考研考博-英語-中山大學(xué)南方學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-中山大學(xué)南方學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Heleftthehouse______unawarethathewasstillwearinghispajamas.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.assiduously

B.blithely

C.perfunctorily

D.domestically

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項(xiàng)assiduously“刻苦地，勤勉地”，B項(xiàng)blithely“快活地，無憂無慮地”，C項(xiàng)perfunctorily“敷衍地，潦草地，表面地”，D項(xiàng)domestically“國(guó)內(nèi)地，家庭式地，適合國(guó)內(nèi)地”。由句子意思“他離開了家_______沒有意識(shí)到他還穿著睡衣”可知，空格處應(yīng)該填入副詞修飾unaware，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有C項(xiàng)符合語境。句意：他若無其事地離開了家，沒有意識(shí)到他還穿著睡衣。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Dialogue

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.20

B.24

C.40

D.42

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisadoctor.

B.Heisateacher.

C.Heisachemist.

D.Heisaphotographer.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Onhisforearmandforelegs.

B.Onhisforearmandforehead.

C.Onhisthighsandforelegs.

D.Onhisthighsandforearm.19.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Anemia.

B.Influenza.

C.Leukemia.

D.Insomnia.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Tocheckthereoccurrenceofthedisease.

B.Todeterminethetypeoffluvirus.

C.Toprepareforbloodtransfusion.

D.Toconfirmthediagnosis.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】W:MisterBaxter.MayIaskyousomequestions?

M:Yes.

W:CanIstartatthebeginning?CanIcheckyourage?

M:Forty-two.

W:Whatsortofworkdoyoudo?

M:I'mateacher.

W:Icanassumeyouhaven’tbeenexposedtoanynasty,toxicchemicals.

M:Wegetfumesfromthephotocopier,butnothingelse.

W:Now,tellmehowlongyou’vebeenonthe?Well.

M:Reallyonlyabout2weeks.

W:Whatwerethemainproblems?

M:Ijustgotweakerandweaker.Iranoutoftheenergyandfaintedintheclinicyesterday.

W:Haveyougotanybruising?

M:Yes.InoticedsomeonmythighsandoneofmyforearmswhereIhadmybloodtaken.

W:Dear.Anybleedingfromthegums?

M:No.

W:Haveyouhadanyproblemwithinfectionrecently?

M:No,Ihadflownabout2monthsago.

W:Hasanyoneinyourfamilyhadbloodproblems?

M:Mygrannyhadanemiaandwastreatedwithiron.

W:Iwasthinkingofmoreseriousblooddiseases.

M:NotthatIknowof.

W:ArethereanyotherthingsyouthinkIshouldknowabout?

M:No.Doyouthinkitisleukemia?Doctor?

W:I’vestillgottotakemorebloodtoconfirmthediagnosis.ButI’veseentheresultsoftheprevioustest.I’mafraidthatisa95%chancethatitisleukemia.Haveyouanyquestionsbeforewetaketheextrablood?

16.Howoldistheman?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：這個(gè)男人多少歲？由文中男士回答醫(yī)生的年齡Forty-two，可知D選項(xiàng)42符合原文。其他選項(xiàng)不符合原文。

17.Whatdoesthemando?

【試題答案】B

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：這個(gè)男人是做什么的？由文中看病的男士說“I’mateacher.（我是教師）”，可知B選項(xiàng)“Heisateacher.（他是個(gè)教師）”符合原文。A選項(xiàng)“他是個(gè)醫(yī)生”；C選項(xiàng)“他是個(gè)化學(xué)家”；D選項(xiàng)“他是個(gè)攝影師”不符合原文。

18.Wherearetheman’sbruises?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：這個(gè)男人的淤青在哪兒？由文中醫(yī)生提問“Haveyougotanybruising?（你有沒有哪里淤青）”以及后面男士的回答“Yes.InoticedsomeonmythighsandoneofmyforearmwhereIhadmybloodtaken.（有的，我的大腿某些地方和前臂的一處充血）”，可知D選項(xiàng)“Onhisthighsandforearm.（在他的大腿和前臂上）”符合原文。A選項(xiàng)“前臂和前腿”；B選項(xiàng)“前臂和前額”；C選項(xiàng)“大腿和前腿”不符合原文。

19.Whatisthemanmostprobablysufferingfrom?

【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：這個(gè)男人哪里最不舒服？由文中醫(yī)生檢查后得出結(jié)論“ButI’veseentheresultsoftheprevioustest.I’mafraidthatisa95%chancethatitisleukemia.（但是我看了之前的診斷測(cè)試，恐怕有百分之九十五的可能是白血病）”，可知C選項(xiàng)“Leukemia（白血病）”符合原文。A選項(xiàng)“貧血癥”；B選項(xiàng)“流行性感冒”；D選項(xiàng)“失眠癥”不符合原文。

20.Whydoesthewomanwanttoadministeranotherbloodtest?

【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。題干為：女士為什么要讓他再做一次血液檢查？由文中“I’vestillgottotakemorebloodtoconfirmthediagnosis.（我還需要采更多的血來測(cè)試確診）”，可知D選項(xiàng)“Toconfirmthediagnosis.（確診）”。A選項(xiàng)“確診病是否會(huì)復(fù)發(fā)”；B選項(xiàng)“確定流感病毒的類型”；C選項(xiàng)“準(zhǔn)備輸血”不符合原文。

3.單選題

Wehopethestudentswould（

）theinformationcontainedinthelecture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.associate

B.understand

C.assimilate

D.assess

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。associate“使聯(lián)合，使發(fā)生聯(lián)系”；understand“理解，獲悉，推斷”；assimilate“吸收，使同化”；assess“評(píng)定，估價(jià)”。由句中“informationcontainedinthelecture講稿中包含的信息”可知C選項(xiàng)“吸收”正確。

4.單選題

Inthevastmajorityofcases,thepopulace（老百姓）tendsto（）economicsuccesswithdemocracy.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.digest

B.distinguish

C.assimilate

D.identify

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。digest消化,吸收;distinguish區(qū)分,一般與from搭配;assimilate吸收,同化;assimilatewith使相似,將...比作...;identify鑒定,識(shí)別。句意：在絕大多數(shù)情況下,民眾傾向于將經(jīng)濟(jì)成功與民主等同起來。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

5.單選題

Scientificjournalscanprovidereliableinformationbecauseoftheprocesscalled"peerreview",inwhichotherscientists(peers)evaluatethevalueandcredibilityofresearchbeforeallowingittoappearinprint.

Peer-reviewisperformedbyknowledgeablescientistswhoarenotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeresearchbeingevaluated.Infact,reviewersareoftenscientificcompetitors.Toremoveanybiasfromthereviewprocess,mostmanuscripts(articlespriortopublication)areconsideredbythreereviewersindependently.Reviewersconsiderthevalidityoftheapproach,thesignificanceandoriginalityofthefinding,itsinterestandtimelinesstothescientificcommunity,andtheclarityofthewriting.Reviewersthenprovidefeedbackonthemanuscripttheyhaveread.Journaleditorsrelyonpeer-reviewfeedbacktoguidetheirpublicationdecisions,andauthorsusereviewerscommentstorefinethetextoftheirmanuscriptandtheexperimentswithin.Journaleditorsmustoccasionallyresolveissuesrelatedtoconflictofinterestamongreviewers;reviewersidentitiesaregenerallynotrevealedtomanuscriptauthors.Thislaterruleisintendedtofreereviewersfromanysocialpressures,allowingthemtoconsideronlythequalityofthesciencebeforethem.

Reviewersareexpectedtokeeptheinformationinamanuscriptconfidentialuntilitispublished,butitisrarethattheworkcomesasacompletesurprisetotheentirescientificcommunity.Thisisbecausepeerreviewisintegratedintoalmosteverystepofscience.

Mostresearchscientistsrequestpublicfundingfortheirexperiments.Fundingdecisionsaremadebyacommitteeofotherscientistswhodebateeachproposal’slikelihoodofsuccess,thevalidityofitsapproach,andtheimportanceofthequestionbeingasked.Oncefunded,theexperimentscanbegin,andpreliminarydataisoftenrevealedatscientificmeetings.Thisallowsthefindingstobedebatedanddefendedwithcolleaguespriortopublication.Oncetheexperimentsarecompleted,amanuscriptiswrittenandcirculatedtoallthosewhocontributedtothework.Manuscriptscommonlyundergoseveralroundsofrevisionbytheauthorsbeforebeingsubmittedtoajournalforpeerreview,Journalsvaryintheirselectivityandfocus.Consequently,manuscriptsarefirstsenttothemostwidelyreadjournallikelytopublishthework.Ifthatjournaldeclinestopublishthemanuscript,itcanbesenttoadifferentjournalforconsideration.

Despitethebesteffortsofreviewers,casesofscientificmisconductdooccurandincorrectorunsubstantiateddatadoesgetpublished.Somecasesturnouttobeelaboratehoaxes.Forexample,in1912CharlesDawsonshowedoffpartsofaskullandjawbonetothepublicandconvincedscientiststhatthefossilsrepresentedthemissinglinkbetweenmanandapeDawson's"PiltdownMan"confusedthescientificcommunityfor40yearsuntilitwasdiscoveredthattheskullwasonly500yearsoldratherthan500,000,andthejawbonewasthatofanorangutan.Inotherinstancesofmisconduct,datainscientificjournalshasbeeninadequatelydocumentedorimproperlyreportedCasesofscientificmisconductarerarebutimportantbecauseofthepublicitytheyreceiveoncetheyarediscovered,erodingthepublic'strustinthepeer-reviewsystemandscienceitself.Tokeepthistypeofconductincheck,scientificarticlesincludedetaileddescriptionsofexperimentalprotocolsthatenableotherstoreproduceexperiments.

1.Scientificjournalsmakeforreliablereadingowingto（

）.

2.Qualifiedpeerreviewers

（

）.

3.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

4.Itcanbeinferredthatscientificjournals

（

）.

5.Scientificmisconduct（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.theliteracyrateofreaders

B.thepracticeofpeerreview

C.thereputationoftheeditors

D.thecooperationamongauthors

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.shouldhavetherelevantexpertiseandvastknowledge

B.fullydominatetheeditorialdecisionsaboutpublication

C.needtodiscusswithotherreviewersforsakeoffairness

D.helprewritethesubmittedmanuscripttoimproveitsquality

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Conflictsofinterestamongreviewersresultfromresearchgrants.

B.Manuscriptsareusuallypublishedasoriginallysubmittedtoajournal.

C.Reviewers'identitiesarekeptconfidentialtoensureobjectivejudgment.

D.Informationinamanuscriptremainssecretinthescientificcommunity.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.allowsimultaneoussubmissionandduplicatepublication

B.areforcedtoprovidereliableandcredibleinformationforreaders

C.alwaysmakeresearcharticlesdigitalandopenlyaccessibleonline

D.aremorelikelytopublishresearchfindingsinthefieldtheyspecializein

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.couldbeidentifiedanddetectedeasily

B.emergesastheby-productofthepeer-reviewsystem

C.occurssoinfrequentlythatfewreviewerscareaboutit

D.mayinvolvedatafalsificationorinadequatedocumentation

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第一段中Scientificjournalscanprovidereliableinformationbecauseoftheprocesscalled"peerreview"（科學(xué)期刊可以提供可靠的信息，是因?yàn)楸环Q為“同行評(píng)審”的這一過程）可知選B。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中Peer-reviewisperformedbyknowledgeablescientistswhoarenotdirectlyinvolvedwiththeresearchbeingevaluated.（同行評(píng)審是由沒有直接參與正在評(píng)估研究的知識(shí)淵博的科學(xué)家進(jìn)行的）可知A選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)具備相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和廣博的知識(shí)”符合題意。

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章第二段中reviewersidentitiesaregenerallynotrevealedtomanuscriptauthors.Thislaterruleisintendedtofreereviewersfromanysocialpressures,allowingthemtoconsideronlythequalityofthesciencebeforethem.（評(píng)審者的身份通常不會(huì)透露給原稿作者。這后一條規(guī)則旨在讓評(píng)審者免受任何社會(huì)壓力的影響，讓他們只考慮到他們面前的科學(xué)的質(zhì)量）可知C選項(xiàng)“評(píng)審人員的身份是保密的，以確?？陀^判斷”符合題意。

第4題:推理判斷題。由文章第四段中Manuscriptscommonlyundergoseveralroundsofrevisionbytheauthorsbeforebeingsubmittedtoajournalforpeerreview,Journalsvaryintheirselectivityandfocus.Consequently,manuscriptsarefirstsenttothemostwidelyreadjournallikelytopublishthework.（原稿在提交給同行評(píng)審之前，通常要經(jīng)過作者的幾輪修改，期刊的選擇性和側(cè)重點(diǎn)各不相同。因此，原稿首先被送到很可能會(huì)發(fā)表這篇文章的閱讀最廣泛的期刊上）可推測(cè)科學(xué)期刊很可能是發(fā)表其專門從事的領(lǐng)域的研究成果。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由文章最后一段第一句中casesofscientificmisconductdooccurandincorrectorunsubstantiateddatadoesgetpublished（確實(shí)會(huì)發(fā)生科學(xué)不當(dāng)行為，不正確或未經(jīng)證實(shí)的數(shù)據(jù)也會(huì)被公布）可知選D。

6.單選題

Ananalysisoftheideasinthenovelcompelsananalysisoftheformofthework,particularlywhenformandcontentareas（）astheyareinTheHouseoftheSevenGables.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.symptomatic

B.delineated

C.integrated

D.conspicuous

【答案】C

【解析】形容詞辨析。句意：對(duì)小說理念的分析使人不得不分析作品的形式，特別是當(dāng)形式和內(nèi)容像它們?cè)凇秲凑呓菢恰防镆粯樱ǎ┑臅r(shí)候。

symptomatic有癥狀的，癥候的；delineated描繪；integrated綜合的，相互協(xié)調(diào)的；conspicuous顯著的，明顯的。選項(xiàng)C“相互協(xié)調(diào)的”符合題意。

7.單選題

Here’sthescarythingabouttheidentity-theftringthatthefedscrackedlastweek:therewasnothinganyofitsestimated40,000victimscouldhavedonetopreventitfromhappening.Thiswasaninsidejob,accordingtocourtdocuments.Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop.Thatallowedthegangtocherry-pickconsumerswithgoodcreditandapplyforallkindsofaccountsintheirnames,costtothevictims:$3millionandrising.

Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets.Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure.Asitstandsnow,it’suptoyoutoprotectyouridentity.

Thegoodnewsisthatthereareplentyofstepsyoucantake.Mostcreditthievesareopportunists,notwell-organizedgangs.AlotofthemgoDumpsterdivingforthosemillionsof“pre-approved”credit-cardmailingsthatgoouteveryday.Othersstealwalletsandreturnthem,takingonlyaSocialSecuritynumber.ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater.

Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear.Therearethreemajorcredit—reportoutfits:Equifax(atE),TransUnion()andExperian(E).Allallowyoutoorderreportsonline,whichisalotbetterthanwadingthroughvoice-mailhellontheir800lines.Ofthethree,1foundTransUnion’swebsitetobethecheapestandmostcomprehensive—layingoutstate-by-stateprices,rightsandtipsforconsumersineasy-to-readfashion.

Ifyou’reluckyenoughtoliveinColorado,Georgia,Maryland,Massachusetts,NewJerseyorVermont,youareentitledtoonefreereportayearbylaw.Otherwiseit’sgoingtocost$8to$14eachtime.Avoidservicesthatoffertomonitoryourreportsyear-roundforabout$70;that’s$10morethanthegoingrateamongthieves.Ifyouthinkyou’reavictimofidentitytheft,youcanaskforfraudalertstobeputonfileateachofthethreecredit-reportcompanies.Youcanalsodownloadatheft-reportformatwww.consumer.gor/idtheft,which,alongwithalocalpolicereport,shouldhelpwheniratecreditorscomeknocking.Justdon’texpectjustice.Thataudacioushelp-deskworkerwasoneofthefewerthan2%ofidentitythieveswhoareevercaught.

1.Whatisthetrendofcredit-theftcrime?

2.Theexpression“insidejob”mostprobablymeans（）.

3.Thecreditorscanprotecttheiridentityinthefollowingwayexcept（）.

4.Whyisiteasytohavecredit-theft?

5.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Tightlysuppressed.

B.Morefrightening.

C.Rapidlyincreasing.

D.Looselycontrolled.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.acrimethatiscommittedbyapersonworkingforthevictim

B.acrimethatshouldbepunishedseverely

C.acrimethatdoesgreatharmtothevictim

D.acrimethatposesagreatthreattothesociety

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.destroyingyourjunkmail

B.leavingyourSocialSecuritycardathome

C.visitingthecredit-reportwebsiteregularly

D.obtainingthefreereportfromthegovernment

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Morepeopleareusingcreditservices.

B.Theapplicationprogramisnotsafeenough.

C.Creditorsusuallydisclosetheiridentity.

D.Creditorsarenotcarefulabouttheiridentity.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thedangerofcredit-theft

B.Thelossofthecreditors

C.Howtoprotectyourgoodname

D.Whythecreditorslosetheiridentity

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。定位到文章第二段“Evenscarieristhis,thelargestidentity-theftbusttodate,isjustadropinthebitbucket.Morethan700,000Americanshavetheircredithijackedeveryyear.It’soneofcrime’sbiggestgrowthmarkets”,更可怕的是，這是迄今為止最大規(guī)模的身份盜竊案，不過是滄海一粟。每年有超過70萬美國(guó)人的信用被劫持。這是最大的犯罪增長(zhǎng)市場(chǎng)之一。由此可知，信用盜竊犯罪率呈上升趨勢(shì)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段“Alowlyhelp-deskworkeratTeledataCommunications,asoftwarefirmthathelpsbanksaccesscreditreportsonline,allegedlystolepasswordsforthosereportsandsoldthemtoagroupof20thievesat$60apop”,TeledataCommunications是一家?guī)椭y行在線獲取信用報(bào)告的軟件公司，據(jù)稱該公司的一名地位低下的咨詢臺(tái)工作人員竊取了這些報(bào)告的密碼，并以每份60美元的價(jià)格將其賣給了20名盜賊。由此可知，insidejob意味著公司內(nèi)部人員對(duì)受害者犯下的罪行。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第三段“ShreddingyourjunkmailandleavingyourSocialSecuritycardathomecansavealotofagonylater”和第四段“Butthemosteffectivewaytokeepyouridentitycleanistocheckyourcreditreportsonceortwiceayear”，相對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)A、B、C，選項(xiàng)D以偏概全，只適用于特定的幾個(gè)州，而不是所有的，因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第二段“Aname,addressandSocialSecuritynumber—whichcanoftenbefoundontheWeb—isallanybodyneedstoapplyforaboguslineofcredit.Creditcompaniesmake$1.3trillionannuallyandloselessthan2%ofthatrevenuetofraud,sothere’slittlefinancialincentiveforthemtomaketheapplicationprocessmoresecure”,一個(gè)名字、地址和社會(huì)安全號(hào)碼——這些可以在網(wǎng)上找到——是任何人申請(qǐng)?zhí)摷傩庞妙~度所需要的全部。信用公司每年賺1.3萬億美元，但因欺詐而損失的收入不到2%，所以他們沒有什么經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)來提高申請(qǐng)程序的安全性。由此可知，應(yīng)用程序不夠安全是信用卡容易遭到盜竊的原因。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

5.主旨大意題。定位整篇文章內(nèi)容，從信用盜竊討論，主要涉及保護(hù)個(gè)人信息。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

8.單選題

Theteachersuggestedthatherstudents（）experienceswithESP.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.writeacompositionontheir

B.towritecompositionaboutthe

C.wrotesomecompositionsofhisorher

D.hadwrittenanycompositionsforhis考查虛擬語氣。表示建議、要求、命令相關(guān)的單詞+that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句要用虛擬語氣。其形式是should（可以省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。句意：老師建議她的學(xué)生寫一篇關(guān)于他們有關(guān)ESP經(jīng)歷的作文。所以本題的正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。

【答案】A

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。表示建議、要求、命令相關(guān)的單詞+that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，從句要用虛擬語氣。其形式是should（可以省略）+動(dòng)詞原形。句意：老師建議她的學(xué)生寫一篇關(guān)于他們有關(guān)ESP經(jīng)歷的作文。所以本題的正確答案是A選項(xiàng)。

9.單選題

Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks.Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries.Facedwiththissituation,manyhistoriansbasedtheirinvestigationsontheonlyrecordsthatseemedtoexistbirth,marriage,anddeathrecords.Asaresult,muchoftheearlyworkonthenonelitewasaridlystatisticalinnature;reducingthevastmajorityofthepopulationtoasetofnumberswashardlymoreenlighteningthanignoringthemaltogether.Historiansstilldidnotknowwhatthesepeoplethoughtorfelt.

Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants.Thesedocumentshaveactedas“apointofenterintothementalworldofthepoor”.HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups(theseattitudesinclude,butarenotconfinedto,attitudestowardcrimeandthelaw)andhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.IthasbeensocietiesthathavehadadevelopedpolicesystemandpracticedRomanlaw,withitswrittendepositions,whosecourtrecordshaveyieldedthemostdatatohistorians.InAnglo-Saxoncountrieshardlyanyofthesebenefitsobtain,butithasstillbeenpossibletogleaninformationfromthestudyoflegaldocuments.

Theextractionofcasehistoriesisnot,however,theonlyusetowhichcourtrecordsmaybeput.HistorianswhostudypreindustrialEuropehaveusedtherecordstoestablishaseriesofcategoriesofcrimeandtoquantifyindictmentsthatwereissuedoveragivennumberofyears.Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite.WealsoknowthatthenumberofindictmentsinpreindustrialEuropebearslittlerelationtothenumberofactualcriminalacts,andwestronglysuspectthattherelationshiphasvariedwidelyovertime.Inaddition,aggregatepopulationestimatesareveryshaky,whichmakesitdifficultforhistorianstocompareratesofcrimeperthousandinonedecadeofthepreindustrialperiodwithratesinanotherdecade.Given,oneinadequacies,itisclearwhythecasehistoryuseofcourtrecordsistobepreferred.

1.Theauthorsuggeststhat,beforetheearly1950’s,mosthistorianswhostudiedpreindustrialEuropedidwhichofthefollowing?

2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmuchoftheearlyworkbyhistoriansontheEuropeannoneliteofthepreindustrialperiodmighthavebeenmoreilluminatingifthesehistorianshad（

）.

3.TheauthormentionsLeRoyLadurieinorderto（

）.

4.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrueofindictmentsforcrimeinEuropeinthepreindustrialperiod?

5.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatahistorianwhowishedtocomparecrimeratesperthousandinaEuropeancityinonedecadeofthefifteenthcenturywithcrimeratesinonedecadeofthatcenturywouldprobablybemostaidedbybetterinformationaboutwhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.FailedtomakedistinctionsamongmembersofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

B.Usedinvestigatorymethodsthatwerealmostexclusivelystatisticalinnature.

C.InaccuratelyestimatedtheinfluenceofthepreindustrialEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelite.

D.ConfinedtheirworktoanarrowrangeofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulation.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.useddifferentmethodsofstatisticalanalysistoinvestigatethenonelite

B.beenmoresuccessfulinidentifyingtheattitudesofcivilauthorities,especiallythosewhoadministeredjustice,towardthenonelite

C.beenabletodrawonmoreaccounts,writtenbycontemporariesofthenonelite,thatdescribedwhatthisnonelitethought

D.reliedmoreheavilyonthepersonalrecordsleftbymembersoftheEuropeanpoliticalandsocialelitewholivedduringtheperiodinquestion

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.giveanexampleofahistorianwhohasmadeonekindofuseofcourtrecord

B.citeahistorianwhohasbasedcasehistoriesonthebirth,marriage,anddeathrecordsofthenonelite

C.identifytheauthorofthequotationcitedintheprevioussentence

D.gainauthoritativesupportfortheviewthatthecasehistoryapproachisthemostfruitfulapproachtocourtrecords

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhaveintermsoftheirnumbers,remainedrelativelyconstantovertime.

B.Theygivethehistorianimportantinformationaboutthementallivesofthoseindicted.

C.Theyarenotaparticularlyaccurateindicationoftheextentofactualcriminalactivity.

D.Theirimportancetohistoriansofthenonelitehasbeengenerally.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thecausesofunrestinthecityduringthetwodecades.

B.Theaggregatenumberofindictmentsinthecitynearesttothecityunder.

C.Thenumberofpeoplewholivedinthecityduringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

D.Thementalattitudesofcriminalsinthecity,includingtheirfeelingsaboutauthority,duringeachofthedecadesunderinvestigation.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。文章第一段開頭提到二十世紀(jì)五十年代早期，研究前工業(yè)化時(shí)代歐洲的史學(xué)家首次以眾多的人數(shù)開始調(diào)查前工業(yè)化人口中的大多數(shù)，而不是那些少數(shù)的精英，如國(guó)王、將軍、法官、貴族等（Intheearly1950s,historianswhostudiedpreindustrialEurope(whichwemaydefinehereasEuropeintheperiodfromroughly1300to1800)began,forthefirsttimeinlargenumbers,toinvestigatemoreofthepreindustrialEuropeanpopulationthanthe2or3percentwhocomprisedthepoliticalandsocialelitethekings,generals,judges,nobles,bishops,andlocalmagnateswhohadhithertousuallyfilledhistorybooks），由此可推測(cè)，在此之前的研究是集中在少數(shù)人身上，因此選項(xiàng)D“將他們的研究范圍限定在前工業(yè)化歐洲的小部分人”符合題意。

2.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文中可推斷出，如果史學(xué)家……,那么他們關(guān)于前工業(yè)時(shí)代歐洲非精英階層的許多早期著作可能更具啟發(fā)性”。文章第一段提到一個(gè)難題是剩下的97%的人中很少有人記錄了他們的想法，或者他們同時(shí)代人的編年史（Onedifficulty,however,wasthatfewoftheremaining97percentrecordedtheirthoughtsorhadthemchroniclebycontemporaries），意味著如果能夠利用同時(shí)代的非精英所寫的敘述來描述非精英人的想法，將會(huì)更具啟發(fā)性，因此選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。文章第二段提到擺脫這種困境的一種方法是求助于合法法庭的記錄，因?yàn)樵谶@里，非精英的聲音通?？梢宰鳛樽C人、原告和被告的身份被聽到（Onewayoutofthisdilemmawastoturntotherecordsoflegalcourts,forherethevoicesofthenonelitecanmostoftenbeheardaswitnesses,plaintiffsanddefendants），接著提到LeRoylad陪審團(tuán)等歷史學(xué)家使用過這些文件（HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurieshaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhaveilluminatedtheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroups），由此可知選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。文章最后一段提到這些記錄的使用確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了一些關(guān)于非精英的信息，但這些信息并不能讓我們洞察到非精英的精神生活（Thisuseoftherecordsdoesyieldsomeinformationaboutthenonelite,butthisinformationgivesuslittleinsightintothementallivesofthenonelite），由此可知選項(xiàng)C“它們并不能特別準(zhǔn)確地表明實(shí)際犯罪活動(dòng)的程度”符合題意。

5.推理判斷題。題目問的是“從文章中可知，一個(gè)歷史學(xué)家希望將歐洲15世紀(jì)一個(gè)十年內(nèi)每千人的犯罪率與那個(gè)世紀(jì)十年內(nèi)的犯罪率對(duì)比，可能最得益于下列哪個(gè)信息？”文章最后一段提到對(duì)人口總數(shù)的估計(jì)不可靠，這使得歷史學(xué)家很難比較前工業(yè)化時(shí)期十年內(nèi)的每千人犯罪率與另一個(gè)十年的犯罪率（Inaddition,aggregatepopulationest