2022年考研考博-考博英語-西南交通大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號32

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-西南交通大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Afolkcultureisasmall,isolated,cohesive,conservative,nearlyself-sufficientgroupthatishomogeneousincustomandrace,withastrongfamilyorclanstructureandhighlydevelopedrituals.Orderismaintainedthroughsanctionsbasedinthereligionorfamily,andinterpersonalrelationshipsarestrong.Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.Rather,eachpersonisexpectedtoperforinagreatvarietyoftasks,thoughdutiesmaydifferbetweenthesexes.Mostgoodsarehandmade,andasubsistenceeconomyprevails.Individualismisweaklydevelopedinfolkculturesasaresocialclasses.UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.PerhapsthenearestmodernequivalentinAnglo-AmericanistheAmish,aGermanAmericanfarmingsectthatlargelyrenouncestheproductsandlabor-savingdevicesoftheIndustrialage.InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.TheAmish’scentralreligiousconceptofDemut,"humility",clearlyreflectstheweaknessofindividualismandsocialclassessotypicaloffolkcultures,andthereisacorrespondingstrengthofAmishgroupidentity.RarelydotheAmishmarryoutsidetheirsect.Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.

Bycontrast,apopularcultureisalargeheterogeneousgroup,oftenhighlyindividualisticandconstantlychanging.Relationshipstendtobeimpersonal,andapronounceddivisionoflaborexists,leadingtotheestablishmentofmanyspecializedprofessions.Secularinstitutionsofcontrolsuchasthepoliceandamiytaketheplaceofreligionandfamilyinmaintainingorder,andamoney-basedeconomyprevails.Becauseofthesecontrasts,“popular”maybeviewedasclearlydifferentfrom“folk”.

Thepopularisreplacingthefolkinindustrializedcountriesandinmanydevelopingnations.Folk-madeobjectsgivewaytotheirpopularequivalent,usuallybecausethepopularitemismorequicklyorcheaplyproduce,iseasierortime-savingtouse,orlendsmoreprestigetotheowner.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whichofthefollowingistypicaloffolkcultures?

3.WhatdoestheauthorimplyabouttheUnitedStatesandCanada?

4.WhatisthemainsourceoforderinAmishsociety?

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutAmishbeliefsdoesthepassagesupport?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Twodecadesinmodernsociety.

B.Theinfluenceofindustrialtechnology.

C.Thecharacteristicsof“folk”and“popular”societies

D.ThespecializationoflaborinCanadaandtheUnitedStates

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thereisamoney-basedeconomy

B.Socialchangeoccursslowly

C.Contactwithotherculturesisencouraged.

D.Eachpersondevelopsonespecializedskill.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theyvaluefolkcultures.

B.Theyhavepopularcultures.

C.Theyhavenosocialclasses.

D.Theydonotvalueindividualism.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thegovernment.

B.Theclanstructure.

C.Theeconomy.

D.Thereligion.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Variousreligiouspracticesaretolerated.

B.Individualismandcompetitionareimportant.

C.Pre-moderntechnologyispreferred.

D.Peoplearedefinedaccordingtotheirclass.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:主旨大意題。文章主要分為三個(gè)部分，第一個(gè)部分講述的是民間文化社會的特點(diǎn)，第二部分講述的是大眾文化社會的特點(diǎn)，第三部分是講述在工業(yè)時(shí)代的如今，大眾流行文化正在取代民間文化。選項(xiàng)A：二十年的現(xiàn)代社會；選項(xiàng)B:工業(yè)技術(shù)的影響；選項(xiàng)D：加拿大和美國的勞動專業(yè)化，以上選項(xiàng)均與原文不符。選項(xiàng)C:“民俗化”社會與“大眾化”社會的特征“為正確選項(xiàng)。

第2題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干意思定位到文章第一段中Traditionisparamount,andchangecomesinfrequentlyandslowly.Thereisrelativelylittledivisionoflaborintospecializedduties.“傳統(tǒng)是至高無上的，很少有改變，而且變化很慢。很少有專門的勞動分工?！庇纱丝芍x項(xiàng)B“社會變革發(fā)生得很慢”與原文相符，為正確選項(xiàng)，而選項(xiàng)A、C、D均與原文表述的意思相反。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干意思是關(guān)于美國和加拿大，作者暗示了什么?可以定位到文章第—段中UnalteredfolkculturesnolongerexistinindustrializedcountriessuchastheUniteStatesandCanada.“在美國和加拿大等工業(yè)化國家，一成不變的民間文化已經(jīng)不復(fù)存在。”可以推斷出兩個(gè)國家的文化均已大眾流行化，由此可知B選項(xiàng)“它們有大眾流行文化”與原文意思相符，因此B為正確選項(xiàng)。

第4題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段最后一句Thereligion,avarietyoftheMennonitefaith,providestheprincipalmechanism,formaintainingorder.“其宗教，作為Mennonite信仰的一種，提供了維持秩序的主要機(jī)制?！庇纱丝芍狣選項(xiàng)“宗教”為正確選項(xiàng)，選項(xiàng)A、B、C均與題意不符。

第5題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。選項(xiàng)A：容忍各種宗教活動。這與文章所表述的阿米什人很少與他們宗派以外的人通婚不符，因此錯(cuò)誤。選項(xiàng)B：個(gè)人主義和競爭很重要這與文章“theweaknessofindividualismandsocialclasses”意思不符，所以為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)D：每個(gè)人發(fā)展一項(xiàng)專門技能，明顯與文中第一段描述不符。選項(xiàng)C：現(xiàn)代以前的技術(shù)更受喜歡，與原文“InAmishareas,horsedrawnbuggiesstillseverasalocaltransportationdevice,andthefaithfularenotpermittedtoownautomobiles.”所表述的意思“在Amish地區(qū)，輕便馬車仍然是當(dāng)?shù)氐慕煌üぞ撸磐絺儾辉试S擁有汽車?！毕喾?，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Intheearly20thcentury,fewthingsweremoreappealingthanthepromiseofscientificknowledge.Inaworldstrugglingwithrapidindustrialization,scienceandtechnologyseemedtooffersolutionstoalmosteveryproblem.Newlycreatedstatecollegesanduniversitiesdevotedthemselvesalmostentirelytoscientific,technological,andengineeringfields.ManyAmericanscametobelievethatscientificcertaintycouldnotonlysolvescientificproblems,butalsoreformpolitics,government,andbusiness.TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld.AfterWorldWarII,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy.Americanscholarsfannedoutacrossmuchoftheworld~withsupportfromtheFordFoundation,theFulbrightprogram,etc.―topromotetheteachingofliteratureandtheartsinanefforttomakethecasefordemocraticfreedoms.

IntheAmericaofourownlime,thegreateducationalchallengehasbecomeanefforttostrengthentheteachingofwhatisnowknownastheSTEMdisciplines（science,technology,engineering,andmath）.ThereisconsiderableandjustifiedconcernthattheUnitedStatesisfallingbehindmuchoftherestofthedevelopedworldintheseessentialdisciplines.India,China.Japanandotherregionsseemtobeseizingtechnologicalleadership.

Atthesametime,perhapsinevitably,thehumanities—whilestillpopularinelitecollegesanduniversities—haveexperiencedasignificantdecline.Humanisticdisciplinesareseriouslyunderfunded,notjustbythegovernmentandthefoundationsbutbyacademicinstitutionsthemselves.Humanistsareusuallyamongthelowest-paidfacultymembersatmostinstitutionsandareoftenlightlyregardedbecausetheydonotgenerategrantincomeandbecausetheyprovidenoobviouscredentials（資質(zhì)）formostnonacademiccareers.

UndoubtedlyAmericaneducationshouldtrainmorescientistsandengineers.MuchoftheconcernamongpoliticiansaboutthestateofAmericanuniversitiestodayisfocusedontheabsenceof“realworld”education—whichmeanspreparationforprofessionalandscientificcareers.Buttheideathatinstitutionsortheirstudentsmustdecidebetweenhumanitiesandscienceisfalse.Oursocietycouldnotsurvivewithoutscientificandtechnologicalknowledge.Butwewouldbeequallyimpoverished（貧困的）withouthumanisticknowledgeaswell.Scienceandtechnologyteachuswhatwecando.Humanisticthinkinghelpsusunderstandwhatweshoulddo.

Itisalmostimpossibletoimagineoursocietywithoutthinkingoftheextraordinaryachievementsofscientistsandengineersinbuildingourcomplicatedworld.Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues.Wehavealwaysneeded,andwestillneed,both.

1.Intheearly20thcenturyAmericansbelievedscienceandtechnologycould（）.

2.WhydidmanyAmericanscholarsbecomeenthusiasticabouthumanisticstudiesafterWorldWarII?

3.WhyareAmericanscholarsworriedabouteducationtoday?

4.Whataccountsforthesignificantdeclineinhumanisticstudiestoday?

5.Whydoestheauthorattachsomuchimportancetohumanisticstudies?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.solvevirtuallyallexistingproblems

B.helpraisepeople’slivingstandards

C.quickenthepaceofindustrialization

D.promotethenation’ssocialprogress

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theywantedtoimprovetheirownstatuswithinthecurrenteducationsystem.

B.Theybelievedthestabilityofasocietydependedheavilyonhumanisticstudies.

C.Theycouldgetfinancialsupportfromvariousfoundationsforhumanisticstudies.

D.Theyrealizedscienceandtechnologyalonewerenoguaranteeforabetterworld.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.TheSTEMsubjectsaretoochallengingforstudentstolearn.

B.SomeAsiancountrieshaveovertakenAmericainbasicsciences.

C.AmericaislaggingbehindintheSTEMdisciplines.

D.Therearenotenoughscholarsinhumanisticstudies.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Insufficientfunding

B.Shortageofdevotedfaculty

C.Shrinkingenrollment

D.Dimprospectsforgraduates

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Theypromotethedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

B.Theyhelppreparestudentsfortheirprofessionalcareers.

C.Humanisticthinkinghelpsdefineourcultureandvalues.

D.Humanisticthinkinghelpscultivatestudents’creativity.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段指出:scienceandtechnologyseemedtooffersolutionstoalmosteveryproblem(科學(xué)與技術(shù)似乎幾乎為所有問題提供了解決方案)。由此可知，A項(xiàng)“解決幾乎所有存在的問題”正確。

第2題:判斷推理題。第一段指出:TwoworldwarsandaGreatDepressionrockedtheconfidenceofmanypeoplethatscientificexpertisealonecouldcreateaprosperousandorderedworld(兩次世界大戰(zhàn)和一次大蕭條動搖了許多人的信心，他們曾認(rèn)為只有科學(xué)知識才能創(chuàng)造一個(gè)繁榮有序的世界)。以及:AfterWorldWarII,theacademicworldturnedwithnewenthusiasmtohumanisticstudies,whichseemedtomanyscholarsthebestwaytoensurethesurvivalofdemocracy(第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，學(xué)術(shù)界對人文主義研究產(chǎn)生了新的熱情，這在許多學(xué)者看來是確保民主生存的最佳途徑)。由此可知，D項(xiàng)“他們認(rèn)識到僅有科學(xué)和技術(shù)不能保證一個(gè)更好的世界”正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:ThereisconsiderableandjustifiedconcernthattheUnitedStatesisfallingbehindmuchoftherestofthedevelopedworldintheseessentialdisciplines(在這些基本學(xué)科方面，美國正落后于許多其他發(fā)達(dá)國家，這個(gè)擔(dān)憂是相當(dāng)合理的)。因此C項(xiàng)“美國在STEM學(xué)科上正落后”正確。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Humanisticdisciplinesareseriouslyunderfunded,notjustbythegovernmentandthefoundationsbutbyacademicinstitutionsthemselves(政府、基金會和學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)本身為人文學(xué)科所提供的資金都嚴(yán)重不足)。因此A項(xiàng)“資金不足”正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。最后一段指出:Buttrytoimagineourworldaswellwithouttheremarkableworksthathavedefinedourcultureandvalues(然而，也試著去想象我們的世界沒有定義我們文化和價(jià)值的引人注目的作品)。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為人文主義研究重要是因?yàn)槿宋闹髁x思想幫助定義了我們的文化和價(jià)值觀。故選C。

3.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese

Paintingsarestatic.Theuniquenessoftheexperienceoflookingatapaintingrepeatedly—overaperiodofdaysoryears----isthat,inthemidstofflux,theimageremainschangeless.Ofcoursethesignificanceoftheimagemaychange,asaresultofeitherhistoricalorpersonaldevelopments,butwhatisdepictedisunchanging:thesamemilkflowingfromthesamejug,thewavesontheseawithexactlythesameformationunbroken,thesmileandthefacewhichhavenotaltered.

Onemightbetemptedtosaythatpaintingspreserveamoment.Yetonreflectionthisisobviouslyuntrue.Forthemomentofapainting,unlikeamomentphotographed,neverexistedassuch.Andsoapaintingcannotbesaidtopreserveit.Ifapainting“stops”time,itisnot,likeaphotograph,preservingamomentofthepastfromthesupersessionofsucceedingmoments.

【答案】繪畫是靜態(tài)的。在幾天或幾年時(shí)間里反復(fù)看一幅畫的經(jīng)歷的獨(dú)特性在于畫的內(nèi)容在變遷中仍然保持不變。當(dāng)然，由于歷史或個(gè)人發(fā)展,盡管該圖像的意義可能會改變,但描述的內(nèi)容是不變的:一樣的奶瓶中流出的一樣的牛奶，海面上完全一樣的完整的波浪，不變的微笑和笑臉。

人們可能會說，繪畫保存了一個(gè)瞬間。然而，仔細(xì)想想，這顯然是不真實(shí)的。因?yàn)榕c被拍攝的瞬間不一樣，繪畫中的瞬間從未存在。因此，不能說一幅畫保存了一個(gè)瞬間。如果一幅畫留住了某個(gè)瞬間，那么它就不能保存代替隨后瞬間的過去瞬間，就像相片一樣。

4.單選題

CantheInternethelppatientsjumpthelineatthedoctor'soffice?TheSiliconValleyEmployersForum,asophisticatedgroupoftechnologycompanies,islaunchingapilotprogramtotestonline"virtualvisits"betweendoctorsatthreebiglocalmedicalgroupsandabout6,000employeesandtheirfamilies.ThesixemployerstakingpartintheSiliconValleyinitiative,includingheavyhitterssuchasOracleandCiscoSystems,hopethatonlinevisitswillmeanemployeeswon'thavetoskipworktoattendtominorailmentsortofollowuponchronicconditions."Withourlongcommutesandtraffic,driving40milestoyourdoctorinyourhometowncanbeabigchunkoftime,"saysCindyConway,benefitsdirectoratCadenceDesignSystems,oneoftheparticipatingcompanies.

Doctorsaren'tclamoringtochatwithpatientsonlineforfree;thoughtheyspendsomeunpaidtimeonthephone.Only1in5haseverE-mailedapatient,andjust9percentareinterestedindoingso,accordingtotheresearchfirmCyberDialogue.“Wearenotstupid,"saysStiflingSomers,executivedirectoroftheSiliconValleyemployersgroup."Doctorsgettingpaidisacriticalpieceingettingthistowork."Inthepilotprogram,physicianswillget$20peronlineconsultation,aboutwhattheygetforasimpleofficevisit.

Doctorsalsofearthey'llbeswampedbyramblingE-mailsthattelleverythingbutwhat'sneededtomakeadiagnosis.SothenewprogramwillusetechnologysuppliedbyHealinx,anAlameda,Calif.-basedstart-up.Healinx's"SmartSymptomWizard"questionspatientsandturnsanswersintoasuccinctmessage.Thecompanyhasonlinedialoguesfor60commonconditions.Thedoctorcanthendiagnosetheproblemandoutlineatreatmentplan,whichcouldincludeE-mailingaprescriptionoraface-to-facevisit.

CanE-mailreplacethedoctor'soffice?Manyconditions,suchaspersistentcough,requirestethoscopetodiscoverwhat'swrongandtoavoidamalpracticesuit.EvenLarryBonham,headofoneofthedoctor'sgroupsinthepilot,believesthevirtualdoctor'svisitsoffera“verynarrow"sliverofservicebetweenphonecallstoanadvicenurseandavisittotheclinic.

Thepilotprogram,settoendinninemonths,alsohopestodeterminewhetheronlinevisitswillboostworkerproductivityenoughtooffsetthecostoftheservice.Sofar,theInternet'srecordinthehealthfieldhasbeenunderwhelming.Theexperimentis"ahugerollofthediceforHealing",notesMichaelBarrett,ananalystatInternetconsultingfirmForesterResearch.Ifthe"Webvisits"succeed,someHMOs(HealthMaintenanceOrganizations)areexpectedtopayforonlinevisits.Ifdoctors,employers,andpatientsaren'tsatisfied,figureononemoreE-healthstart-uptostanddown.

1.TheSiliconValleyemployerspromotetheE-healthprogramforthepurposeof（）.

2.Whatcanbelearnedabouttheon-linedoctors'visits?

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,doctorsare（）.

4."SmartSymptomWizard"iscapableof（）.

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthefutureofonlinevisitswillmostlydependonwhether（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.rewardingtheiremployees

B.gratifyingthelocalhospitals

C.boostingworkerproductivity

D.testingasophisticatedtechnology

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareaquitepromisingbusiness.

B.Theyarefundedbythelocalgovernment.

C.Theyarewelcomedbyallthepatients.

D.Theyareverymuchunderexperimentation.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.reluctanttoserveonlinefornothing

B.notinterestedinWebconsultation

C.tootiredtotalktothepatientonline

D.contentwith$20paidperWebvisit

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.makingdiagnoses

B.producingprescriptions

C.profilingpatients'illness

D.offeringatreatmentplan

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.theemployerswouldremainconfidentinthem

B.theycouldeffectivelyreplaceofficevisits

C.HMOswouldcoverthecostoftheservice

D.newtechnologieswouldbeavailabletoimprovetheE-healthproject

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。最后一段指出了目的:Thepilotprogram,settoendinninemonths,alsohopestodeterminewhetheronlinevisitswillboostworkerproductivityenoughtooffsetthecostoftheservice(為期九個(gè)月的這次的試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目，也希望去確定網(wǎng)上問診是否將提高員工的生產(chǎn)率足夠到抵消服務(wù)成本)。因此C項(xiàng)“提高工作效率”正確。

第2題:判斷推理題。第一段第二句指出:TheSiliconValleyEmployersForum,asophisticatedgroupoftechnologycompanies,islaunchingapilotprogramtotestonline“virtualvisits”(作為資深技術(shù)團(tuán)隊(duì)的硅谷雇主論壇推出了一個(gè)試點(diǎn)項(xiàng)目來測試虛擬訪問（即網(wǎng)上問診）)。由此可知D選項(xiàng)“它們還在實(shí)驗(yàn)當(dāng)中”正確。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A:醫(yī)生不愿意在網(wǎng)上免費(fèi)服務(wù)。B:對網(wǎng)上咨詢不感興趣。C:太累而不能與病人在網(wǎng)上聊天。D:對一次網(wǎng)上問診20美元的價(jià)格滿意。第二段第一句及第二句指出:Doctorsaren’tclamoringtochatwithpatientsonlineforfree;thoughtheyspendsomeunpaidtimeonthephone.Only1in5haseverE-mailedapatient,andjust9percentareinterestedindoingso,accordingtotheresearchfirmCyberDialogue(醫(yī)生們并沒有叫嚷著要免費(fèi)和病人在線聊天，盡管他們在電話上花了一些無償?shù)臅r(shí)間。據(jù)研究公司網(wǎng)絡(luò)對話（CyberDialogue）稱，只有五分之一的人曾給病人發(fā)過電子郵件，只有9%的人對此感興趣)。由此可知，A項(xiàng)正確，B項(xiàng)不正確。C項(xiàng)跟D項(xiàng)并未被文章提及，故排除。

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段指出:Healinx’s“SmartSymptomWizard”questionspatientsandturnsanswersintoasuccinctmessage(Healinx的“智能癥狀向?qū)А毕蚧颊咛釂?，并將答案轉(zhuǎn)化為簡潔的信息)。因此C選項(xiàng)“扼要描述病人的病情”正確。而其余三項(xiàng)均是醫(yī)生的工作。因此本題選C。

第5題:判斷推理題。A:雇主將仍對它們有信心。B:它們能有效替代醫(yī)院問診。C:健康維護(hù)組織會承擔(dān)服務(wù)費(fèi)用。D:改善網(wǎng)絡(luò)健康工程的新技術(shù)將存在。最后一段指出:Ifthe“Webvisits”succeed,someHMOs（HealthMaintenanceOrganizations）areexpectedtopayforonlinevisits.Ifdoctors,employers,andpatientsaren'tsatisfied,figureononemoreE-healthstart-uptostanddown(如果“網(wǎng)上問診”成功，一些健康維護(hù)組織（HMO）將為在線訪問付費(fèi)。如果醫(yī)生、雇主和病人都不滿意，那就再找一家電子健康初創(chuàng)公司)。由此可知D項(xiàng)正確，A項(xiàng)過于片面。而B項(xiàng)屬于過度推理，C項(xiàng)只是結(jié)果，并不是條件。因此本題選D。

5.單選題

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.Manypeople（1）believethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical（2）bydrug（3）.Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisis（4）themoreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse”isoftenused（5）“drugabuse”to（6）thatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully（7）asheroinandcocaine.

Weliveinasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)is（8）:anaspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobe（9）,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,acigaretteforthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofasubstancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakenin（10）willproduce（11）effectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptual（12）.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalsoleadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased（13）,withmoreandmoreofthesubstance（14）toproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasan（15）symptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)that（16）thecentralnervoussystemand（17）perception,moodandbehaviorareknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccordingtowhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem,（18）depressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheir（19）effectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducinghallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning“mind-manifestation”)becausetheyseemedto（20）alterone’sstateofconsciousness.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.seldom

B.always

C.mistakenly

D.rarely

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.made

B.taken

C.drunk

D.eaten

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.users

B.addicts

C.misuses

D.eaters

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.when

B.forwhich

C.that

D.why

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.than

B.morethan

C.lessthan

D.insteadof

問題6選項(xiàng)

A.ensure

B.sure

C.assure

D.insurer

問題7選項(xiàng)

A.misused

B.used

C.misuse

D.user

問題8選項(xiàng)

A.perverse

B.perspicuous

C.pervasive

D.perspicacious

問題9選項(xiàng)

A.sociable

B.affable

C.cordial

D.social

問題10選項(xiàng)

A.access

B.excess

C.redundancy

D.quantity

問題11選項(xiàng)

A.positive

B.good

C.neutral

D.negative

問題12選項(xiàng)

A.distortions

B.deformation

C.distraction

D.distress

問題13選項(xiàng)

A.tolerance

B.intolerance

C.toleration

D.endurance

問題14選項(xiàng)

A.requiring

B.beingrequired

C.required

D.havingbeenrequired

問題15選項(xiàng)

A.withdrawal

B.retraction

C.revocation

D.annulment

問題16選項(xiàng)

A.effect

B.influence

C.affect

D.impact

問題17選項(xiàng)

A.change

B.influence

C.switch

D.transform

問題18選項(xiàng)

A.and

B.or

C.meanwhile

D.whereas

問題19選項(xiàng)

A.primary

B.primal

C.major

D.prior

問題20選項(xiàng)

A.radically

B.drastically

C.radiantly

D.dramatically

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:D

第6題:C

第7題:A

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:B

第11題:D

第12題:A

第13題:A

第14題:C

第15題:A

第16題:C

第17題:A

第18題:D

第19題:A

第20題:A

【解析】第1題:考查副詞辨析。seldom很少；always總是；常常；mistakenly錯(cuò)誤地；曲解地；rarely很少地；難得；罕有地。該處句意為:很多人錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為毒品…。故選C。

第2題:考查動詞辨析。選項(xiàng)均為對應(yīng)動詞的過去分詞形式?？崭袂盀閟omesortofmedicineoranillegalchemical(一些種類的藥品或一種非法的化學(xué)藥品)。因此，B項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:考查名詞辨析。由空格前“anillegalchemical一種非法的化學(xué)藥品”的對應(yīng)可知這里指代“吸毒者”，故B項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的“drugaddicts吸毒者”正確。

第4題:語法題?？疾閺木涞囊龑?dǎo)詞?？崭袂懊婢湟鉃?Theydon’trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccoarealsodrugs(他們沒有認(rèn)識到諸如酒精和煙草的常見物質(zhì)也是毒品)，是解釋說明后面moreneutraltermsubstanceabuseisnowusedbymanyphysiciansandpsychologists(更中性的詞（即藥物濫用）如今被很多內(nèi)科醫(yī)生和心理學(xué)家使用)的原因。因此D項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:語義題。此處句意為:“substanceabuse”這個(gè)短語代替“drugabuse”使用。

第6題:考查詞義辨析。ensure保證，確保；使安全；sure確信的；可靠的；必定的；assure保證；擔(dān)保；使確信；弄清楚;insure給……保險(xiǎn)：確保?？崭裉帒?yīng)填入一個(gè)動詞，而且賓語是:substancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfully(諸如酒精和煙草等物質(zhì)可以一樣有害)。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

第7題:語義題。這里是為了解釋說明“substanceabuse”(藥物濫用)，而且空格處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)動詞的過去分詞形式表被動。因此A項(xiàng)“濫用”符合句意。

第8題:考查形容詞辨析。perverse墮落的；不正當(dāng)?shù)模贿`反常情的；perspicuous明了的；清晰明白的；易懂的；pervasive普遍的；到處滲透的；流行的；perspicacious有洞察力的；聰穎的；敏銳的。該處句意為:我們生活在一個(gè)藥物的醫(yī)學(xué)和社會用途…的社會：用阿司匹林緩解頭痛…。由此可知C項(xiàng)符合句意。

第9題:考查形容詞辨析。sociable社交的；好交際的；友善的；affable和藹可親的；友善的；cordial熱忱的；誠懇的；興奮的；social社會的；群居的。這里表示:為了社交而喝酒。因此A項(xiàng)正確。

第10題:考查名詞辨析。該處表示:首先，大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的…使用都會產(chǎn)生…影響，如中毒或嚴(yán)重的感知錯(cuò)亂。因此，B項(xiàng)所構(gòu)成的“inexcess(過量，過度)正確。

第11題:考查形容詞辨析。positive積極的；肯定的；good好的；優(yōu)良的；愉快的；neutral中立的；中性的；negative［數(shù)］負(fù)的；消極的；否定的；陰性的；負(fù)面的。參照本句句意可知此處表示“負(fù)面的影響”。

第12題:考查名詞辨析。distortion變形；扭曲；曲解；deformation變形；distraction注意力分散；消遣；心煩意亂；distress危難；不幸；貧困。此題解題可以參照最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(對感知有影響，扭曲且改變它)。因此這里表示“感知的扭曲”。

第13題:考查名詞辨析。tolerance公差；容忍；【醫(yī)學(xué)】耐藥力；耐受性；intolerance（尤指對別人的意見）不寬容；偏執(zhí)；toleration寬容；忍受；endurance忍耐；持久；耐久。這里表示:藥物依賴首先表現(xiàn)為…增強(qiáng)。因此A項(xiàng)符合句意。

第14題:語法題?？疾榉侵^語。此處是with+主語+動詞分詞引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語。而動詞require的分詞與邏輯主語substance(藥物)之間是被動關(guān)系，因此用require的過去分詞形式。

第15題:考查固定搭配。withdrawalsymptoms表示“斷癥狀；脫癮綜合征”，因此A項(xiàng)正確。

第16題:考查動詞辨析。effect使發(fā)生；引起；實(shí)現(xiàn)；使生效；influence影響（可以是好的或壞的影響）；改變；affect影響（側(cè)重不好的影響）；感染：感動；impact撞擊；對…產(chǎn)生影響（一般與on搭配使用）?？崭窈鬄椤皌hecentralnervoussystem中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)”，由此可知C項(xiàng)正確。

第17題:考查動詞辨析。Change改變；influence影響；switch轉(zhuǎn)換；transform變換；轉(zhuǎn)化；使改變（思想、性格等）。此題解題可參考最后一段:...effectonperception,distortingandalteringit(對感知有影響，扭曲且改變它)，由此可知這里表示“改變感知”。

第18題:考查連詞辨析。由空格前“speeduporactivatethecentralnervoussystem(加速或激活中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng))”與空格后“(slowitdown)使其慢下來”可知前后屬于轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。因此D項(xiàng)“然而”正確。

第19題:考查形容詞辨析。primary主要的；初級的；基本的;primal首要的；原始的；最初的;major重要的；主修的；較多的；prior優(yōu)先的；在前的。這里表示“迷幻藥對感知的…影響”，因此A符合句意。

第20題:考查副詞辨析。radically根本上；徹底地；以激進(jìn)的方式；drastically徹底地；激烈地；radiantly清朗地；輝煌地；dramatically顯著地；劇烈地。該句表示:這些藥物通常被稱為迷幻藥（來自希臘語，意思是“精神顯現(xiàn)”），因?yàn)樗鼈兯坪酢淖兞艘粋€(gè)人的意識狀態(tài)。因此A符合句意。

6.單選題

Thewordscienceisheardsoofteninmoderntimesthatalmosteverybodyhassomenotionofitsmeaning.Ontheotherhand,itsdefinitionisdifficultformanypeople.Themeaningofthetermisconfused,buteveryoneshouldunderstanditsmeaningandobjectives.Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts).

Eveninthetruesciencesdistinguishingfactfromfictionisnotalwayseasy.Forthisreasongreatcareshouldbetakentodistinguishbetweenbeliefsandtruths.Thereisnodangeraslongascleardifferenceismadebetweentemporaryandprovedexplanations.Forexample,hypothesesandtheoriesareattemptstoexplainnaturalphenomena.Fromthesepositionsscientistscontinuetoexperimentandobserveuntiltheyareprovedordiscredited.Theexactstatusofanyexplanationshouldbeclearlylabeledtoavoidconfusion.

Theobjectivesofscienceareprimarilythediscoveryandthesubsequentunderstandingoftheunknown.Mancannotbesatisfiedwithrecognizingthatsecretsexistinnatureorthatquestionsareunanswerable;hemustsolvethem.Towardthatendspecialistsinthefieldofbiologyandrelatedfieldsofinterestsaredirectingmuchoftheirtimeandenergy.

Actually,twobasicapproachesleadtothediscoveryofnewinformation.One,aimedatsatisfyingcuriosity,isreferredtoaspurescience.Theotherisaimedatusingknowledgeforspecificpurposes---forinstance,improvinghealth,raisingstandardsofliving,orcreatingnewconsumerproducts.Inthiscaseknowledgeisputtoeconomicuse,suchanapproachisreferredtoasappliedscience.

Sometimespractical-mindedpeoplemissthepointofpurescienceinthinkingonlyofitsimmediateapplicationforeconomicrewards.Chemistsresponsibleformanyofthediscoveriescouldhardlyhaveanticipatedthattheirfindingswouldonedayresultinapplicationofsuchapracticalnatureasthosedirectlyrelatedtolifeanddeath.Thediscoveriesofonebitofinformationopenthedoortothediscoveryofanother.Somediscoveriesseemsosimplethatoneisamazedtheywerenotmadeyearsago;however,oneshouldrememberthattheconstructionofthemicroscopehadtoprecedethediscoveryofthecell.Thehostofscientistsdedicatingtheirlivestopuresciencearenotapologeticaboutignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries;theyknowfromexperiencethatmostknowledgeiseventuallyapplied.

1.Todefinesciencewemaysimplycallit（）.

2.Purescience,leadingtotheconstructionofamicroscope（）.

3.Ascientistinterestedinaddingtoourgeneralknowledgeaboutoxygenwouldprobablycallhisapproach（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoestheauthorimply?

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thestudyofunrelatedsubjects

B.anattempttoexplainnaturalphenomena

C.thestudyofunrelatedfields

D.classifiedknowledge

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.mayleadtoantiscientific,“impure”results

B.necessarilyprecedesappliedscience,leadingtothediscoveryofacell

C.isnotalwaysaspureaswesuppose

D.necessarilyresultsfromappliedscienceandthediscoveryofacell

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.appliedscience

B.agriculturescience

C.purescience

D.environmentalscience

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Scientistsoftheoreticalresearcharenotblamedforignoringthepracticalsideoftheirdiscoveries.

B.Todayfewpeoplehaveanynotionsofthemeaningofscience.

C.Inscience,itisnotdifficulttodistinguishfactfromfiction.

D.Practical-mindedpeoplecanunderstandthemeaningandobjectivesofpurescience.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.TheNatureofScienceandScientists

B.BiologyandtheScientificAge

C.HypothesesandTheories

D.OnDistinguishingFactfromFiction

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第一段最后一句指出:Justtomaketheexplanationassimpleaspossible,supposescienceisdefinedasclassifiedknowledge(facts)(為了盡可能簡化該定義，假設(shè)科學(xué)被定義為分類知識（事實(shí)）)。因此D項(xiàng)“分類知識”正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theconstr