短時(shí)記憶信息提取

1、PAGE PAGE 5短時(shí)記憶的信息提取摘要 本實(shí)驗(yàn)選取大學(xué)心理學(xué)大一學(xué)生55名，其中12名男生，43名女生。通過(guò)測(cè)定被試對(duì)不同長(zhǎng)度識(shí)記數(shù)字的檢查項(xiàng)目的再認(rèn)，驗(yàn)證Sternberg的短時(shí)記憶信息提取實(shí)驗(yàn)，了解短時(shí)記憶的信息提取過(guò)程。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明：材料長(zhǎng)度對(duì)平均反應(yīng)時(shí)有顯著影響，短時(shí)記憶的信息提取是完全掃描。關(guān)鍵詞 短時(shí)記憶 信息提取 有無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)1引言根據(jù)信息保持時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短，將記憶分為感覺(jué)記憶、短時(shí)記憶和長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶。短時(shí)記憶是感覺(jué)記憶和長(zhǎng)時(shí)記憶的中間階段，保持時(shí)間大約為5秒2分鐘。一般包括兩個(gè)成分：一個(gè)成分是直接記憶，即輸入的信息沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)進(jìn)一步的加工。它的容量相當(dāng)有限，大約為7 + 2個(gè)單位。編

2、碼方式以言語(yǔ)聽(tīng)覺(jué)形式為主，也存在視覺(jué)和語(yǔ)義的編碼。另一個(gè)成分是工作記憶，即輸入信息經(jīng)過(guò)再編碼，使其容量擴(kuò)大。將短時(shí)記憶中的項(xiàng)目回憶出來(lái)，或者當(dāng)該項(xiàng)目再度呈現(xiàn)時(shí)能夠再認(rèn)，都是短時(shí)記憶的信息提取。Sternberg最早研究這個(gè)問(wèn)題，即著名的短時(shí)記憶的信息提取實(shí)驗(yàn)。它是加因素法分析心理過(guò)程的一個(gè)典型實(shí)驗(yàn)。其基本邏輯是：如果兩個(gè)因素的效應(yīng)是相互制約的，即一個(gè)因素的效應(yīng)可以改變另一個(gè)因素的效應(yīng)，那么它們屬于同一個(gè)信息加工階段；如果兩個(gè)因素的效應(yīng)是分別獨(dú)立的，即可以相加，則它們屬于不同的加工階段。具體來(lái)講：如果呈現(xiàn)的刺激的長(zhǎng)短對(duì)再認(rèn)的反應(yīng)時(shí)沒(méi)有顯著的影響，則說(shuō)明短時(shí)記憶的搜索方式是平行掃描；如果呈現(xiàn)刺激的

3、長(zhǎng)短對(duì)再認(rèn)的反應(yīng)時(shí)有顯著的影響，且隨刺激的長(zhǎng)度增加而增加，則說(shuō)明是系列掃描。斯滕伯格預(yù)測(cè)，短時(shí)記憶中被試對(duì)項(xiàng)目的提取有三種可能的方式：（1）平行掃描，是指同時(shí)對(duì)短時(shí)記憶中保存的所有項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行提取；（2）自動(dòng)停止系列掃描，是指對(duì)項(xiàng)目逐個(gè)進(jìn)行提取，一旦找到目標(biāo)項(xiàng)目就停止查找；（3）完全系列掃描，是指對(duì)全部項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行完全的檢索，然后做出判斷。而從其實(shí)驗(yàn)得到的結(jié)果可以看出，短時(shí)記憶信息提取是系列掃描的，并且是從頭至尾掃描的。2 研究過(guò)程 2.1被試 實(shí)驗(yàn)選取心理學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)大二55名學(xué)生，其中12名男生，43名女生 2.2儀器 計(jì)算機(jī)及Psykey心理實(shí)驗(yàn)系統(tǒng) 2.3過(guò)程 本實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)７耂ternberg的短時(shí)記憶

4、信息提取實(shí)驗(yàn)，了解短時(shí)記憶的信息提取過(guò)程。屏幕呈現(xiàn)一列數(shù)字（1-6個(gè)），相繼呈現(xiàn)，每個(gè)呈現(xiàn)1.2s，要求被試記住，全部呈現(xiàn)完2s后，計(jì)算機(jī)將呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)數(shù)字，這時(shí)要求被試判斷這個(gè)數(shù)字之前是否看過(guò)。“是”按紅鍵；“否”就按綠鍵。3結(jié)果3.1有無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)的描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)表表一 有無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)的描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)表 反應(yīng)方式記憶集一二三四五六有靶平均數(shù)900.38932.441083.25986.111111.221360.95標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差506.136466.674911.938473.748808.9371434.198無(wú)靶 平均數(shù)1118.24895.47997.18920.18929.131018.85標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差586

5、.289456.146771.377296.203292.520490.033在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為1時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為900.38毫秒和1118.24毫秒；在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為2時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為932.44毫秒和895.47毫秒；在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為3時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為1083.25毫秒和997.18毫秒；在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為4時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為986.11毫秒和920.18毫秒；在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為5時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為1111.22毫秒和929.13毫秒；在數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為6時(shí)，有靶和無(wú)靶正確平均反應(yīng)時(shí)分別為1360.95毫秒和1018.85毫秒。3.2不

6、同材料有無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)的折線圖有圖可知，有無(wú)靶平均反應(yīng)時(shí)大體波動(dòng)上升，除了數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為12時(shí)，無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)快速下降。不同材料長(zhǎng)度對(duì)被試的反應(yīng)時(shí)有顯著影響。3.3性別對(duì)被試反應(yīng)時(shí)影響 表三 男女生反應(yīng)時(shí)獨(dú)立分析t檢驗(yàn)表tp自由度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)誤1.080.2855413.912 t=1.08， P0.05，男女生反應(yīng)時(shí)并無(wú)顯著差異。4討論 4.1不同材料長(zhǎng)度對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)影響 被試反應(yīng)有靶和無(wú)靶的再認(rèn)反應(yīng)時(shí)的變化趨勢(shì)基本一致，大體都呈現(xiàn)上升趨勢(shì)。這是由于不管判斷結(jié)果是“有”還是“無(wú)”，被試都需要從頭至尾回憶先前記下的數(shù)字，即短時(shí)記憶信息提取是系列掃描的，并且是從頭至尾掃描的。所以，隨著材料長(zhǎng)度的增加，被試需要掃描的數(shù)字

7、個(gè)數(shù)也相應(yīng)增加，因此被試的反應(yīng)時(shí)會(huì)隨著材料長(zhǎng)度的增加而增大。當(dāng)數(shù)字個(gè)數(shù)為1時(shí)，無(wú)靶反應(yīng)時(shí)極大，這可能是因?yàn)閯傞_(kāi)始實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)不操作熟息，用時(shí)較長(zhǎng)。材料長(zhǎng)度對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)有顯著影響。4.2性別對(duì)被試反應(yīng)時(shí)影響全班被試的反應(yīng)時(shí)不存在顯著的性別差異，實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果就可能存在一系列的誤差，導(dǎo)致測(cè)得的結(jié)果比較粗糙，沒(méi)有檢驗(yàn)出差異；也有可能是男性與女性確實(shí)在短時(shí)記憶的信息提取方面沒(méi)有顯著差異4.4實(shí)驗(yàn)出現(xiàn)誤差的原因環(huán)境嘈雜影響記憶效果；剛開(kāi)始被試對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)操作不熟息；經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間的操作后產(chǎn)生練習(xí)效應(yīng)；疲勞效應(yīng)。5結(jié)論材料長(zhǎng)度對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)有顯著影響，短時(shí)記憶的信息提取是以完全掃描方式進(jìn)行的；性別對(duì)反應(yīng)時(shí)無(wú)顯著影響。6參考文獻(xiàn) 彭

8、聃齡主編.普通心理學(xué).北京師范大學(xué)出版社7 附表性別一有靶一無(wú)靶二有靶二無(wú)靶三有靶三無(wú)靶四有靶四無(wú)靶五有靶五無(wú)靶六有靶六無(wú)靶2.02.02.02.01.01.01.02.02.01.02.02.01.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.01.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.01.02.01.02.02.02.02.01.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.02.01.01.01.02.0508.01204.01045.0584.0556.0408.0901.0422.0612.0585.0917.0562.0662.0632.08

9、65.0418.0691.0749.01213.0802.02017.01424.0533.0540.01221.0658.0939.0936.01539.0829.0826.0774.0638.02336.0432.0742.0570.0503.01553.03213.0636.01307.0645.0646.0888.0823.0506.01176.0789.0979.01563.0848.0934.0540.0682.01296.0670.02399.0630.01471.0472.01173.0670.01330.0950.0766.0526.0661.0644.0684.0938.0

10、762.0733.01075.01278.0552.03072.0575.0837.01152.0890.01155.02107.02388.0546.0551.01271.0752.01187.01050.0844.0940.0735.01986.01543.0892.01034.0700.01183.01391.01342.0562.01271.01137.01344.0704.01811.02986.0729.01156.0691.01251.01445.0789.0690.0470.0909.0450.0671.01330.0756.0496.0690.0631.0636.0701.0

11、885.0696.01070.0842.0995.01175.0733.0553.01338.0823.0602.01468.01516.0641.0582.0744.0708.01443.0729.0686.0688.0548.01027.03439.01240.01619.0978.0829.0902.0635.0573.01050.0926.0878.0809.0961.01034.0552.01761.0518.0785.01245.0535.0682.0540.0961.0538.0643.0838.0532.0752.0550.0953.01246.0996.0689.0326.0

12、753.0806.0624.0890.0629.0430.01070.0924.0858.02974.01797.0914.0528.0866.0944.01244.0771.0795.0579.0564.0902.0521.01556.01782.0880.0678.0834.0645.0694.0978.0796.01091.0714.0800.02313.0826.0952.0505.01235.0984.0610.0728.0524.01008.0514.0716.01054.0957.0528.0573.0773.0655.0715.01072.0777.01025.01161.06

13、096.01083.0606.0628.01510.01081.0974.01218.01178.0723.0684.01467.0735.01724.0999.0751.0770.0686.04658.01738.01954.01097.0822.0715.0884.0562.0714.0949.01280.0891.01033.01164.0719.0599.0773.0633.0924.02623.0692.0816.01065.01007.0683.0789.0830.0845.0752.0602.0735.0586.0564.0706.0703.0756.0891.0855.0913

14、.0589.0572.01036.02223.0599.01739.05575.0555.0728.0533.0707.01021.0872.0763.0449.0668.0891.0611.01804.01020.0791.0754.0881.0844.0694.01235.0681.01091.0709.01049.02483.0784.0924.0808.01297.01019.0618.0794.0563.01100.0477.0568.01084.0962.0752.0672.0793.0612.0602.0824.01293.0712.01085.01268.0957.0591.0

15、619.01388.01038.01934.01606.01212.0933.0704.0991.0846.0910.0682.0722.0772.0863.01550.02865.02878.01158.0956.0674.0795.0601.0712.0970.01233.0809.0819.01106.0622.0590.01227.0647.0795.0904.0576.0939.0564.0914.0692.0761.01110.0756.01156.0565.01073.0681.0625.0767.0824.0766.0724.0720.0996.0712.0521.01155.

16、01356.0992.01902.01609.0691.0587.0752.0729.01672.0872.0954.0733.0841.0870.0891.01506.01138.0867.0736.01031.01043.0838.01035.0872.0831.01366.01086.01418.0757.0692.0951.01179.0939.0648.0924.0500.01159.0606.0717.01637.01584.0641.0794.0759.0597.0850.0778.0861.01144.0945.01268.01606.0704.0656.01160.0979.

17、01286.01145.01386.0643.0730.01325.0810.0917.0828.0739.0946.0905.06061.01683.02885.01725.0936.0687.0941.0769.0712.01043.0900.0816.0679.01133.0911.0590.02400.0933.0839.01219.0672.0865.0576.0769.0683.0740.0768.0893.0938.0649.0860.0828.0939.0727.0787.0697.0906.01061.01024.0714.0611.01215.01045.01294.019

18、29.0884.0595.0691.0728.01426.01111.0762.0889.0580.0677.01082.0776.01622.01246.0860.0695.01014.0743.0702.01100.0747.01402.0887.0848.01802.01104.0948.0842.01133.02210.0799.0810.0604.01373.0684.0804.01942.01051.0751.0644.0803.0716.0816.0951.0882.01652.0931.01372.02840.0651.0775.01250.02035.01150.01201.01541.0875.0854.0995.0686.01471.01015.09977.0735.0793.01154.05964.02251.01804.01707.0682.0989.0770.0740.01212.01700.0986.01010.0812.0811.0693.0953.085