2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)8

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Modernsciencehasopenedupthepathfortheprogressofproductiontechniquesanddeterminedthedirectionoftheirdevelopment.Manynewinstrumentsofproductionandtechnologicalprocessesfirstseethelightofdayinthescientificlaboratories.Aseriesofnewbornindustrieshavebeenfoundedonthebasisofnewly-emergeddisciplinesofscienceandtechnology，ofcourse,thereare,andtherewillbe,manytheoreticalresearchtopicswithnopracticalapplicationinplainsightforthetimebeing.Howeverahostofhistoricalfactshaveprovedthatonceamajorbreakthroughisscoredintheoreticalresearch,itmeanstremendousprogressforproductionandtechnologysoonerorlater.

Contemporarynaturalsciencesarebeingappliedtoproductiononanunprecedentedscaleandatahigherspeedthaneverbefore.Thishasgivenallfieldsofmaterialproductionanentirelynewlook.Inparticular,thedevelopmentofelectroniccomputersandautomationtechnologyisraisingthedegreeofautomationinproduction.Withthesameamountofmanpowerandinthesamenumberofwork-hours,peoplecanturnoutscoresorhundredsoftimesmoreproductsthanbefore.Howisitthatthesocialproductiveforceshavemadesuchtremendousadvancesandhowisitthatlaborproductivityhasincreasedbysuchabigmargin?Mainlythroughthepowerofscience,thepoweroftechnology.Therefore,wemaintainthatthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnologyhaslinkedscienceandproductionevenclosertogether.Aspartoftheproductiveforces,scienceandtechnologyarecomingtoplayanevengreaterrolethaneverbefore.

【答案】【參考譯文】

現(xiàn)代科學(xué)為生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步開辟了道路，決定了生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。許多新的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備和工藝流程首先在科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)室中問世。在新興科技學(xué)科的基礎(chǔ)上，建立了一系列新興產(chǎn)業(yè)。當(dāng)然，目前和將來都會(huì)有許多理論研究課題暫時(shí)沒有明顯的實(shí)用性。然而，大量的歷史事實(shí)證明，理論研究一旦取得重大突破，就意味著生產(chǎn)和技術(shù)遲早會(huì)取得巨大的進(jìn)步。

當(dāng)代自然科學(xué)正以前所未有的規(guī)模和速度應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)。這給了所有材料生產(chǎn)領(lǐng)域一個(gè)全新的面貌。特別是，電子計(jì)算機(jī)和自動(dòng)化技術(shù)的發(fā)展提高了生產(chǎn)中的自動(dòng)化程度。在相同的人力和工作時(shí)間內(nèi)，人們可以生產(chǎn)出比以前多幾十倍或幾百倍的產(chǎn)品。社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力是怎樣取得巨大進(jìn)步的？勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率又是如何大幅度提高的？主要通過科學(xué)的力量，技術(shù)的力量。因此，我們認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展使科學(xué)與生產(chǎn)的聯(lián)系更加緊密。作為生產(chǎn)力的一部分，科學(xué)技術(shù)將發(fā)揮前所未有的重要作用。

2.翻譯題

Criticismisavaluablemeansofhelpingourselvesandothersachievepersonalgrowth.However,becauseitisoftendonecarelesslyorcruelly,criticismhasabadreputation.Herearesomeguidelinesforofferingcriticismconstructively.First,waituntilthepersonasksforfeedbackonhisorherperformanceoractions.Unasked-forcriticismisnotusuallyvaluable.Second,describetheperson’sbehaviorasspecificallyaspossiblebeforeyoucriticizeit.Insteadofjustsaying,“Youwereawful,”tellthepersonexactlywhatyouobserved.Andfinally,trytobalanceyourcriticismwithpositivestatements.Lookforsignificantpointsintheotherperson’sperformancethatyoucanhonestlypraise.

【答案】批評(píng)是幫助我們促成自身與他人成長(zhǎng)的有效手段，然而，因?yàn)樗膰?yán)厲與不經(jīng)意性，經(jīng)常遭人詬病?，F(xiàn)在就如何給出建設(shè)性的批評(píng)意見，提供幾種方法。首先，要等到當(dāng)事人主動(dòng)提出對(duì)其行為進(jìn)行批評(píng)指正。不請(qǐng)自來的批評(píng)通常是不值錢的。第二，在批評(píng)之前，要盡可能地詳細(xì)客觀地描述當(dāng)事人的行為。而不是僅僅說一句：“你太可怕了”，要讓他明白，你所看到的真實(shí)情況是怎樣的。最后，要讓你的批評(píng)聽起來只是正面的陳述。從另一個(gè)人的行為當(dāng)中找尋你所高度贊賞的閃光點(diǎn)。

3.翻譯題

我們的大多數(shù)感覺都是被動(dòng)式的。以聽覺和視覺為例，我們只是簡(jiǎn)單地接受和分析聲音或光線。然而，觸覺則有所不同：我們用雙手主動(dòng)地去探索和改變現(xiàn)實(shí)，因此我們?cè)诓杉畔r(shí)的活動(dòng)同樣也可以改變世界…例如用一塊粘土塑?；虬磩?dòng)某個(gè)按鈕。在提供人與人之間的直接接觸中，觸覺傳遞情感沖擊；在提供人與世界的直接接觸中，觸覺成為現(xiàn)實(shí)的確切標(biāo)志，正如：“掐我一下我是在做夢(mèng)嗎？”

【答案】Mostoursensesarepassive.Takinghearingandvisionasanexample,weonlysimplyreceiveandanalyzethesoundandlight.Touch,however,isdifferent.Weexploreandchangerealitywithourhandsvoluntarilyandthereforewecanalsochangetheworldwhilecollectinginformation,suchasmakingamodelwithclayorpressingabutton.Asameansofdirectcontactbetweenpeople,touchtransmitsemotionaleffect;inthedirectcontactbetweenmanandtheworld,touchbecomesasignofreality,suchas“pleasepinchme,amIdreaming?”

4.單選題

Abouttwiceeverycentury,oneofthemassivestarsinourgalaxyblowsitselfapartinasupernovaexplosionthatsendsmassivequantitiesofradiationandmatterintospaceandgeneratesshockwavesthatsweepthroughthearmsofthegalaxy.Theshockwavesheattheinterstellargas,evaporatesmallclouds,andcompresslargeronestothepointatwhichtheycollapseundertheirowngravitytoformnewstars.Thegeneralpicturethathasbeendevelopedforthesupernovaexplosionanditsaftermathgoessomethinglikethis.Throughoutitsevolution,astarismuchlikealeakyballoon.Itkeepsitsequilibriumfigurethroughabalanceofinternalpressureagainstthetendencytocollapseunderitsownweight.Thepressureisgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthecoreofthestarwhichmustcontinuallysupplyenergytobalancetheenergythatleaksoutintheformofradiation.Eventuallythenuclearfuelisexhausted,andthepressuredropsinthecore.Withnothingtoholditup,thematterinthecenterofthestarcollapsesinward,creatinghigherandhigherdensitiesandtemperatures,untilthenucleiandelectronsarefusedintoasuper-denselumpofmatterknownasaneutronstar.

Astheoverlyinglayersraindownonthesurfaceoftheneutronstar,thetemperaturerises,untilwithablindingflashofradiation,thecollapseisreversed.Athermonuclearshockwaverunsthroughthenowexpandingstellarenvelope,fusinglighterelementsintoheavieronesandproducingabrilliantvisualoutburstthatcanbeasintenseasthelightof10billionsuns.Theshellofmatterthrownoffbytheexplosionplowsthroughthesurroundinggas,producinganexpandingbubbleofhotgas,withgastemperaturesinthemillionsofdegrees.ThisgaswillemitmostofitsenergyatX-raywavelengths,soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.MorethantwentysupernovaremnantshavenowbeendetectedinX-raystudies.

Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.AlthoughthecloudthatcollapsedtoformtheSunandtheplanetswascomposedprimarilyofhydrogenandhelium,italsocontainedcarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,elementsessentialforlifeasweknowit.Elementsheavierthanheliumaremanufactureddeepintheinteriorofstarsandwould,forthemostpart,remainthereifitwerenotforthecataclysmicsupernovaexplosionsthatblowgiantstarsapart.Additionally,supernovasproducecloudsofhigh-energyparticlescalledcosmicrays.Thesehigh-energyparticlescontinuallybombardtheEarthandareresponsibleformanyofthegeneticmutationsthatarethedrivingforceoftheevolutionofspecies.

1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassage?

2.Accordingtothepassageaneutronstaris（

）.

3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemeteoritesmentionedbytheauthorinPara.3（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthefirsteventinthesequencethatleadstotheoccurrenceofasupernova?

5.Theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.TheOriginsandEffectsofSupernovas

B.ViolentChangeintheUniverse

C.TheAftermathofaSupernova

D.TheOriginsandEvolutionofLifeonEarth

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.agaseouscloudcontainingheavyelements

B.anintermediatestagebetweenanordinarystarandasupernova

C.thecoreofanordinarystarthathousesthethermonuclearreactions

D.oneofbillionsofmeteorsthatarescatteredacrossthegalaxybyasupernova

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.containdangerousconcentrationsofradioactivematerials

B.arelargerthanthemeteorsnormallyfoundinasolarsystemlikeours

C.containpiecesofasupernovathatoccurredseveralbillionyearsago

D.includematerialnotcreatedinthenormaldevelopmentofoursolarsystem

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.AnordinarystarbeginstoemittremendousquantitiesofX-rays.

B.Animbalancebetweenlightandheavyelementscausesanordinarystartocollapse.

C.Acloudofinterstellargasrichincarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,collapsestoformaneutronsstar.

D.Anordinarystarexhaustsitssupplyofnuclearfuelandbeginstocollapse.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.lifeonEarthisendangeredbyitsconstantexposuretoradiationforcesthatarereleasedbyasupernova

B.lighterelementsareformedfromheavierelementsduringasupernovaastheheavierelementsaretomapart

C.itissometimeseasiertodetectsupernovasbyobservationoftheX-rayspectrumthanbyobservationofvisiblewavelengthsoflight

D.recentlydiscoveredmeteoritesindicatethatEarthandotherplanetsofoursolarsystemsurvivedtheexplosionofasupernovaseveralbillionyearsago

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】1.本題要求找到這篇文章最恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題。因?yàn)槲闹袥]有提到和重點(diǎn)關(guān)注地球上的生命，排除D選項(xiàng)“地球上的生命的起源和演化”；supernova作為本文的高頻詞和關(guān)鍵詞確定文章講的是與超新星有關(guān)的內(nèi)容，故應(yīng)排除B項(xiàng)“宇宙中的激變”；通過分析文章可知主要是介紹了超新星的起源以及為宇宙所帶來的影響，A選項(xiàng)“超新星的起源和影響”作為標(biāo)題最適合。

2.題目是問中子星的定義。根據(jù)第一段中的描述超新星爆炸加熱氣態(tài)云并且壓縮體積巨大的氣態(tài)云形成新的恒星。中間階段類似漏氣的氣球，不斷產(chǎn)生能量保持內(nèi)外壓力，最終能量耗盡，星體內(nèi)部塌陷，形成高密度和高溫星體，原子和電子融合形成超級(jí)物質(zhì)，就被稱為中子星。所以B選項(xiàng)“介于一顆普通恒星與超新星之間的中間階段”正確。

3.本題是問第三段中作者提到的隕石……。A項(xiàng)意為“包含著危險(xiǎn)的有放射性物質(zhì)的聚集”；B項(xiàng)意為“比在像我們一樣的太陽系中發(fā)現(xiàn)的流星更大”；C項(xiàng)意為“包含數(shù)塊在數(shù)億年前就存在的超新星”；D項(xiàng)意為“不包括在我們的太陽系的發(fā)展中創(chuàng)造出的物質(zhì)”。根據(jù)最后一段第一句Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.最近關(guān)于隕石的發(fā)現(xiàn)包括有某些異常的核素的聚集表明了一個(gè)超新星可能比我們太陽系產(chǎn)生的時(shí)間早45億年時(shí)間。確定C選項(xiàng)“包含數(shù)塊在數(shù)億年前就存在的超新星”正確。

4.本題是問導(dǎo)致超新星存在的第一個(gè)首要的事件是什么。根據(jù)第一段的描述：在每一百年中有兩次銀河系中的大質(zhì)量的恒星就會(huì)在超新星爆炸中將自己分解并發(fā)射大量的輻射物質(zhì)并進(jìn)入太空生成沖擊波而席卷整個(gè)銀河系。這種星級(jí)氣體加熱激波，蒸發(fā)了小云朵，并壓縮較大的一些到達(dá)在自身引力作用下的爆發(fā)點(diǎn)最終形成新的恒星，最終會(huì)形成中子星。所以D選項(xiàng)“一顆普通的恒星耗盡供應(yīng)的核燃料并開始爆炸”是第一個(gè)發(fā)生的事件。

5.由第二段中的內(nèi)容soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.因此，x射線天文臺(tái)對(duì)超新星現(xiàn)象的本質(zhì)提供了一些最有用的洞見也就不足為奇了。確定C選項(xiàng)“有時(shí)候通過觀察X射線光譜來探測(cè)超新星比通過觀察可見光波段來探測(cè)更容易”正確。

5.翻譯題

Thefactthatourcomputernetworkissoadvancedwillalsosoongiveustheopportunitytoshareourteachingexpertisewithlocalcompaniesandevenotheruniversities;adedicatedcenterfordistancelearningisalreadyunderdiscussion.Wewillincreasinglyuseinternet-basedcomputercourses,toenhanceourownteachingandalsotoreachstudentsoutsidetheuniversity.Thatdoesn’tmeancomputerterminalswilldisplacepeople;studentsarealwaysgoingtoneedadviceandhigh-qualitytuitiononthespot.Butitdoesmeanwecanrefineourteachingcoursesovertimeandmakethemavailableinthemanneroftextbooks.Inaddition,withintheuniversityitself,accessisgoingtoremainourkeypriority.

【答案】事實(shí)上，我們的計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)非常先進(jìn)，很快我們就能夠與當(dāng)?shù)氐墓旧踔疗渌髮W(xué)分享我們的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)；人們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在開始討論遠(yuǎn)程教育中心。我們將提供越來越多的建立在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的課程，提高教學(xué)效果，教授校外的學(xué)生。這樣說并不意味著計(jì)算機(jī)終端將取代人，學(xué)生總是需要高水平的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)指導(dǎo)和幫助。但是，這意味著我們可以不斷改進(jìn)我們的課程，然后把它們變成教材。此外，就大學(xué)本身而言，易獲得性始終是我們的重點(diǎn)。

6.翻譯題

Thedistinctionbetweenthemechanizationofthepastandwhatishappeningnowis,however,notasharpone.Atoneextremewehavetheelectroniccomputerwithitsquiteremarkablecapacityfordiscriminationandcontrol,whileattheotherendofthescaleare“transfermachines”,astheyarenowcalled,whichmaybeassimpleasaconveyorbelttoanother.Anautomaticmechanismisonewhichhasacapacityforself-regulation;thatis,itcanregulateorcontrolthesystemorprocesswithouttheneedforconstanthumanattentionoradjustment.Nowpeopleoftentalkabout“feedback”asbeinganessentialfactorofthenewindustrialtechniques,uponwhichisbasedanautomaticself-regulatingsystemandbyvirtueofwhichanydeviationinthesystemfromdesiredconditionscanbedetected,measured,reportedandcorrected.When“feedback”isappliedtotheprocessbywhichalargedigitalcomputerrunsattheimmensespeedthroughalongseriesofsums,constantlyrejectingtheanswersuntilitfindsonetofitacomplexsetoffactswhichhavebeenputtoit,itisperhapsdifferentindegreefromwhatwehavepreviouslybeenaccustomedtomachines.

【答案】然而，過去的機(jī)械化和今天所發(fā)生的一切之間的區(qū)別并不大。一方面，我們的電腦具有驚人的分辨能力和控制能力，另一方面，則是傳送機(jī)，最簡(jiǎn)單的是傳送帶。自動(dòng)機(jī)械就是一個(gè)有自控能力的裝置，也就是說，它不需要人經(jīng)常調(diào)整和看管，也能夠調(diào)節(jié)或控制系統(tǒng)或過程?，F(xiàn)在人們常說‘反饋’是這些新工業(yè)技術(shù)的根本要素，自動(dòng)的自我調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制就是建立在反饋基礎(chǔ)上的，通過它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)與理想狀態(tài)間的任何偏離，并加以測(cè)量，報(bào)告并糾正。大型計(jì)算機(jī)高速進(jìn)行著各種運(yùn)算，當(dāng)‘反饋’被運(yùn)用于該過程中，計(jì)算機(jī)就會(huì)不斷否決錯(cuò)誤答案，直到找到與輸入的信息相符的正確答案為止，這種機(jī)制與我們以前熟悉的機(jī)器差別很大。

7.單選題

Nutritionalstatusaffectschildren’sbehavior.Well-nourishedchildrenaremorealertandattentiveandarebetterabletobenefitfromphysicalandlearningexperience.Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.Fatchildrenalsofacemanyproblems.Theyareoftenslowandlessabletoparticipateinphysicalactivity.Theymaysufferfrombeinglaughedatandemotionalstressbybeingexcludedfromplaymates.

Children’sresistancetoinfectionandillnessisalsodefinitelyinfluencedbytheirnutritionalstatus.Childrenwhoarewellnourishedarelesslikelytobecomeill;theyalsorecovermorequicklywhentheyaresick.Poorlynourishedchildrenaremoresensitivetoinfectionsandillness.Illnessalsoincreasestheneedforsomenutrients.Thuspoornutritioncreatesacycleofillness,poorernutritionalstatus,andloweredresistancetoillness.

Malnutritionisaseriousproblemformanyyoungchildrenbutitisnotalwaysassociatedwithpovertyorapoorenvironment.Childrenofmiddleandupperincomefamiliesmayalsobemalnourishedbecauseofunwisefoodselections.Malnutritionoccurswhenthereisprolongedimbalanceofthenutrientsthatarerequiredandthenutrientsthatareactuallyeaten.Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition.

Itisimportantthatbothoftheseconditionsbeavoidedinyoungchild.Anadequateintakeofallrequirednutrientsismostvitalduringearlyperiodsofgrowthanddevelopment.Also,theeffectsofnutritionaldeficiencyonphysicaldevelopmentduringearlychildhoodarelesslikelytobechangedbyimproveddietaryintakelater.

1.Well-nourishedchildrentendtodoallthefollowingbut______.

2.WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTtrue?

3.Malnutritionmaybecausedby______.

4.Itisimpliedinthepassagethat______.

5.Theword“withdrawn”inLine3ofPara1means______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.beattentivewhilelearning

B.betooactiveinclass

C.benefitfromphysicalactivity

D.behaveveryproperly

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Children’sresistancetoillnessisdirectlyproportionaltotheirpoornutritionalstatus.

B.Thewell-nourishedtendtorecoverquicklywhentheyareill.

C.Thepoorly-nourishedaremostlikelytobethevictimsofanyinfectiousdisease.

D.Thecycleindicatesthatillnesscanturnthepoornutritionalconditionfortheworse.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.adeprivedenvironment

B.unwisefoodselections

C.undernutrition

D.alloftheabove

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.overnutritionisevenharmfulthanundernutrition

B.malnutritionhasseriouseffectsonchild’sphysicaldevelopment

C.thenutritionalconditionofayoungchilddeservesmoreconcernthanthatofanadult

D.thenutrientsintakecanbeimprovedasthechildgrowsup

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.isolated

B.reserve

C.selfish

D.stubborn

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“Well-nourished”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Well-nourishedchildrenaremorealertandattentiveandarebetterabletobenefitfromphysicalandlearningexperience.（營養(yǎng)良好的兒童更警覺、更專心，更能從體育活動(dòng)和學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)中受益。），所以A選項(xiàng)“在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)專心致志”，C選項(xiàng)“從體育活動(dòng)中受益”，D選項(xiàng)“行為端正”均符合營養(yǎng)良好兒童的特點(diǎn)，排除A，C，D。B選項(xiàng)“在課堂上過于活躍”，由第一段第三句Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.（營養(yǎng)不良的孩子可能會(huì)安靜、孤僻，或者在課堂活動(dòng)中過于活躍。）可知，這是營養(yǎng)不良孩子的特點(diǎn)，因此本題選B。

2.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由A選項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵詞“resistancetoillness”可以定位到文章第二段第五句Thuspoornutritioncreatesacycleofillness,poorernutritionalstatus,andloweredresistancetoillness.（因此，營養(yǎng)不良造成了疾病的循環(huán)，營養(yǎng)狀況越差，抗病能力越低。），說明營養(yǎng)狀況越差的兒童，對(duì)疾病的抵抗力也越低。因此A選項(xiàng)“兒童對(duì)疾病的抵抗力與其不良的營養(yǎng)狀況成正比”與原文的表述不符，本題選A。B選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)好的人生病后往往恢復(fù)得很快”，C選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)不良的人最容易成為傳染病的受害者”，D選項(xiàng)“循環(huán)表明，疾病會(huì)使?fàn)I養(yǎng)不良的狀況惡化”均與原文的意思相符，所以排除B，C，D。

3.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干可以定位到文章第三段Malnutritionisaseriousproblemformanyyoungchildrenbutitisnotalwaysassociatedwithpovertyorapoorenvironment.Childrenofmiddleandupperincomefamiliesmayalsobemalnourishedbecauseofunwisefoodselections…Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition.（營養(yǎng)不良對(duì)許多兒童來說是一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的問題，但它并不總是與貧窮或惡劣的環(huán)境有關(guān)。中高收入家庭的孩子也可能因?yàn)椴幻髦堑氖澄镞x擇而營養(yǎng)不良……營養(yǎng)不良可能是營養(yǎng)不足或營養(yǎng)過剩的結(jié)果。），說明營養(yǎng)不良的原因有惡劣的環(huán)境、不明智的食物選擇、營養(yǎng)不足、營養(yǎng)過剩。A選項(xiàng)“惡劣的環(huán)境”，B選項(xiàng)“不明智的食物選擇”，C選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)不足”都是導(dǎo)致營養(yǎng)不良的原因之一，所以D選項(xiàng)“以上都是”正確。

4.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】主旨大意題。文章介紹了兒童營養(yǎng)不良造成的危害和導(dǎo)致兒童營養(yǎng)不良的原因，但是C選項(xiàng)所說“兒童的營養(yǎng)狀況比成人的營養(yǎng)狀況更值得關(guān)注”無法從本文得出，本文并未對(duì)比兩種狀況哪一種更值得關(guān)注，C選項(xiàng)首先可排除。A選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)過剩比營養(yǎng)不足更有害”，由原文第三段最后一句“Malnutritionmaybetheresultofundernutritionorover-nutrition”可知，營養(yǎng)過剩和營養(yǎng)不足都是造成營養(yǎng)不良的原因，它們同樣有嚴(yán)重的危害，所以A錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“隨著孩子的成長(zhǎng)，營養(yǎng)素的攝入量可以得到改善”，由原文可知，早期兒童營養(yǎng)缺乏對(duì)身體發(fā)育的影響不太可能因以后改善飲食攝入而改變，所以D錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“營養(yǎng)不良對(duì)兒童的身體發(fā)育有嚴(yán)重影響”，由原文最后一段可知，Anadequateintakeofallrequirednutrientsismostvitalduringearlyperiodsofgrowthanddevelopment“在生長(zhǎng)和發(fā)育的早期階段，充分?jǐn)z取所有必需營養(yǎng)素是最重要的”，也就是要保證發(fā)育期的營養(yǎng)攝入，可反推出“營養(yǎng)不良對(duì)兒童的身體發(fā)育有嚴(yán)重影響”，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

5.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】詞義推測(cè)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“withdrawn”可以定位到文章第一段第三句Poorlynourishedchildrenmaybequietandwithdrawn,ortooactiveduringclassactivities.（營養(yǎng)不良的孩子可能會(huì)安靜、孤僻，或者在課堂活動(dòng)中過于活躍。），說明“withdrawn”在文中是形容兒童的性格，意思應(yīng)該是和“安靜”對(duì)應(yīng)的“孤僻的、沉默寡言的”。因此A選項(xiàng)isolated“孤獨(dú)的”正確。B選項(xiàng)reserve“儲(chǔ)備”，C選項(xiàng)“自私的”，D選項(xiàng)“頑固的”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

8.單選題

ResearchersatUCLAMedicalCenterinLosAngeles,Californiafoundthata12-minutebedsidevisitwithadogcanhelpeaseanxietylevelsby24percentinheartfailurepatients,comparedtoa10percentdropwhenpatientshadavisitfromahumanvolunteer,andnodropinpatientswhohadnovisit.

Resultsofthe76-patientstudywerepresentedlastweekattheAmericanHeartAssociation’sannualScientificSessionsinDallas,Texas.ThestudywasfundedbythePetCareTrustFoundation,anon-profitorganizationwhichpromoteshuman-animalinteractionandbonding.Inthestudy,effectsofdogandvolunteervisitswerecomparedwiththoseofvolunteersonly,andwithpatientswhohadnovisitsandremainedatrest.Heartpressuresweremonitoredandpatientswereaskedtoansweralistofanxietyassessmentquestionsbeforeandafterthevisits.Althoughcriticalpressuremeasuresalsodecreased,suggestingimprovedcardiacfunction,themostmarkedresponsewasseeninanxietylevels.

“Thefirstthingyounoticeisthatthepatient’sfacialexpressionchangestoasmileandthestressoftheworldseemstobeliftedofftheirshoulders,”studyauthorKathyColesaid.Feelingsofdepressionandhelplessnessarecommonamongheartpatients,Colesaid,andjustthreenightsinahospitalisenoughtomakesomepatientsfeelanxiousandunsettled.Duringthevisit,thefurryfriendisallowedtolieonthebednexttothepatientwithitsheadwithintwofeetofthepatient’s.Mostpatientspettedthedog,whileothersengagedhumanvolunteersinconversationaboutthedog.

Dogsusedinthestudyarespeciallytrainedanimal-assistedtherapydogsthatundergoaseriesoftrainings,evaluationsandcertificationstoqualifyastherapydogs.Dogbreedsvaried.ResearchersusedeverythingfromBernesemountaindogstosmallschnauzers.However,adogdoesn’thavetobespeciallytrainedtohaveacalmingeffectonitshumancounterparts.Infact,theanimaldoesn’tevenhavetobeadoginordertohelp.“Aslongastheanimalhasmeaningtothepatient,orarelationshipwiththepatient,itcanhelpcalmthepatient,”Colesaid.

6.Welearnfromthetextthatheartpatientsbenefitmostfromvisits______.

7.Thestudyshowsthat,forheartpatients,______.

8.AccordingtoCole,thechangeofpatients’facialexpressionindicatesthat______.

9.Colebelievesthatdogsarehelpfultothepatientsif______.

10.Thisreportfocuseson______.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.byavolunteerwithadog

B.byavolunteeronhisown

C.byawell-traineddogalone

D.byanon-profitorganization

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theiranxietyisreducediftheystaylongerinhospital

B.theircontactwithanimalsimprovestheircondition

C.theirheartpressuredecreasesiftheyremainatrest

D.theirrecoveryreliesoncontactwithanimals

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theyarehappywiththeexperiment

B.theyarepsychologicallycomforted

C.theirhospitalizationmaybeshortened

D.theirheartfunctionisreturningtonormal

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theyarelimitedtocertainbreeds

B.theyarespeciallytrainedones

C.theyhavemeaningtothem

D.theystaywiththemallday

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.thehealingpowerofanimals

B.thetreatmentofheartdisease

C.therelationshipbetweendogsandhumans

D.thepromotionofhuman-animalinteraction

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:A

【解析】6.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“heartpatients”可以定位到文章第一段中visitwithadogcanhelpeaseanxietylevelsby24percentinheartfailurepatients（帶著狗一起看病人，會(huì)使病人的焦慮感降低24%。），說明帶著寵物看病人對(duì)心臟病患者有好處。因此A選項(xiàng)“由一位志愿者帶著狗”正確。B選項(xiàng)“由志愿者一個(gè)人”，C選項(xiàng)“僅靠一只訓(xùn)練有素的狗”，D選項(xiàng)“靠非營利組織”均不符合題意，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

7.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“heartpatients”可以定位到文章第一段中visitwithadogcanhelpeaseanxietylevelsby24percentinheartfailurepatients（帶著狗一起看病人，會(huì)使病人的焦慮感降低24%。），說明和動(dòng)物接觸對(duì)心臟病人有好處。因此B選項(xiàng)“他們與動(dòng)物的接觸改善了他們的狀況”正確。A選項(xiàng)“如果住院時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)，他們的焦慮感就會(huì)減少”，由原文可知，長(zhǎng)時(shí)間住院會(huì)讓病人感到焦慮不安，所以A錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“如果一直休息，他們的心臟壓力就會(huì)下降”，由原文可知，一直休息不會(huì)使病人的心臟壓力下降，所以C錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“他們的康復(fù)依賴于與動(dòng)物的接觸”，原文只說了和動(dòng)物接觸對(duì)心臟病人有好處，并沒有說要依賴于與動(dòng)物的接觸，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

8.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“facialexpression”可以定位到文章第三段第一句Thefirstthingyounoticeisthatthepatient’sfacialexpressionchangestoasmileandthestressoftheworldseemstobeliftedofftheirshoulders（首先你會(huì)注意到，病人的面部表情變成了微笑，世界的壓力似乎從他們的肩膀上消失了），文章前兩段詳細(xì)陳述了帶著狗去看病人的好處，第三段開頭就提到病人表情的變化，可以推斷，在與動(dòng)物接觸之后，病人的心理壓力變小。因此B選項(xiàng)“他們?cè)谛睦砩系玫搅税参俊闭_。A選項(xiàng)“他們對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)很滿意”，C選項(xiàng)“他們的住院時(shí)間可能會(huì)縮短”，D選項(xiàng)“他們的心臟功能正在恢復(fù)正?！痹谖闹芯鶝]有提及，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

9.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第四段最后一句“Aslongastheanimalhasmeaningtothepatient,orarelationshipwiththepatient,itcanhelpcalmthepatient,”Colesaid.（科爾說：“只要?jiǎng)游飳?duì)病人有意義，或者與病人有關(guān)系，它就能幫助病人平靜下來?！保?，說明任何動(dòng)物只要對(duì)病人有意義，都有助于其病情的恢復(fù)，狗當(dāng)然也不例外。因此C選項(xiàng)“對(duì)他們有意義”正確。A選項(xiàng)“僅限于某些品種”，由原文可知，對(duì)狗的品種沒有限制，所以A錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“受過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練”，由原文可知，狗對(duì)人類的鎮(zhèn)靜作用并不需要經(jīng)過特別訓(xùn)練，所以B錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“整天和他們?cè)谝黄稹痹谖闹袥]有提及，所以D錯(cuò)誤。

10.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。整篇文章主要講述了一項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，即帶著動(dòng)物看病人對(duì)于患者有很大好處。因此A選項(xiàng)“動(dòng)物的治愈力”正確。B選項(xiàng)“心臟病的治療”，C選項(xiàng)“狗與人的關(guān)系”，D選項(xiàng)“促進(jìn)人與動(dòng)物之間的相互作用”在文中均沒有提及，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

9.單選題

Inthelast12yearstotalemploymentintheUnitedStatesgrewfasterthanatanytimeinthepeacetimehistoryofanycountry-from82to110millionbetween1973and1985-thatis,byafullonethird.Theentiregrowth,however,wasinmanufacturing,andespeciallyno-blue-collarjobs.

Thistrendisthesameinalldevelopedcountries,andis,indeed,evenmorepronouncedinJapan.Itisthereforehighlyprobablethatin25yearsdevelopedcountriessuchastheUnitedStatesandJapanwillemploynolargeraproportionoftheharborforceinmanufacturingthandevolvedcountriesnowemployinfarming-atmost,10percent.TodaytheUnitedStatesemploysaround18millionpeopleinblue-collarjobsinmanufacturingindustries.By2010,thenumberislikelytobenomorethan12million.Insomemajorindustriesthedropwillbeevensharper.

Itisquiteunrealistic,forinstance,toexpectthattheAmericanautomobileindustrywillemploymoreone-thirdofitspresentblue-collarforce25yearshence,eventhoughproductionmightbe50percenthigher.

Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesamesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain"developed”.Theattempttopreservesuchblue-collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment.

ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.WhatconfusestheissueevenmoreitthattheUnitedStatesisexperiencingseveralseparateanddifferentshiftsinthemanufacturingeconomy.Oneistheaccelerationofthesubstitutionofknowledgeandcapitalformanuallabor.WhenHenryFordintroducedtheassemblylinein1909,hecutthenumberofman-hoursrequiredtoproduceamotorbysome80percentintwoorthreeyearsfarmorethananyoneexpectstoresultfromeventhemostcompleteprioritization.Butthereisnodoubtthatwearefacinganew,sharpaccelerationinthereplacementofmanualworkersbymachines—thatis,bytheproductsofknowledge.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,theshrinkageinthemanufacturinglaborforcedemonstrates（

）.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,incoming25years,adevelopedcountryorindustry,inordertoremaincompetitive,oughtto（

）.

3.Americanpoliticiansandlaborleaderstendtodislike（

）.

4.Theword"prescription"in’’aprescriptionforunemployment"maybetheequivalentto（

）.

5.Thispassagemayhavebeenexceptedfrom（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedegreetowhichacountry'sproductionisrobotized

B.areductioninacountry’smanufacturingindustries

C.aworseningrelationshipbetweenlaborandmanagement

D.thedifferencebetweenadevelopedcountryandadevelopingcountry

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.reducethepercentageoftheblue-collarworkforce

B.preserveblue-collarjobsforinternationalcompetition

C.acceleratemotor-carmanufacturinginHenryFord’sstyle

D.solvetheproblemofunemployment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.confusioninmanufacturingeconomy

B.anincreaseinblue-collarworkforce

C.internalcompetitioninmanufacturingproduction

D.adropintheblue-collarjobopportunities

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.somethingrecommendedasmedicaltreatment

B.awaysuggestedtoovercomesomberdifficulty

C.somemeasurestakeninadvance

D.adevicetodire

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.amagazineaboutcapitalinvestment

B.anarticleonautomation

C.amotor-carmagazine

D.anarticleonglobaleconomy

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.文章提出諸如美國、日本等發(fā)達(dá)國家，由于生產(chǎn)的進(jìn)步自動(dòng)化的加強(qiáng)，生產(chǎn)行業(yè)雇傭藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人的數(shù)量大大降低。所以A選項(xiàng)‘一個(gè)國家生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化程度‘符合題意。

2.根據(jù)文章第四段Ifacompany,anindustryoracountrydoesnotinthenextquartercenturysharplyincreasemanufacturingproductionandatthesamesharplyreducetheblue-collarworkforce,itcannothopetoremaincompetitiveoreventoremain"developed”.如果一個(gè)公司、一個(gè)行業(yè)或一個(gè)國家在未來25年里不大幅提高制造業(yè)產(chǎn)量，同時(shí)大幅削減藍(lán)領(lǐng)勞動(dòng)力，就不可能保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，甚至不可能保持“發(fā)達(dá)”?？芍?，為了保持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，在增加產(chǎn)量的同時(shí)，必須減少藍(lán)領(lǐng)的數(shù)量。A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.先看選項(xiàng)，B、D選項(xiàng)相反，肯定一對(duì)一錯(cuò)，所以排除A、C。根據(jù)文章第四段最后一句和最后一段第一句Theattempttopreservesuchblue-collarjobsisactuallyaprescriptionforunemployment.ThisisnotaconclusionthatAmericanpoliticians,laborleadersorindeedthegeneralpubliccaneasilyunderstandoraccept.試圖保住這樣的藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作實(shí)際上是為失業(yè)開出的藥方。這不是一個(gè)美國政客、勞工領(lǐng)袖或公眾能夠輕易理解或接受的結(jié)論。文中清楚表明，保持藍(lán)領(lǐng)勞動(dòng)力工作機(jī)會(huì)是破除失業(yè)的良藥，政治和工會(huì)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)都不希望藍(lán)領(lǐng)勞動(dòng)力失去工作機(jī)會(huì)。確定D選項(xiàng)‘藍(lán)領(lǐng)工作機(jī)會(huì)的減少‘符合題意。

4.prescription本意為‘處方藥’，由上題可知，在文中意思為‘破除失業(yè)的具體措施’，所以C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.根據(jù)全文可知，文章是屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)政治的一部分，D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

10.翻譯題

TWOnuclearbombsareamongmanycuriousmachineswhichtheScienceMuseumstoresatanoldairfieldinWiltshire.AnearlyhovercraftstandswithafleetofsubmersiblesandatruckthatonceroamedtheAntarctic.Nowanewacquisitionisontheway.Aroundth