高考英語三輪考前沖刺之詞性、句子分析練習(xí)講義

1、詞性和句子成分講解(1)十大詞類：據(jù)英語單詞所表達的含義以及在句子中的作用，把英語單詞分為10個類別，就是10 大詞類：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞、副詞、形容詞、冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。根據(jù)局部詞類具有的共同特征，又將十大詞類分為兩大局部：實詞：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、動詞、副詞、形容詞。特征：具有完整的詞義；能夠在句子中獨立充當(dāng)句子成分。虛詞：冠詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。特征：沒有完整的意思；不能夠在句子中獨立充當(dāng)句子成分，必須和實詞搭配，才能充當(dāng)句 子成分。十大詞類實詞漢語名稱英語名稱用途例詞句法作用名詞n. ( noun)表示人或事物的名稱boy, book, table, man主、表、賓、補、

2、 定、同代詞pron. (pronoun)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞I, you, it, we, their主、表、補、定、 同數(shù)詞num. (numeral)表示數(shù)量和順序one, two, twenty, third, fifth主、表、賓、定、 同動詞v. (verb)表示動作或狀態(tài)work, works, working, worked, to work主、謂、表、賓、 補、定、狀形容詞adj. (adjective)修飾名詞，表示人、物的特征red, long, old, good表、定、賓補副詞adv. (adverb)修飾動詞、形容詞或其他 副詞here, very, often,

3、 weekly表、狀虛詞冠詞art. (article)用在名詞前，說明名詞指 的人、物a (an) , the介詞prep.(preposition)表示名詞、代詞等與其它 詞的關(guān)系in, after, under, on介詞短語正是讓英語句子變得又長又難的原因之一！盡管這些修飾成分數(shù)量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它們的種類卻是非常固定的。我 們可以將這些修飾成分總結(jié)為“三長兩短，“三長”：就是構(gòu)成長難句的三種較長修飾成分（即介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞短語）；“兩短”：指的是鑲嵌于句子之中的、會稍稍提高句子復(fù)雜度的兩種較短修飾成分（即形容 詞、副詞）?！捌叫胁⒘薪Y(jié)構(gòu)”：是由一些并列關(guān)系的連詞

4、（and、or、as well as等）將句子變長的重要于題型特訓(xùn)And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights.It is the playgoers, who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night

5、(some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants.1n a more recent study, Berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a students writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to how well they can write.Their methods do not attempt to estimate the act

6、ual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass (生物量) over time.3.Surely were still better off than those who wear rags and sleep on the streets or in vacant buildings, but there is a growing resistance (n.抵抗)t

7、o this consuming society which is especially affecting the youth today with their computers, i-pads, designer clothes and mobile phones.The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short tim

8、e into the past.This crocodile （鱷魚） moves very quickly when it sees something it considers to be food, and from time to time a crocodile has snatched someone before he or she is even aware that the crocodile is there.Many things make people think artists are weird. But the weirdest may be this: arti

9、sts only job is to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.連詞conj.(conjunction)連接詞與詞、短語和短 語、句子和句子and, if, but, because感嘆詞inteij.(inteijection)表示說話時的感情或口 氣oh, er, ough, um, ouchJ(2)八大句子成分:句子成分：組成英語句子的各個局部，叫做句子成分。英語的句子最多由八個句子成分組成，即主語、謂語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓語 補足語以及同位語。主語：概念：句子

10、的主體，發(fā)出動作的人或物，表示所說的是誰或是什么。位置：主語一般在句首，特殊句型中在句末。構(gòu)成：名詞(短語)、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞，不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語) 和從句。George is a born leader. (名 詞) TOC o 1-5 h z Nobody knew what had happened. ()Two of us will attend the conference tomoiTow.()The young are always willing to accept new things. ( )To go the bed early and to get

11、up early is a good habit. ()Losing his new MP4 made Tom very sad. ()What we cant get seems better than what we have. ()It is necessary to master a foreign language.()總結(jié)：正常語序情況下，主語在謂語動詞之前謂語：概念：說明主語的動作、特征、狀態(tài)等的句子成分，叫做謂語。位置：謂語動詞通常位于主語之后，特殊句型位于.主語之前。構(gòu)成：由動詞或動詞短語充當(dāng)。Father cooks very well.He practices runni

12、ng every morning.復(fù)合謂語：由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構(gòu)成。My sister has worked in the company for five years.You may keep the book for two weeks.總結(jié)：謂語局部由動詞，動詞短語或系表結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)成。賓語：概念：動詞賓語是動作的承受者。及物動詞以及相當(dāng)于及物動詞的短語后都必須帶賓語。介詞之后的賓語叫介詞賓語。位置：動詞賓語位于及物動詞之后；介詞賓語位于介詞之后。構(gòu)成：名詞、名詞化的形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、-ing形式、動詞不定式和從句等均可作賓 語。I can hardly hear thejad

13、io. Would you please turn it up? (名詞、代詞) TOC o 1-5 h z If you put 5 and 7 together, youll get 12, little Tom. ()We should help the poor. ()Remember to tell him to come. ()Please stop making noise. ()Do you understand what I mean? ()雙賓語：英語中，有些及物動詞可以接兩個賓語，動作的承受者，即指物的叫做直接賓語，動作 是為誰做的或是對誰做的，即指人的叫做間接賓語，這兩

14、個賓語稱為“雙賓語”。Please tell me how the accident came about.The teacher asked me aauestion too difficult to answer.雙賓的動詞是有范圍的，一般放在以下動詞之后：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise 等。表語：概念：用來說明主語的身份、特征、狀態(tài)等的句子成分，是表語。位置：位于聯(lián)系動詞之后

15、，與聯(lián)系動詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語。構(gòu)成：可作表語的有名詞、代詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、動詞不定式、介詞短語、分詞短語以及從句等。(名詞、代詞)She is over fifty, but she doesn7t look it.(名詞、代詞) TOC o 1-5 h z His father is an experienced teacher. ()These students are careful while others are careless. ()The class meeting was over at last. ()Be quiet; they are at work now. ()H

16、is hobby is collecting foreign stamps. ()My wish is to become a doctor in the future. ()The news of her success is really exciting. ()That is where your mistakes are. ()總結(jié)：與系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語。定語：概念：是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子的句子成分,漢語中常用“ 的”表示。位置：定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。構(gòu)成：充當(dāng)定語的詞有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式、介詞短語、動 名詞、分詞(短語)以及從句。

17、Many people have helped with (canned) food.(過去分詞) TOC o 1-5 h z Open your mouth and put out your tongue. ()She cut the cake into two pieces. ()I want to buy some coffee cups. ()Put the child in the sleeping bag. ()You should adapt to the changing situation.()后置定語可以充當(dāng)后置定語的有形容詞，副詞，介詞短語，不定式(短語)，動詞的-ing

18、短語， 動詞的-ed短語，從句等。All people (present at the party) were his supporters. (形容詞短語)I have got something interesting to tell every one of you. ()The buildings around were badly damaged. () TOC o 1-5 h z The books on the top shelf were just bought. （）Lets try another way to do this. （）There is a gentleman

19、 asking to see you. （）Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. （）He lost his new pen that was bought last week. （）補語：賓補：補充說明賓語怎么樣了。I saw nobody so I left. （副詞）Youd better keep the books on the desk. （現(xiàn)在分詞）The mother didnt allow her daughter at night. （不定式）The coming exam keeps

20、 me . （形容詞短語）When he arrived, he found all the people .（過去分詞）狀語：概念：用來修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句的句子成分，稱為狀語。狀語用來說明動作 發(fā)生或存在的時間、地點、條件、讓步、原因、方式、程度、目的、結(jié)果等。位置：狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結(jié)構(gòu)之后，強調(diào)時放在句首修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調(diào)時放在句首。地點狀語一般須在時間狀語之前。一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、 助動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后

21、，動詞之前。構(gòu)成：可用作狀語的有副詞、動詞不定式（短語）、分詞短語、介詞短語、名詞以及從 句等。At the news, the mother stood there, greatly surprised.（介詞短語、副詞、形容詞）They held the English party in the open air.（介詞短語）Just wait a moment; I am dressing myself. （名詞）（不定式）To hear more clearly, she sat in the front of the classroom.（不定式）Finishing all her

22、homework, she surfed the Internet for a while.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）Seen from the top of the hill, the small city looks more beautiful. （過去分詞短語）Don9t leave here until you work out the math problem.（時間狀語從句）同位語：概念：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列另一個名詞或代詞，對前者加以解釋或說明的句 子成分。它近乎于后置定語，對前面的名詞或代詞作進一步的解釋說明的作用，說明前面的 詞是“誰”、是“什么”等。位置：位于所補充說明的詞

23、之前或之后。構(gòu)成：同位語通常由名詞、數(shù)詞、代詞或從句擔(dān)當(dāng)。同位語與定語的區(qū)別：同位語是對前面的名詞或代詞作進一步的解釋、說明的作用，說 明前面的詞是“誰、是“什么”等；而定語那么是對被修飾的詞起限制或修飾的作用。（3）、五種基本句型英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五 種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。英語五種基本句型列式如下：一、S V （主+謂）二、S V P （主+系+表）三、S V 0 （主+謂+賓）四、S V o 0 （主+謂+間賓+直賓）五、S V 0 C （主+謂+賓+賓補） 基本句型S V （主+謂）太陽在照耀著。1. The s

24、un | was shining.太陽在照耀著。The moonrose.月亮升起了。The universeremains.宇宙長存?；揪湫投篢he moonrose.月亮升起了。The universeremains.宇宙長存?；揪湫投篠VP（主+系+表）此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意思，必須加上 一個說明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做連系動 詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬 另一類，表示變化。be本身沒有什么意義，只

25、起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持 其局部詞義。感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞：look well/面色好,sound nice/聽起來不錯,feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞This | is | an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。The dinner | smells | good.午餐的氣味很好。He | fell | in love.他墮入了情網(wǎng)。基本句型三:S V 0 （主+謂+賓）此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完 整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類

26、動詞叫做及物動詞。 賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構(gòu)成一樣，不同的是構(gòu)成賓語的代詞必須是代詞賓格， 如：me, him, them 等Who | knows | the answer?誰知道答案？She | smiled | her thanks.她微笑表示感謝。He | has refused | to help them.他拒絕幫他們。基本句型四:S V o 0 （主+謂+間賓+直賓）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓 語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。 一般的順序為：動詞+間接賓語+

27、直接賓語。She | ordered | herself | a new dress.她給自己定了 一套新衣裳。She | cooked | her husband | a delicious meal.她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。He | brought | you | a dictionary.他給你帶來了一本字典?；揪湫臀?S V 0 C （主+謂+賓+賓補）此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還不能表達完整 的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。名詞/代詞賓格+名詞The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/

28、代詞賓格+形容詞New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項工作變得輕松.S / V （及物）/ 0 （賓語）/ C （賓補）They | appointed | him | manager.他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。They | painted | the door | green.他們把門漆成綠色This | set | them | thinking,這使得他們要細想一想。（4）句子的分類1、按句子的用途可分四種：陳述句 （肯定、 否認）： He is six years old; She didn hear of you before.2）疑問句（一般、特殊、選擇、

29、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old? Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感嘆句：How clever the boy is!2、按句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可分三種：1）簡單句：只有一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawin

30、g and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2）并列句：由并列連詞（and, but, or等）或分號（；）把兩個或兩個以上的簡單 句連在一起構(gòu)成。e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3）復(fù)合句：含有一個或一個以上從句的句子。復(fù)合句包含：名詞性從句（主語 從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）、定語從句和狀語從句等。e.g. The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when