且每個指令周期均獨立地取指令和操作數(shù),送到多個處理器中,且以并行方式執(zhí)行。10/10/49計算機專業(yè)英語教程第49頁NOTES The memory unit is an essential component in any digit computer since it is needed for storing the programs that are executed by the CPU.譯文:任何一臺數(shù)字計算機都需要存放CPU所執(zhí)行程序,所以,存放器是計算機最主要部件之一。說明:本句由“since”引導原因狀語從句。10/10/50計算機專業(yè)英語教程第50頁NOTESA v

48、ery fast CPU can execute an instruction so quickly that it often must wait for data to be delivered from RAM, which slow processing. 高速CPU處理指令速度非???,以至于大部分時間不得不等候從處理速度很慢RAM傳送數(shù)據(jù),這影響了處理速度。10/10/51計算機專業(yè)英語教程第51頁2.4 專業(yè)英語詞匯組成特點專業(yè)英語構詞有以下兩個顯著特點:大部分專業(yè)詞匯來自希臘語和拉丁語;前綴和后綴出現(xiàn)效率非常高。希臘語和拉丁語是當代專業(yè)英語詞匯基礎。各行各業(yè)都有一些自己領域專業(yè)詞

49、匯,有是伴隨本專業(yè)發(fā)展應運而生,有是借用公共英語中詞匯,有是借用外來語言詞匯,有則是人為結構詞匯。52第52頁 計算機專業(yè)英語中常見詞匯類型有以下幾個。 1.技術詞匯和次技術詞匯 技術詞匯意義狹窄、單一,普通只使用在各自專業(yè)范圍內(nèi),因而專業(yè)性很強。這類詞普通較長而且越長詞義越狹窄,出現(xiàn)頻率也不高。 比如: Superconductivity(超導性),amplifier(放大器),flip-flop(觸發(fā)器)等。 次技術詞匯是指不受上下文限制各專業(yè)中出現(xiàn)頻率都很高詞。這類詞往往在不一樣專業(yè)中含有不一樣含義。 比如:register在計算機系統(tǒng)中表示存放器,在電學中表示計數(shù)器、統(tǒng)計器,在樂器中表

50、示音區(qū),而在日常生活中則表示登記簿、名冊、掛號信等。53第53頁 2.合成詞 合成詞是專業(yè)英語中另一大類詞匯,其組成面廣,多數(shù)以短劃線“-”連接單詞組成,或者采取短語組成。合成方法有名詞+名詞、形容詞+名詞、動詞+副詞、名詞+動詞、介詞+名詞、形容詞+動詞等。不過合成詞并非隨意能夠結構,不然會形成一個非正常英語句子結構,即使可由多個單詞組成合成詞,但這種合成方式太冗長,應盡可能防止。 下面這些是由短劃線“-”連接而成合成詞。 file+basedfile-based 基于文件 object+orientedobject-oriented 面向對象 point+to+pointpoint-to-

51、point 點到點 line+by+lineline-by-line 逐行 伴隨詞匯專用化,合成詞中間連接符被省略掉,形成了一個獨立單詞。如: in+putinput 輸入 work+shopworkshop 車間 on+lineonline 在線54第54頁 英語中有很多專業(yè)術語由兩個或更多詞組成,叫做復合術語。它們組成成份即使看起來是獨立,但實際上合起來組成一個完整概念。 computer language 計算機語言 machine building 機器制造 3.派生詞 這種方法也叫綴合,這類詞匯非常多,專業(yè)英語詞匯大部分都是用派生法組成,它是依據(jù)已經(jīng)有詞,經(jīng)過對詞根加上各種前綴和后綴

52、組成新詞。這些詞綴有名詞詞綴,如:inter-,sub-,in-,tele-,micro-等;形容詞詞綴,如:im-,un-,-able,-al,-ing,-ed等;動詞詞綴,如:re-,under-,de-,-en,con-等。 其中,采取前綴組成單詞在計算機專業(yè)英語中占了很大百分比。 英語前綴是有固定意義,記住其中一些慣用前綴對55第55頁于記憶生詞和猜測詞義很有幫助。加前綴組成新詞只改變詞義,不改變詞性。加后綴組成新詞可能改變也可能不改變詞義,但普通改變詞性。有派生詞加后綴時候,語音或拼寫可能發(fā)生改變。從一個詞后綴能夠判別它詞類,這是它語法意義。它們詞匯意義往往并不顯著。 下面是一些經(jīng)典

53、派生詞。 1)hyper- 超級 hyperswitch 超級交換機 hypersonic 超音速 2)inter- 相互,在之間 interlace 隔行掃描 interactive 交互 3)micro- 微型 microprocessor 微處理器 microwave 微波 4)multi- 多,多 multiprocessor 多處理器 multicast 多點傳送56第56頁5)poly- 多,復,聚polycrystal 多晶體 polymorphism 多態(tài)性6)re- 再,重新rerun 重新運行 resetup 重新設置7)semi- 半 semiconductor 半導體

54、semidiameter 半徑8)super- 超級superclass 超類 superstructure 上層建筑 9)tele- 遠程,電Telescope 望遠鏡 teleconference 遠程會議10)ultra- 超出,極端ultraspeed 超高速 ultramicroscope 超顯微鏡57第57頁11)un- 反,不,非unformat 未格式化 undelete 恢復12)-able 可能adjustable 可調(diào)整 portable 便攜13)-ate 成為,處理eliminate 消除 estimate 預計,估算 14)-ic 有特征,屬于elastic 靈活

55、atomic 原子15)-ive 有性質(zhì),與相關productive 生產(chǎn) active 主動16)-ize 化,變成 industrialize 使工業(yè)化 optimize 完善58第58頁 17)-lity 性能 reliability 可靠性 confidentiality 保密性 18)-ment 行為,狀態(tài) development 發(fā)展 adjustment 調(diào)整 19)-meter 計量儀器 barometer 氣壓表 telemeter 測距儀 20)-ware 件,部件 hardware 硬件 software 軟件 4.借用詞 借用詞是指借用公共英語及日常生活用語中詞匯來表示

56、專業(yè)含義。借用詞普通來自廠商名、商標名、產(chǎn)品代號名、創(chuàng)造者名、地名等,也可將普通公共英語詞匯演變成專業(yè)詞意而59第59頁實現(xiàn)。也有對原來詞匯賦予新意義。如: cache 高速緩存 flag 標志 mailbomb 郵件炸彈 semaphore 信號量 英語科技問題有很多詞匯并不是專業(yè)術語,但在日常口語中用得不是很多,它們多見于書面語中。掌握這類詞對閱讀科技文件或寫科技論文十分主要。如: circumstance 情況 compensation 賠償 initial 初始 nonetheless 然而 5.經(jīng)過詞類轉化組成新詞 指一個詞不改變詞形,而由一個詞類轉化為另一個或幾個詞類,有時發(fā)生重音

57、或尾音改變。英語中名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞能夠轉化成名詞。但最活躍是名詞轉化成動詞和動詞轉化成名詞。 如:60第60頁 but(連詞)不過 but(介詞)除了 coordinate(動詞)協(xié)調(diào) coordinate(名詞)坐標 island(名詞)小島 island(動詞)隔離 名詞化是英語科技文體中一個非經(jīng)常見現(xiàn)象。所謂名詞化就是把動詞變成有動作含義名詞。假如是動詞短語或者是句子,則把這個短語句子變成名詞短語。 “air moves”能夠轉化成“the motion of air”,其含義為“空氣運動”,air是motion行為主體。 “to apply force”能夠轉換成“the ap

58、plication of force”,其含義為“應用力”,force是application賓語。 “analytical chemists develop the equipment”能夠轉換成“the development of the equipment by analytical chemists”,其含義為“由分析化學家開發(fā)設備”,“analytical chemists”是“the development”行為主體。61第61頁2.2 Reading Material 1:Hard DisksHard disks were invented in the 1950s. They

59、 started as large disks up to 20 inches in diameter holding just a few megabytes. A typical desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 10 and 40 gigabytes. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files. 10/10/62計算機專業(yè)英語教程第62頁Keywordsaluminum 鋁coil 一圈,盤繞detach 分開,脫離equalize 均

60、衡,調(diào)整incredibly 驚人。不可思議platter 圓盤seal 密封,隔離tolerance 忍受,耐性underneath 在下面,在底部wedge 楔,楔形10/10/63計算機專業(yè)英語教程第63頁2.3 Reading Material 2:RISCRISC processors only use simple instructions that can be executed within one clock cycle. These RISC “reduced instructions” require less transistors of hardware space

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