浙江版高考英語總復習專題七《特殊句式（講解練）》教與學

1、專題七 特殊句式高考英語 浙江專用考點清單考點一倒裝句通常情況下句子的自然語序為“主語+謂語動詞”,但有時為了強調(diào)句子的某一部分,或出于詞匯用法、語法結構或修辭上的需要,將這種比較固定的語序加以顛倒,就形成了倒裝。倒裝分為完全倒裝、部分倒裝和形式倒裝。一、英語句子語序概述語序自然語序主語+謂語動詞The boy came in.這個男孩進來了。倒裝語序完全倒裝謂語動詞+主語Suddenly in came the boy.突然這個男孩進來了。部分倒裝助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語+謂語動詞的其他部分Never shall we forget them.我們永遠不會忘記他們。二、完全倒裝謂語動

2、詞完全置于主語之前的句子便是完全倒裝句。這類句型主要有兩種:1.一些表示地點、時間或方位等的副詞或介詞短語,如:here,there,now,then,up,down,in,out,away,off,in the room,on the wall等置于句首,且主語是名詞。Down came the rain and up went the umbrella.下雨了,傘撐起來了。Then followed three days of heavy rain.接下來下了三天大雨。Out rushed the children laughing loudly.孩子們大笑著沖了出去。Thus ended

3、 the meeting.會議就那樣結束了。At the foot of the mountain runs a river. 在山腳下,有一條小溪。注意:如果主語是人稱代詞,不能使用完全倒裝。Here it is.它在這兒。2.such置于句首。Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scien-tist.這就是阿爾伯特愛因斯坦,一個樸素的人,也是20世紀最偉大的科學家。點津此句型中的such多被認為是表語,所以such后的be動詞應與其后真正的主語保持一致。Such are the fact

4、s;no one can deny them.這些就是事實,沒有人能否定它們。此類倒裝一般只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。三、部分倒裝只把謂語的一部分(多為助動詞、情態(tài)動詞或be動詞)置于主語之前的句子,叫部分倒裝句。這類句型主要有下面幾種:1.so+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語,意為“也是如此”。They love making lots of friends;so do I.他們喜歡交很多朋友,我也是如此。2.neither/nor+be動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語,意為“也不這樣”。Lily cant ride a bicycle;neither/nor can Lucy.莉莉不會騎自

5、行車,露西也不會。3.否定詞never,seldom,nor,not,little,hardly,scarcely等或表示否定意義的介詞短語at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首時。Not a single mistake did he make.=He didnt make a single mistake.他一個錯誤都沒犯。4.only修飾副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句,且都放在句首時。Only then did I begin to understand him.直到那時,

6、我才開始理解他。Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有用這種方法,我們才能解決這個問題。Only after the war did he learn the sad news.直到戰(zhàn)爭結束后,他才知道那個讓人難過的消息。5.so.that.和such.that.句式中,so或such及其所修飾的部分置于句首時,主句用部分倒裝。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他英語說得如此清楚,以至于別人都能聽懂。Such progress

7、did he make that he won much respect.他取得了如此大的進步,以至于贏得了很多尊敬。四、形式倒裝形式上的倒裝在語法上稱為前置。它的特點是只把強調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首,主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結構非常多,但有幾個重要的句型需要特別注意:1.感嘆句What an interesting talk they had!=How interesting a talk they had!他們進行了一次多么有趣的談話!2.“the+比較級.,the+比較級.”句型The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.你聽英語聽得越

8、多,它就變得越簡單。3.whatever+n.或however+adj./adv.引導的讓步狀語從句Whatever reasons you have,you should carry out your promise.無論你有什么理由,你都應當履行諾言。However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.不管這個問題多難,我們今天晚上必須把它解決。4.as引導的讓步狀語從句中,一般把所強調(diào)的信息放在句首;though引導的讓步狀語從句中也可以這樣倒裝。Young as/though he was, he

9、 was successful.盡管他很年輕,但他獲得了成功。Child as/though he is, he knows much.盡管他是個孩子,但他知道很多。題組訓練根據(jù)漢語提示完成下列倒裝句From opposite the streetout rush two kids(沖出了兩個孩子), scream-ing in panic.Never have I seen such a performance.(我從來都沒有看到過這樣的演出。)Not only did he treat me badly,(他不僅虐待我,) but also they charged me extra mo

10、ney. Hardly had he arrived when his wife began to complain.(他剛剛到達,他妻子就開始抱怨。)Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leavethe room.(直到孩子睡著,媽媽才離開房間。)Only in this way can you win back his trust. (只有這樣你才能贏回他的信任。)考點二強調(diào)句一、強調(diào)句型1.強調(diào)句型的陳述句形式:It is/was+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分。被強調(diào)部分為“人”時可用who/that,被強調(diào)部分是“事物

11、”時用that。It is I who/that am right.(強調(diào)主語)It was him that/who we met at the school gate.(強調(diào)賓語)It was in the park that Tom lost his watch.(強調(diào)狀語)2.強調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式:Is/Was it+被強調(diào)部分+that/who+其他成分?Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?第二次世界大戰(zhàn)是在1939年爆發(fā)的嗎?Is it Professor Wang who teaches you English

12、?教你們英語的是王教授嗎?3.強調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句形式:特殊疑問詞+is/was it that+其他成分?Who was it that broke the window?打破窗戶的是誰?When was it that you called me yesterday?你昨天給我打電話是什么時候?What is it that you want me to do?你想要我干什么?4.有時可用“It might be.that/who.,It must have been.that/who.”句型表示強調(diào)。It might be his father that/who youre thinki

13、ng of.你牽掛的可能是他父親。It must have been his brother that/who you saw.你看到的一定是他的弟弟。5.“not.until.”結構的強調(diào)句型。其強調(diào)句式為:It is/was not until+被強調(diào)部分+that+其他成分。He didnt go to bed until ten oclock.It was not until ten oclock that he went to bed.直到10點他才上床睡覺。I didnt realize she was a famous film star until she took off h

14、er dark glasses.It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a fa-mous film star.直到她摘掉墨鏡我才認出她是一個著名影星。二、對謂語動詞的強調(diào)“It is/was.who/that.”結構不能強調(diào)謂語動詞。如果需要強調(diào)謂語動詞,用助動詞do,does或did。Do come this evening.今天晚上一定要來。He did write to you last week.上周他的確給你寫信了。Tom does study hard now.現(xiàn)在湯姆的確學習很

15、努力。三、特殊疑問句中用“the devil”“on earth”“in the world”表“究竟;到底”之意,來起到強調(diào)的作用。What on earth are you doing?你究竟在做什么?題組訓練用強調(diào)句翻譯下列句子我確實告訴過她這個問題。I did inform her of the problem.她終于明白了是她的丈夫Tom救了她。She finally understood it was her husband Tom who saved her.Smith先生生氣是因為Jack上學遲到嗎?Was it because Jack came late for schoo

16、l that Mr Smith got angry?他想知道究竟是誰拿走了他的鑰匙。He wondered who it was that took away his keys.直到讀了那封信,他才完全明白發(fā)生了什么。It was not until he read the letter that he fully realized what had happened.考點三其他特殊句式一、省略與替代(一)定語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象。限制性定語從句中作賓語的關系代詞that,which,whom常可以省略。如:She is the girl(whom/who/that)I would like to

17、 work with.(二)狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn)象。1.當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致且從句中的謂語部分含be動詞時,可以省略狀語從句中的主語和be動詞,這時從句中可出現(xiàn)下列結構:(1)連詞(though,if,when等)+形容詞Work hard when(you are)young,or youll regret.年輕的時候要努力學習,否則你會后悔。(2)連詞(as if,while等)+介詞短語He looked everywhere as if(he was)in search of something.他四處看,好像在找什么。(3)連詞(when,while,though)+現(xiàn)在分

18、詞While(I was)walking along the street,I heard my name called.沿著街道散步時,我聽到有人喊我的名字。(4)連詞(when,if,unless,once,than等)+過去分詞The exhibition is more interesting than(it was)expected.展覽比預想的更有趣。(5)連詞(as if,as though等)+不定式He opened his mouth as if(he were)to say something.他張開嘴像要說什么。注意:當從句的主語和主句的賓語一致時,有時也有這樣的省略。

19、如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was)crossing the street.2.當從句中的主語是it,謂語部分又含有be動詞時,可以把it和be動詞一起省略,構成“連詞(if,unless,when,whenever等)+形容詞”的結構。Make a careful plan if(it is)possible.如果可能的話,制訂一個周密的計劃。Unless(it is)necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.除非有必要,否則你最好不要查詞典。(三)不定式的省略,單獨使用

20、不定式符號to。1.代替動詞不定式后被省略的動詞,常用在be afraid,expect,forget,hope,in-tend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,want,wish等后面。I asked him to see the film, but he didnt want to.我叫他去看電影,但是他不想去。2.在have,need,ought,be going,used等后面。I didnt want to go there, but I had to.我不想去那里,但是我不得不去。3.在某些形容詞,如glad,happy,pleased,

21、delighted等后面。Will you join in the game?你愿意加入這個游戲嗎?Id be glad to.我很高興加入。4.否定形式的省略用not to。Shall I go instead of him?我可以替他去嗎?I prefer you not to.我希望你別(替他)去。(四)用so或not代替上文內(nèi)容。1.在if條件從句中,常用so/not代替前面提到的句子。Get up early tomorrow. If not(=If you dont get up early), you will miss the first bus.明天早起,如果不(早起),你會

22、錯過第一班公共汽車。He may not be at home then. If so(=If he is not at home),leave him a note.那時他可能不在家,如果是那樣的話,給他留個便條。2.think,hope,suppose,believe,imagine,be afraid,expect,guess等詞后常用not代替否定句,so代替短語或從句。She must look like a pretty girl.她看起來一定是個漂亮的女孩。Yes, I imagine so.是的,我想是這樣。Is Professor Smith very sick?史密斯教授病

23、得很重嗎?Im afraid so.恐怕是這樣。I slipped on the stairs. I think my arm is broken.我在樓梯上滑倒了。我想我的胳膊摔斷了。Oh!I hope not.噢!我希望別那樣。He wanted to go with us, but he didnt say so.他想和我們一起去,但他沒這么說。題組訓練用省略句改寫下列句子If it is necessary, please call on us. If necessary, please call on us.Whatever the cost is, we must carry ou

24、t this plan.Whatever the cost, we must carry out this plan.We invited them to go for a picnic this Sunday, but they didnt want to go out.We invited them to go for a picnic this Sunday, but they didnt want to.We must start right now. If we dont start right now, we will miss the train.We must start ri

25、ght now. If not, we will miss the train.二、祈使句1.否定式和強調(diào)式Dont be so sure.不要這么肯定。(否定式)Do be careful!千萬要小心!(強調(diào)式)2.祈使句+and+陳述句=If.,+主句祈使句+or+陳述句=If.not.,+主句Work hard and you will succeed.(=If you work hard,you will succeed.)努力學習,你就會成功。Hurry up or we will be late.(=If you dont hurry up,we will be late.)快點兒

26、,否則我們就遲到了。題組訓練句型轉換Work hard and you will be admitted to a key university.If you work hard,you will be admitted to a key university.If you dont hurry up,you will be late for the bus.Hurry up or you will be late for the bus.三、感嘆句1.What(+a/an)+形容詞+名詞+主語+謂語!2.How+形容詞+a/an+可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)+主語+謂語!3.How+形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語

27、!What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is!他是一個多聰明的男孩呀!What beautiful flowers they are!多么美麗的花呀!What sweet water it is!多么甜的水呀!How high the mountain is!這座山真高呀!How fast he runs!他跑得真快呀! 題組訓練用what或how填空What an interesting book it is!How wonderful the performances are!What interesting books they are

28、!Whatdelicious food I had!Howkind of you to help!How I wish I didnt do that!四、there be句型1.there be句型在英語中表示“什么地方或什么時間存在什么事物”。在這種結構中,be后面的名詞是主語,句子的結尾是地點或時間狀語。There is a big tree in front of the classroom.教室前有棵大樹。There will be a meeting in the conference room at 8 oclock tomorrow morn-ing.明天上午8點會議室有個會。

29、2.如果有兩個或兩個以上的主語,謂語動詞be的使用要遵循就近一致原則。There is a pen, two books, and many pencils on the desk.桌子上有一支鋼筆,兩本書和許多鉛筆。3.there be結構有不同的時態(tài)形式,而且可以和各種助動詞、情態(tài)動詞連用。There was a meeting in our school yesterday.昨天在我們學校召開了一次會議。There will be a new film show on Sunday.星期日將上映一部新電影。There have been many great changes in our

30、 country since then.從那時起,我們國家發(fā)生了很多巨大的變化。There cant be any mistakes in his passage.他的文章里不可能有什么錯誤。4.there be結構中的謂語動詞be有時可用seem to be, happen to be, be likely to be,remain, stand, lie, go, exist, follow, live,come,occur等替換。There is likely to be something wrong with his computer.他的電腦可能出了些問題。Once upon a

31、time there lived a monk in the temple.從前那座廟里住著一個和尚。五、反意疑問句(一)陳述部分含有must/may(might)的反意疑問句。1.當must 作“必須”講時,其反意疑問部分(又叫附加問句)用neednt;當含有mustnt(不允許、禁止)時,其反意疑問部分用must/may。如:You must go now, neednt you?你現(xiàn)在必須走,是嗎?You mustnt smoke here, must/may you?你不可以在這里吸煙,行嗎?2.當must/may(might)表示推測,即must作“一定,準是”講,may/might

32、作“可能”講時,可首先將句子改為“I am sure/guess+that從句”,反意疑問部分的動詞形式根據(jù)be sure/guess后的賓語從句的謂語動詞形式確定。如:You must/may(might)be hungry now,?I am sure/guess that you are hungry now,arent you?You must/may(might)be hungry now,arent you?你現(xiàn)在一定/可能餓了,是嗎?You must have heard about it,?I am sure that you have heard about it, have

33、nt you?You must have heard about it,havent you?你一定聽說過這件事了,是嗎?You must have watched that football match last night,?I am sure that you watched that football match last night, didnt you?You must have watched that football match last night,didnt you?你昨晚一定看那場足球賽了,是嗎?(陳述部分有表示過去的時間狀語last night)(二)陳述部分含有us

34、ed to 的反意疑問句。其反意疑問部分用 usednt或didnt均可。如:You used to sleep with the windows open,usednt/didnt you?你過去經(jīng)常開著窗戶睡覺,是嗎?(三)陳述部分含有ought to的反意疑問句。其反意疑問部分用oughtnt或shouldnt均可。如:He ought to attend the lecture, oughtnt/shouldnt he?他應該去聽這個演講,是嗎?(四)陳述部分含有否定詞或半否定詞的反意疑問句。當陳述部分帶有seldom,hardly,scarcely,never,few,little,

35、nothing,nobody等否定詞或半否定詞時,反意疑問部分的動詞用肯定形式。如:He could hardly walk without a stick, could he?沒有拐杖他幾乎不能走路,是嗎?(五)如果陳述部分含有由表示“否定”意義的前綴構成的詞,其反意疑問部分一般用否定形式。如:Tom dislikes playing tennis, doesnt he?湯姆不喜歡打網(wǎng)球,是嗎?Its unfair, isnt it?那不公平,不是嗎?(六)陳述部分含有賓語從句的反意疑問句。1.當陳述部分帶有賓語從句時,反意疑問部分常和主句的主謂保持一致。如:He said that he

36、would come to my birthday party, didnt he?他說他要來參加我的生日聚會,是嗎?Tom doesnt believe Jane will succeed, does he?湯姆認為簡不會成功,是嗎?2.陳述部分的謂語動詞是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,imagine,且主句主語為第一人稱時,反意疑問部分與賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致。若主句為否定句,則將否定轉移到賓語從句中。如:I dont believe he will succeed, will he?我認為他不會成功,會嗎?(七)陳述部分為祈使句的反意疑問句。

37、祈使句后的反意疑問部分不表示反意,而表示一種語氣。其結構為:1.否定祈使句,+will you?2.肯定祈使句,+will/wont you?3.Lets.,+shall we?4.Let us.,+will you?5.Let+第三人稱.,+will you?如:Open the door, will/wont you?打開門,好嗎?Lets go out for a walk, shall we?我們出去散步,好嗎?Let us go home now, will you?現(xiàn)在,(您)讓我們回家,好嗎?(八)there be句型的反意疑問句。其反意疑問部分用be/情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+there。如:There will be rain tomorrow, wont there?明天要下雨,是嗎?There should be no problem, should there?應該