常用詞匯、詞組辨

1、常用詞匯、詞組辨析 形近詞、近義詞1abroad, aboard, boardabroad 意為“在國外” 。I have decided to study abroad next year. aboard的意思是“登（機(jī)），上（車船等）”，與動詞go搭配表示“登機(jī)”等。It is time to go aboard. 現(xiàn)在該登機(jī)了。Board常用來表示“登機(jī)，上船”，是動詞。We are asked to board half an hour before departure time. 2access, assessAccess n. 接近，進(jìn)入 (to)The people living

2、 in these apartments have free access to the swimming pool. 住在這些公寓里的人可以免費(fèi)進(jìn)入游泳池。Assess 評估（財產(chǎn)，價值）I assessed how much it would cost to build a new apartment. 我評估了一下建一套新的公寓要多少錢。3accident, event, incident 三個詞都可以表示“事件”。Accident多指造成損失的意外事故，如車禍等。固定短語by accident（=by chance）意為“偶然” 。Incident意為“事件”，一般指比較次要的事件，但

3、也可以指在政治上會引起國際爭端的事件、事變，作為形容詞時，其相應(yīng)的短語be incident to意為“易發(fā)生.的”。Event指較重大的事件或歷史事件，復(fù)數(shù)形式意為“時局，時事”。例如：4accident, event, incidentThe July 7th Incident of 1937 1937年七七事變A disease incident to children 兒童易發(fā)病He met with an accident during this journey.他在這次旅途中出事了。An important event 大事5acquire, require, inquireAcq

4、uire的意思是“通過自己的努力獲得，習(xí)得”。 She has acquired a new set of interests. Require的意思是“要求”The rules require us all to be present. Inquire的意思是“調(diào)查、詢問、打聽”Why dont you inquire by telephone.6accuse, charge兩個動詞都有“控訴，指控”之意，但他們后面所搭配的介詞不同。Accuse指“控，控訴”，與介詞of連用。The police accused him of theft.警察指控他犯有盜竊罪。Charge 可以指因為小錯而

5、受到的責(zé)備，也指因為違法而受到控告，與介詞“with”連用。The police charged him with murder.警察指控他犯了謀殺罪。7adapt, adoptAdapt的意思是“改編，改做用；適應(yīng)”。I suggest that he should adapt himself to new conditions. 。This play has been skillfully adapted from the original novel.這部戲是根據(jù)原小說巧妙地改編過來。Adopt 是“收養(yǎng)；采納，采用”之意。Her mother had adopted a disappr

6、oving attitude. They have decided to adopt me as their own daughter.8affect, influence,effectAffect作影響可分為三種情況：直接的、有形的力量作用于某種事物或事件并使之發(fā)生變化。例：They try to affect the size of crop by using fertilizer.他們施肥料使莊稼長大。用于表示對事物產(chǎn)生不好的影響。Expose to intense light affects ones eyes adversely.暴露在強(qiáng)光下會損害眼睛。9affect指對另外一個人感

7、情上的影響，感染，感動Music affects some people very strongly.音樂對一些人有強(qiáng)烈的感染力。He was much affected at the sad sight.他深為這一悲傷的情景所感動。10influenceInfluence通常指“不易察覺到的、潛移默化的影響”，往往是間接的，通過說服或以實際行動樹立榜樣而對他人產(chǎn)生影響。He was influenced by a middle school teacher to take up the study of medicine.他受到一位中學(xué)教師的影響而學(xué)了醫(yī)。11effect 產(chǎn)生，引起，用作名

8、詞時表示效果、效應(yīng)。如：The war effected changes all over the world.Once out of the earths gravity， the astronaut is _by the problem of weightlessness. A） affected B） effected C） inclined D） related 12alive, live, living, livelyAlive adj. 活著的，有活力的，常作表語。作定語時必須后置。After the road accident, he was barely alive.交通事故后

9、，他奄奄一息。All man alive所有活著的人Live活的，有活力的，現(xiàn)場直播的。We watched the live broadcast of the opera on TV.我們通過電視看了這部歌劇的實況。13living, livelyLiving活著的，作定語可前可后，可修飾人也可修飾物。Who is the worlds greatest living artist? 誰是現(xiàn)在還在世的最偉大的藝術(shù)家。Living room起居室Lively活潑的，栩栩如生的。She is a lively young girl, always laughing and doing thing

10、s.她是個活潑可愛的小姑娘，總是歡聲笑語忙個不停。14assemble, resembleassemble意為“集中，集合，裝配”。People began to assemble on the platform.人們開始向月臺聚集。In that factory they can assemble a car in less than 15 minutes.Resemble的意思是“相像”。Smith resembles his father very much in all his ways.史密斯各方面都像他的父親。15assure, ensure, insure, reassureAs

11、sure和ensure都有 “保證，確?！敝?。Assure指十分肯定地向某人保證某事一定要發(fā)生，使其放心，因此后面往往跟人做賓語。I assure you of the reliability of the information.我可以向你保證這消息是可靠的。Ensure強(qiáng)調(diào)能保證某種行為或某事件的結(jié)果一定發(fā)生。Ensure that it is written into your contract.16assure, ensure, insure, reassureInsure特指“保險，替.做保險”。Is your house insured against fire? 你的房子做了防

12、火保險了嗎？Reassure意為“使人放心，使人安心，再向.保證”。The woman was worried about the dangers of taking aspirins, but her doctor reassured her.這名婦女擔(dān)心服用阿司匹林會帶來危險，但她的醫(yī)生讓她放心。17average, common, general, universal, usualAverage普通的，一般的，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一般水準(zhǔn)或普通水準(zhǔn)。通常用在有數(shù)字出現(xiàn)的情況下，表示“平均的”。The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes

13、.一般水平的跑步者15分鐘內(nèi)跑兩英里。Common常見的，普通的，不足為奇的，有時引申為“平凡的”，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的共同性。另外，他還有“公共的，共同的”之意。Car accidents are a common occurrence.18generalGeneral普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性而非個別和例外，該詞的反義詞為particular。In general, the economy is doing well now.總的來說，現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)形勢還不錯。19universal, usualUniversal普遍的，比general語氣更強(qiáng)，有“全然沒有例外”的意思。Povert

14、y is a universal problem all over the world.貧困是世界各地普遍存在的問題。Usual通常的，慣常的，強(qiáng)調(diào)“習(xí)慣性的，符合規(guī)章制度的”，是個一般用語。Ill meet you at the usual time.20award, rewardAward指正式地或官方地頒發(fā)，授予，給予。也可以指法庭裁決給予。后面可以跟雙賓語。The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.學(xué)校校長將歷史獎授予最出色的學(xué)生。21Reward酬勞，獎賞，回報，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了

15、某種服務(wù)兒應(yīng)得到報酬或酬謝，其后一般以人或人的行為做賓語。后跟with用來說明以何物作為報酬。I will reward $50 to the person who returns my lost dog.我將出50美元，酬謝幫我找回丟失的狗的人。22awake, wake, waken, awaken這四個詞中最常用的是wake，尤其在口語中。Awake和awaken多用于引申詞義，awake常用作不及物動詞，awaken/waken多用于做及物動詞。Wake為動詞，意思是“醒來”。My brother wakes at seven each morning.我弟弟每天早上7點(diǎn)鐘醒來。23A

16、waken是動詞，意為“叫醒”，多用于引申意義“覺醒，引起”。This at once awakened suspicion.這馬上引起了大家的懷疑。Awake意為“醒來，叫醒”，作形容詞是意為“醒著，覺醒”。When he awoke Joseph was beside him.當(dāng)他醒來時，約瑟夫就在他身邊。The national spirit awoke.民族精神覺醒了。24Waken意為“醒來，叫醒”。She gently wakened the sleeping child.她輕輕地叫醒熟睡的孩子 25barely, hardly, rarely, scarcely四個單詞意義相近，

17、都表示否定概念，但也有一些差別。Rarely意為“難得，不?！保╪ot often）Rarely have I seen him smile.我難得見他一笑。Hardly往往強(qiáng)調(diào)能力上有困難，意為“簡直不，很難”。He can hardly jump over the fence.他很難跳過那道籬笆 26Scarcely往往強(qiáng)調(diào)不足，常同enough, sufficient, any等表示程度的詞連用，意為“不太，幾乎，簡直沒有”。He has scarcely any money left.他幾乎一文不剩了。Barely和scarcely意思相近，意為“幾乎，勉強(qiáng)，僅能做到”。但如果后面跟有

18、ever, any, at all等詞，只能用scarcely，不能用barely。27campaign, championCampaign意為“（競選）運(yùn)動，戰(zhàn)役”。The Germans were defeated in campaign in North Africa.德國人在北非戰(zhàn)役中打了敗仗。The Party suggested a renewed campaign to raise production and practise economy. 該黨建議發(fā)起新的一輪運(yùn)動來提高生產(chǎn)，發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)。Champion意為“冠軍”。The champion issued a challen

19、ge to all other boxers to fight him.拳擊冠軍向所有其他拳擊手發(fā)出挑戰(zhàn)。28considerable, considerateConsiderable相當(dāng)大的，相當(dāng)多的；值得考慮的。That family owns a considerable amount of land.那個家族擁有大量的土地。Considerate考慮周到的，體貼的，后面常跟of結(jié)構(gòu)。He is always considerate of others; he is kind and sympathetic.他總是很體諒別人，并且慈祥而富有同情心。29conserve, preserve

20、, reserve這是一組形近易混詞，且都有“保存”的意思。Conserve保存，保藏，保護(hù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)節(jié)約。In winter, some people conserve energy by lowing the heat at night.冬天，為節(jié)約能源有些人在夜里把暖氣調(diào)小。30conserve, preserve, reservepreserve保護(hù)；維持；保養(yǎng)；防止（食物）腐敗，強(qiáng)調(diào)使不受破壞。The government preserve the rights of the individual person.政府保護(hù)每個人的權(quán)利不受侵犯。Reserve保留，儲備，強(qiáng)調(diào)為某一特殊目的；

21、訂（座位）,預(yù)定We are reserving these seats for my parents.31crash, crush, smashCrash意為“車輛、飛機(jī)等的碰撞”。The airplane crashed into a house.那架飛機(jī)撞到了一所民宅上。Crush意為“軋碎，碾碎”。One of his legs was crushed in an accident.他的一條腿在車禍中軋斷了。Smash意為“打碎，摔碎”。I dropped the plate and it smashed.我失手將盤子掉在地上摔碎了。32deduce, induce, reduce D

22、educe v. 推斷，推理，演繹My friend becomes quiet when his girlfriend is angry with him; today he is quiet and so I deduce she is angry.我的朋友在他女朋友生他的氣的時候就會變得很沉默，他今天很沉默所以我推斷她生氣了。33induce, reduceInduce v. 引誘，勸；引起，導(dǎo)致。We couldnt induce the old lady to travel by air.我們無法勸說那位老太太坐飛機(jī)去。Reduce v. 減輕，減少；降低。He reduce his

23、 weight by 20 pounds by eating less and exercising more.他通過節(jié)食和運(yùn)動，體重減輕了20磅。34efficient, effective形容詞efficient與effective都表示“有效的”。Efficient指“有效率的、高效率的、有能力的”，常指人；而effective表示“有效的、效率好的、得力的”，常指政策、措施等。A very efficient production manager一位非常得力的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理Effective teaching效果好的教學(xué)35electric, electricalElectric與elect

24、rical均作形容詞，但前者用來指“用電來驅(qū)動的、由電產(chǎn)生的”, 后者為“與電有關(guān)的”。另外，electric還可以表示“令人震驚的”。例如：An electric torch手電筒 electric fan 電風(fēng)扇An electrical engineer電機(jī)工程師36eligible, illegibleEligible享有權(quán)力的，具備資格的。He graduated from high school with good grades, so he is eligible to enroll in the state college.他以優(yōu)異的成績從中學(xué)畢業(yè)，所以他有資格就讀于州立大學(xué)i

25、llegible很難看懂的，難以辨認(rèn)的。The writing is illegible; I cannot read what it says.字跡不清楚，我看不清楚上面寫的是什么。37emotional, emotiveEmotional與emotive并不同義，卻常被混淆。Emotional表示“充滿感情的、易動感情的”，主語多為人；emotive表示“使人激動地、令人感動的”，主語多為物。例如：An emotional person 易動感情的人An emotive speech令人感動的演講38glance, glare, glimpse, peer, Glance（很快、隨便地）一

26、瞥，看一眼。He glanced over the letter he had just received.他把剛收到的那封信粗略地看了一下。Glare 怒目而視，強(qiáng)調(diào)懷有敵意或在氣憤的情緒下看；炫目地照射。The woman glared at the man after he shouted rudely at her.那男人粗暴地沖她大吼大叫，她也怒目而視。39Peer指瞇起眼睛仔細(xì)看，尤指在不清楚的情況下；費(fèi)力地看，凝視。Being somewhat short-sighted, she has the habit of peering at people.因為有點(diǎn)近視，她有瞇著眼睛看

27、人的習(xí)慣。Glimpse: to see someone or something for a moment without getting a complete view of them40glimpseIf you glimpse (or more commonly catch /get a glimpse of )someone or something, you see them by chance, for a very short time.I cant describe him well, I only caught a glimpse of him as drove off.我

28、只是在他開車離開時碰巧看到他一眼。41genius, gift , talent 三個詞都可表示“天才，才能”，其中g(shù)enius語氣最強(qiáng)，指天生的高度智慧和創(chuàng)造才能，也指有天賦的人。Gift是普通用語，著重指天賦的才能，但不一定有創(chuàng)造力。Talent語氣較輕，著重指做某種工作的特殊才能。42extend, expand, stretch, spread, scatterExtend意為“延伸，擴(kuò)展，伸出”She extended both hands towards her mother. 她向母親伸出雙臂。The road extends for miles.這條路綿延數(shù)英里。Expand意

29、為“張開，展開，膨脹”。Metal expands by heating. 43Stretch指把某物變長，通常不是加長，而是用拉伸的方法使之變長。He tried to stretch the banner between two poles.他努力把旗在兩桿之間拉直。Spread指使某物攤開、展開或消息等向四面八方傳播開。Spread ones fingers張開手指，spread the news 傳播消息44Scatter指把種子、垃圾、或者其他碎物撒開。The farmer scattered the corn in the yard for the hens.45Suspect d

30、oubtSuspect : believe to be true or probable, believe to be guiltyI suspect that the rain is going to spoil our picnic.The police suspected him of stealing the money.46Doubt: consider unlikely, feel uncertain or undecided about She said she would help me with my work, but I doubt whether she was in

31、earnest.It is raining so hard, I doubt that John will come.47imaginative, imaginable, imaginary三者都是形容詞。imaginative表示“富有想象力的，愛想象的”。Imaginable意為“可以想象得到的”，常與形容詞最高級或all, every, only等連用，可放在被修飾名詞的后面。Imaginary意為“想象的，虛構(gòu)的，假想的”48An imaginative artist富有想象力的藝術(shù)家The only solution imaginable唯一想的出來的辦法An imaginary e

32、nemy假想敵49hospitality, hostilityHospitality熱情招待，殷勤好客。We enjoyed the hospitality of friends at their country home.朋友們在鄉(xiāng)下的居所熱情地招待了我們，使我們過得很愉快。Hostility來自于形容詞hostile（不友善的，敵對的），意為“敵意，對抗”。You can feel the hostility coming from that man.你可以感覺到那個人的敵意。50ignore, neglectIgnore意為“漠視，不理睬”。Anna ignored her friend

33、s confusion.安娜不理睬她朋友迷惑不解的樣子。The boy was so rude that we decided to ignore him.那個男孩太粗魯，我們決定不去理他。51Neglect忽視，遺漏，Youre neglecting your work.你工作太不上心了。52imply, suggest, inferImply指暗含某種意思而不明言的“暗示”。Silence sometimes implies consent. 沉默有時暗指同意。Suggest指用間接地、旁敲側(cè)擊的辦法表達(dá)出自己的看法。His erect and careless attitude sugg

34、ested assurance and power.他直截了當(dāng)和粗心的態(tài)度使人想到確信和力量53Infer表示推斷，指由證據(jù)或根據(jù)得出結(jié)論或由特定情況推測。I infer from your letter that you have not made up your mind yet.我從你的信中推想，你還沒有下決心。54industrial, industriousIndustrial意為“工業(yè)的，工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的，供工業(yè)的”；industrious意為“勤勞的，勤奮的”，固定短語be industrious in “勤于做.”。 例如：An industrial worker 產(chǎn)業(yè)工人；Indu

35、strial Revolution 產(chǎn)業(yè)革命The Chinese people are industrious and brave. 中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。55insensible, insensitiveInsensible意為“失去知覺的、昏迷的，一無所知的（作表語）”，還可指“（變化）極其細(xì)微的、極其緩慢的”；insensitive意為“感覺遲鈍的，不靈敏的，不敏感的”，常用于固定短語be insensitive to“對.不敏感，對感覺遲鈍。例如：56Fall insensible 昏過去 insensible motion 極緩慢的運(yùn)動Be insensible of ones d

36、anger 不知道自己所面臨的危險Be insensitive to the public opinion 對輿論反應(yīng)不靈敏He was knocked insensible by a sudden blow.他遭人猛然一擊而不省人事。57migrant, emigrant, immigrant這三個詞與移居者有關(guān)，由于前綴不同，含義不同。Migrant移民，immigrant移入者，即入境移民。Emigrant的前綴e-是ex（=out）的變體，該詞意為“移出者”，即出境移民，指自本國移居他國者。 58extensive, expansive ,expensive intensiveexte

37、nsive 廣博的，廣泛的。如：He is a scholar with an extensive knowledge of his subject.expansive 可擴(kuò)大的，可擴(kuò)展的。如：These are expansive ensive 強(qiáng)烈的，精深的，密集的。如：They made an intensive study of the subject.59expensive 費(fèi)用大的，昂貴的。如：The car is too expensive to buy.It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to h

38、ave good manners and_knowledge. A） extensive B） expansive C） intensive D） expensive60Arise, rise ,arouse, raisearise 產(chǎn)生，出現(xiàn)。如：Before they went out， a mist arose.rise 上升。如：The sun rises in the east.raise 舉起，升起，提出。如：A sunken ship was raised to the surface of the sea.arouse 喚醒，引起，激起。如：His behavior arous

39、ed suspicion.61（注：四個詞中，arise與rise為不及物動詞）A completely new situation will_ when the examination system comes into existence. A） arise B） rise C） raise D） arouse62Emergency, urgencyemergency 緊急情況，不測事件。如：How will the disabled escape in an emergency？urgency 緊迫性，緊要程度，催逼。如：There is no urgency about this ma

40、tter.A fire engine must have priority as it usually has to deal with some kind of_ . A） precaution B） crisis C） emergency D） urgency63fee , fare fee （職業(yè)性的咨詢或服務(wù)所收）費(fèi)用，報名費(fèi)，會費(fèi)。如：doctors fees/a membership feefare （車、船等）費(fèi)用，購票所需費(fèi)用。如：Train fares are going up again.Urban crowdedness would be greatly relieved

41、 if only the_ charged on public transport were more reasonable. A） fees B） fares C） payments D） costs64Symbol, sign , signal, symptom symbol 符號，象征。如：Red is a symbol of danger.sign 記號，告示，跡象。如：There are signs of sorrow on her face.signal 信號，訊號。如：The ship is sending out signals for help.65symptom 癥狀，表征。如：A persistent cough may be a symptom of pneumonia.Many people like white color as it is a_ of purity. A） symbol B