考研考博-英語-廣東藥科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣東藥科大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Whennomadicpeoplescouldnotfindenoughfoodtoeatintheirruggedhomelands,theyraidedthevillagepeoplesfortheircrops.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.attacked

B.compelled

C.deprived

D.pleaded

【答案】A

【解析】【選項(xiàng)釋義】

A.attacked襲擊，攻擊B.compelled強(qiáng)迫，迫使，使必須

C.deprived剝奪，使喪失，使不能享有D.pleaded乞求，懇求

【答案】A

【考查點(diǎn)】動(dòng)詞辨析。

【解題思路】raided的意思為“突然襲擊；劫掠，打劫”，和thevillagepeoples構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓搭配關(guān)系，指的是游牧民族沒有東西吃的時(shí)候就會(huì)襲擊村民，搶奪食物，attacked與之詞義相近，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】B、C、D選項(xiàng)詞義與之不符。

【句意】當(dāng)游牧民族在他們崎嶇的家園里找不到足夠的食物吃的時(shí)候，他們就會(huì)襲擊村民，搶奪農(nóng)作物。

2.單選題

Accordingtothelawwhichhelaterproduced,everythingintheuniverseattractseverythingelsetowards（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.it

B.everything

C.itself

D.each

【答案】C

【解析】考查反身代詞的用法。反身代詞itself與主語everything形成互指關(guān)系，表示向它自身的方向吸引另一物體。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。句意：根據(jù)他后來提出的定律，宇宙中的一切事物相互間都彼此吸引。

3.翻譯題

TranslatetilefollowingpassagefromChineseintoEnglish

歷代的智慧，幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來人類一直籍以為樂的故事，所有這些都可以從書中方便而又便宜的獲得。但是我必須懂得如何利用這份寶藏，懂得如何才能使它對(duì)我們最為有益。世界上最為不幸的人，也就是那些從未體驗(yàn)過讀好書之樂趣的人吧。

我對(duì)人最為感興趣，喜歡結(jié)識(shí)他們，喜歡了解他們。我認(rèn)識(shí)的一些非凡之人，首先存在于作者的想象之中，然后表現(xiàn)在作品的字里行間，最后在我的想象中重新顯現(xiàn)。我在書中找到了新的朋友，新的社會(huì)，還有新的語言。

把你的一部分空閑時(shí)光用來培養(yǎng)閱讀好書的愛好吧。愛讀書的人從好書中不但得到樂趣，他們從中獲得的那種精神糧食，從其它地方是很難得到的。盡管他們未必有意識(shí)地想到讀書是為了提高才智。在不知不覺中，他們從書中吸取的知識(shí)積累起來，經(jīng)過想象力的加工，對(duì)將來大有用處。

【答案】Allthewisdomoftheages,allthestoriesthatdelightedmankindforcenturies,areeasilyandcheaplyavailabletoallofuswithinthecoversofbooks.Butwemustknowhowtoavailourselvesofthistreasureandhowtogetthemostvaluefromit.Themostunfortunatepeopleintheworldarethosewhohaveneverexperiencedthejoyofreadingagoodbook.

Iammostinterestedinpeople,inmeetingthemandfindingoutaboutthem.SomeoftheremarkablepeopleI’vemetexistedonlyinwriter’simagination,thenonthepagesofhisbook,andthenagain,inmyimagination.Ihavefoundnewfriends,newsocietyandnewwordsinbooks.

Devotesomeofyourleisuretocultivatingaloveofreadinggoodbooks.Fromgoodbooks,moreover,theydrawmuchbesidesentertainment.Theygainmentalfoodsuchasfewcompanionscansupply,albeittheymaynotbedeliberatelyreadingtoimprovetheirmind.Allunconsciouslytheideastheyderivefromtheprintedpagedarestoredup,tobeworkedoverbytheimaginationforfutureprofit.

4.單選題

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirmintheUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired——rentedatthelowestpossiblecostmuchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporationhierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofcorporatehierarchy.Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentralusuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy,WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,lakemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationthanworkersinGerman(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanthanitisintheunitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretaininggeneratecostsandcreatedbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceofthetechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthebottomhalfthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan'teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthatgowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingapplytothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm’scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

4.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployees'ownbusiness.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

D.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.theintroductionofnewtechnology

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirm’shierarchy.

D.ThehumanresourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段“Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.獲得技能被認(rèn)為是個(gè)人的責(zé)任”可知D項(xiàng)是對(duì)該句的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，答案D

'

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“Theexecutivewhohold,itisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力資源主管這個(gè)職位從不被征求主要決策的意見，也沒有機(jī)會(huì)晉升為CEO?！笨芍诿绹?guó)，人力資源主管在公司沒有太多發(fā)言權(quán)。C項(xiàng)正確，答案C

第3題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第二段“WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirm.雖然美國(guó)公司經(jīng)常談?wù)撛趩T工培訓(xùn)上的巨額開支，但事實(shí)上，他們?cè)趩T工技能上的投資比日本或德國(guó)公司都要少?！币约啊癆saresult,problemsemergewhenbreakthroughtechnologyarrives.結(jié)果是，當(dāng)突破性技術(shù)的到來時(shí)，美國(guó)就出現(xiàn)了問題?！蔽恼碌诙沃v了美國(guó)公司與日德公司在勞動(dòng)力培訓(xùn)方面的差異，美國(guó)主要培訓(xùn)那些管理層，而日德重視員工技巧培訓(xùn)。第三段說到了結(jié)果，美國(guó)員工學(xué)習(xí)新技術(shù)時(shí)需要花更多時(shí)間。由此可見給員工培訓(xùn)技巧是非常重要的。答案B

第4題:主旨大意題。本文主要通過對(duì)比美國(guó)公司與日德國(guó)公司的人力資源策略，表明如果美國(guó)公司不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導(dǎo)致美國(guó)公司在全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中失去優(yōu)勢(shì)。答案D不培養(yǎng)員工技巧將導(dǎo)致美國(guó)公司在全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中失去優(yōu)勢(shì)。答案D

5.單選題

They______theboatupontotheshore.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.hauled

B.handed

C.held

D.heightened

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。句意：他們把船________岸。A選項(xiàng)hauled“（用力）拖，拉”；B選項(xiàng)handed“遞交；攙扶”；C選項(xiàng)held“抓住”；D選項(xiàng)heightened“提高；增加”。根據(jù)語境，這里是指他們把船拖到岸上，所以A選項(xiàng)hauled“（用力）拖；拉”符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

6.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintogoodEnglish.

1.當(dāng)前，世情、國(guó)情、黨情繼續(xù)發(fā)生著深刻變化，我們面臨的發(fā)展機(jī)遇和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)挑戰(zhàn)前所未有。全黨一定要牢記人民的信任和重托，更加奮發(fā)有為、兢兢業(yè)業(yè)地工作，繼續(xù)推動(dòng)科學(xué)發(fā)展、促進(jìn)社會(huì)和諧，繼續(xù)改善人民生活、增進(jìn)人民福祉，完成時(shí)代賦予的光榮而艱巨的任務(wù)。

2.學(xué)生活動(dòng)是美國(guó)大學(xué)的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)，每周都有數(shù)不清的由學(xué)生組織的各種各樣的活動(dòng)。這些活動(dòng)涵蓋了體育、文藝、文化、政治和社會(huì)等各個(gè)方面，其主要目的是為了娛樂。新的學(xué)生活動(dòng)組織不斷涌現(xiàn)，而中國(guó)學(xué)生的參與使這一局面變得更加熱烈，他們甚至在耶魯大學(xué)上演了曹禺的話劇《雷雨》。

3.中國(guó)是一個(gè)有五千年歷史的文明古國(guó)，有著與外來文化取長(zhǎng)補(bǔ)短、兼容并蓄的傳統(tǒng)。我們的祖先歷來強(qiáng)調(diào)“以和為貴”。由此，中國(guó)人民選擇和平發(fā)展的道路是基于中國(guó)的文化傳統(tǒng)、是基于慘痛的歷史與嚴(yán)酷的現(xiàn)實(shí)所做出的明智選擇。

【答案】1.Atpresent,astheglobal,nationalandourParty’sconditionscontinuetoundergoprofoundchanges,wearefacedwithunprecedentedopportunitiesfordevelopmentaswellasrisksandchallenges.ThewholePartymustbearinmindthetrustthepeoplehaveplacedinusandthegreatexpectationtheyhaveofus.Wemustaimhigherandworkharderandcontinuetoboostthescientificdevelopment,promotesocialharmony,andimprovepeople’slivessoastocompletethegloriousandarduoustasksbestowedonusbythetimes.

2.StudentactivitiesareanotherremarkablefeatureofAmericancollegelife.Eachweektherearecountlessactivitiesofallsortsorganizedbystudents—athletic,artistic,cultural,politicalorsocial,allofwhicharejustforfun.Newstudentorganizationsareconstantlybeingcreated,andChinesestudentscontributetothisferment.TheyevenstageCaoYu’splayRainstorminYale.

3.Chinaisanancientcivilizationwitha5,000-year-longhistory,havingthetraditionofseekingmutualcomplementarities,accommodationandintegrationwithforeigncultures.Ourancestorshavealwaysemphasizedthe“cherishingofharmony”.Accordingly,thechoicebytheChinesepeopletofollowapeacefulpathtodevelopmentisawisedecisionbasedonChina’straditionalculture,painfulhistoryandseriousreality.

7.單選題

Crisiswouldbetherighttermtodescribethe（）inmanyanimalspecies.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.minimization

B.restriction

C.descent

D.decline

【答案】D

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。minimization最小化；restriction限制；descent下降；decline衰退。既然是危機(jī)，表示事態(tài)比較嚴(yán)重，所以用衰退來形容許多動(dòng)物物種最為恰當(dāng)。選項(xiàng)D正確。

8.單選題

Governmentreports,examinationcompositions,legaldocumentsandmostbusinesslettersarethemainsituations______formallanguageisused.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.inwhich

B.onwhich

C.inthat

D.atwhat

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語從句。formallanguageisused是用來修飾situations的定語從句，并且是一個(gè)完整的句子，可知橫線上的部分充當(dāng)關(guān)系副詞，根據(jù)短語inthesituation可知橫線部分表示地點(diǎn)，所以答案選A選項(xiàng)inwhich，B選項(xiàng)onwhich錯(cuò)誤。inwhat用法錯(cuò)誤，故C選項(xiàng)inwhat錯(cuò)誤。atwhat用法錯(cuò)誤，D選項(xiàng)atwhat錯(cuò)誤。句意：政府報(bào)告、考試作文、法律文件和大多數(shù)商務(wù)信函是使用正式語言的主要情況。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationing(定量供應(yīng))isvirtuallysuspended,andoverseassuppliershavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswidespreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.

Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests.NorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseassuppliersofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.

Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.

Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.

Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhasseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevels,andthegovernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell.

1.Whyisthere“wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionaboutthefoodsituationinBritain?”

2.Themainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat（

）

.

3.Whydidn’tthegovernment’sexpansionprogramworkverywell?

4.Thedecreaseinworldfoodpricewasaresultof（

）.

5.WhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewaswritten?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtolast.

B.Britainisimportinglessfood.

C.Despitetheabundance,foodpriceskeeprising.

D.Britainwillcutbackonitsproductionoffood.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.peoplearebuyinglessfood

B.thegovernmentisprovidinglessfinancialsupportforagriculture

C.domesticfoodproductionhasdecreased

D.importedfoodisdrivingpriceshigher

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthegovernmentguaranteed

B.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingproduction.

C.Becausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirproduce

D.Becausetheoldergenerationoffarmerwerestronglyagainsttheprogrammer.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheconsumers.

B.asharpfallinthecostoffoodproduction

C.theoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingcountries

D.theoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingcountries

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.ThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodproducers.

B.Anexpansionoffoodproductionwasathand.

C.Britishfoodproducerswouldreceivemoregovernmentfinancialsupport.

D.Itlooksdepressingdespitegovernmentguarantees.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.文章第一段Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?提到人們對(duì)于為什么糧食多了價(jià)格卻依然持續(xù)上漲表示擔(dān)憂，所以可以看出人們感到不安和困惑的原因是食物充足但是價(jià)格卻在上漲，選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

2.文章第三段asimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofgovernmentsupportforfood提到食物價(jià)格增長(zhǎng)的主要原因是政府逐漸減少了對(duì)食物的支持。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.文章最后一段Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket提到盡管目前的價(jià)格還有市場(chǎng)保證，但是農(nóng)民依舊擔(dān)心他們將被擠壓在廉價(jià)的進(jìn)口食品和一個(gè)萎縮的國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)中，所以可以推斷農(nóng)民對(duì)于這樣的保證是不信任的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

4.文章第二段Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvests提到國(guó)際食物市場(chǎng)貿(mào)易順差的增加非常大，貿(mào)易順差說明出口多余進(jìn)口，由此可知是國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)增加使得出口加大，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

5.文章最后一句butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell提到部長(zhǎng)重復(fù)的建議沒有什么作用，擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃進(jìn)行的不怎么好，由此可知，這個(gè)前景是令人擔(dān)憂的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

10.單選題

Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone'smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.

Almostallofanorganism'senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare"opportunists".Attheotherextremeare"competitors",almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.

Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds,fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.

Opportunistsmustconstantlyinvadenewareastocompensateforbeing*displacedbymorecompetitivespecies.Humanlandscapesoflawns,fields,orflowerbedsprovidesettingswithbaresoilandalackofcompetitorsthatareperfecthabitatsforcolonizationbyopportunists.Hence,manyofthestronglyopportunisticplantsarethecommonweedsoffieldsandgardens.

Becauseeachindividualisshort-lived,thepopulationofanopportunistspeciesislikelytobeadverselyaffectedbydrought,badwinters,orfloods.Iftheirpopulationistrackedthroughtime,itwillbeseentobeparticularlyunstable—soaringandplummetinginirregularcycles.

Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,outcompetingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.Theleavesofanoaktreetastefoulbecausetheyarerichintannins,achemicalthatrendersthemdistastefulorindigestibletomanyorganisms.Thetanninsarepartofthedefensemechanismthatisessentialtolongevity.Althoughoaksproducethousandsofacorns,theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots.Onceanoaktreebecomesestablished,itislikelytosurviveminorcyclesofdroughtandevenfire.Apopulationofoaksislikelytoberelativelystablethroughtime,anditssurvivalislikelytodependmoreonitsabilitytowithstandthepressuresofcompetitionorpredationthanonitsabilitytotakeadvantageofchanceevents.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.

1.Theword"squander"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto（）

2.Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas"opportunists"or"competitors"isdeterminedby（）

3.AllofthefollowingarementionedinParagraph7ascontributionstothelongevityofoaktreesEXCEPT（）

4.Accordingtothepassage,oaktreesareconsideredascompetitorsbecause（）

5.InParagraph7,theauthorsuggeststhatmostspeciesoforganisms（）

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extend

B.transform

C.activate

D.waste

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.howthegeneticinformationofanorganismisstoredandmaintained

B.thewayinwhichtheorganisminvestsitsenergyresources

C.whethertheclimateinwhichtheorganismlivesismildorextreme

D.thevarietyofnaturalresourcestheorganismconsumesinitsenvironment

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thecapacitytocreateshade

B.leavescontainingtannin

C.theabilitytowithstandmilddroughtsandfires

D.thelargenumberofacornsthetreeproduces

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theygrowintheareasfreeofopportunities

B.theyspendmoreenergyontheirleaves,trunksandrootsthanontheiracorns

C.theirpopulationtendstoincreaseordecreaseirregularcycles

D.unlikeotherorganisms,theydonotneedmuchwaterorsunlight

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.areprimarilyopportunists

B.areprimarilycompetitors

C.beganasopportunistsandevolvedintocompetitors

D.havesomecharacteristicsofopportunistsandsomeofcompetitors

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:詞匯推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容，生長(zhǎng)、繁殖和日常代謝都需要生物體消耗能量。這里的squander應(yīng)該與expend“消耗，浪費(fèi)"意思相近。選項(xiàng)D正確。

第2題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，"opportunists（機(jī)會(huì)主義者）"幾乎所有的能量都用于繁殖，而用于生長(zhǎng)的能量卻很少。"競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者（competitors）"幾乎將其所有的能量都用于生長(zhǎng)一個(gè)龐大的身軀，而只有極少部分的能量用于繁殖。由此可知，兩者的區(qū)別在于生物體分配能量的方式不同，選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第3題:事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)最后一段的內(nèi)容可知選項(xiàng)A，B，C在文中均有對(duì)應(yīng)信息。選項(xiàng)D與題干意義不符。

第4題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第七段的"...theinvestmentinacropofacornsissmallcomparedwiththeenergyspentonbuildingleaves,trunk,androots"橡樹將其能量大多用于構(gòu)建其樹葉、樹干和樹根上，而不是其種子上。這與第三段提到的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的定義相同，所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

第5題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第七段的最后一句“...thepureopportunistorpurecompetitorisrareinnature,asmostspeciesfallbetweentheextremesofacontinuum,exhibitingablendofsomeopportunisticandsomecompetitivecharacteristics.”單純的機(jī)會(huì)主義者或競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者在自然界中是很少見的，大多數(shù)的物種都處于這兩個(gè)極端組成的區(qū)域中，顯現(xiàn)出兼有二者的一些特征。選項(xiàng)D符合原文。

11.單選題

Thefactthattheearth’ssurfaceheats_______providesaconvenientwaytodivideitintotemperatureregion.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.infrequently

B.irregularly

C.unsteadily

D.unevenly

【答案】D

【解析】副詞詞義解析。infrequently“很少發(fā)生地”；irregularly“不規(guī)則地”；unsteadily“不穩(wěn)定地”；unevenly“不均衡地”。句意：事實(shí)就是地球表面加熱不均衡提供了一種將其劃分成多個(gè)溫度區(qū)域的簡(jiǎn)便方法。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

12.單選題

It’sour______ifthecarisdamaged,wemustpay.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.capacity

B.capability

C.cavity

D.liability

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)capacity“能力，容量”，B項(xiàng)capability“才能”，C項(xiàng)cavity“腔，洞，凹處”，D項(xiàng)liability“責(zé)任，債務(wù)”。根據(jù)句子后半部分的意思“如果汽車損壞了，我們必須賠償”可知，空格處填入“責(zé)任”符合句意。句意：汽車損壞是我們的責(zé)任，我們必須賠償。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

13.單選題

Hehadaclearpictureofasadandlonelyman,deeplyconcernedabouthishealthwhichseemedtopromiseonlyafairlyrapiddeclineinto（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.convalesce

B.recovery

C.senility

D.relapse

【答案】C

【解析】名詞詞義辨析。convalesce“漸漸恢復(fù)”；recovery“恢復(fù)”；senility“衰老，老態(tài)龍鐘”；relapse“復(fù)發(fā)，恢復(fù)原狀”。句意：他很清楚地了解到一個(gè)悲傷孤獨(dú)的老人，非常關(guān)心自己的身體健康狀況，這種健康狀況似乎預(yù)示著會(huì)迅速進(jìn)入衰老狀態(tài)。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

14.翻譯題

residentialarea,leavesofblackbarrier,plaque,arch

二大門

二大門建于1909年，是清華大學(xué)的老校門。1933年，校園擴(kuò)大，西區(qū)住宅區(qū)延伸，（同時(shí)）新校門修建（即現(xiàn)在的西校門）。梁實(shí)秋在清華大學(xué)讀書的時(shí)候，這樣描述它的老校門：清華大學(xué)的老校門由灰磚砌成，復(fù)以白漆，籠罩在淡淡的乳白色中，與總是半開著的兩扇黑色棚欄相映襯。

在拱形大門的橫匾上刻著三個(gè)醒目的中國(guó)字“清華園”，為清朝末期一個(gè)叫作那同的達(dá)官所書寫。大門在文化革命初期被損毀，直到1991年才重新修復(fù)。

【答案】TheSecondGate,builtin1909,istheoldgateofTsinghuaUniversity.In1933,thecampuswasexpanded,theWestSideresidentialareawasextended,andthenewschoolgate(nowtheWestGate)wasbuilt.

WhenLiangShiqiuwasastudentatTsinghuaUniversity,hedescribeditsoldgatethisway:TheoldgateofTsinghuaUniversitywasbuiltofgreybrick,cladinwhitepaint,andenvelopedinapalemilkywhite,setoffbytwoleavesofblackbarrierthatwerealwayshalfopen.

OnthehorizontalplaqueofthearchedgatearethreestrikingChinesecharacters“QingHuaYuan”,writtenbyanofficialnamedNatonginthelateQingDynasty.ThegatewasdamagedatthebeginningoftheCulturalRevolutionandwasnotrestoreduntil1991.

15.單選題

1.Flattery,RichardStengelwritesbywayofdefininghisterms,“isstrategicpraise,praisewithapurpose.Itmaybeinflatedorexaggeratedoritmaybeaccurateandtruthful,butitispraisethatseekssomeresult,whetheritbeincreasedlikingoranofficewithawindowFlatteryisalsoakindofbribe,anemotionalgratuitythatweacceptandwhichveryoftenrepaysthegiverwithsomethinghewants.ItisabribewewanttopocketFlatteryatitscoreislanguagethatadvancesself-interestwhileconcealingitatthesametime.”

2.Allofwhichisperfectlytrue,butitneedstobequalified(asintimeStengeldoes)inoneimportantway:Flatteryisalmostalwaysrecognizableforexactlywhatitis.Ifitistrue,asprobablyitis,thatmostofusaresusceptibletoflatteryandwillingtoemployitinourowninterests,itisequallytruethatflatteryisinfrequentlysubtleandoftenblatant.Inmylineofwork,forexample,whenIseeinapublisher’scataloguethatawriterwithwhomIamacquaintedhasanewbookforthcoming,Icanpredictalmosttothedaytheletterorcallfromsaidauthorinwhich,inonefashionoranother,myownperspicacityandstylisticelegancewillbepraisedfulsomely,accompanied,perhaps,byaninvitationtolunch.Similarly,aletterore-mailfromsomeonewhollyunknowntomewillbeginwithpraiseformylatestbookrevieworcolumn,followed,apace,withthenewsthatthewriteroftheletter―orarelative,orafriend,oracolleague―isabouttocomeforthwith...abook.

3.Itisthewayoftheworld.Thoughinmycaseflatteryinfrequentlyproducesthedesiredresults——quitetothecontrary,ifthetruthbeknown——Icannotclaimthatthesilkenwordswhisperedinmyeargounheeded.StengelquotesLordChesterfield:“Thisprincipleofvanityandprideissostronginhumannature,thatisdescendseventothelowestobjects;andoneoftenseespeopleanglingforpraise.”Thoughwewouldpreferpraisethatisofferedwithoutulteriormotives,thatisheartfeltandgenerous,wereadilysettleformereflattery;wemaynotdeliverthequidproquosotransparentlysoughtbeneaththeoleaginouswords—wemayevenholdtheflattererincontempt—yetwearenotimpervioustothestrokingheorsheadministers;indeedwemayluxuriateinitevenaswepretendtoridiculeit.

4.“Todescribesomeoneasasocialclimberoraself-promoterisgenerallynotconsideredacompliment.Thosetwolabelsseemlikeparticularlymodernputdowns(andinthecultureofcelebritytheyhavebecomefull-timeoccupations).ButIwouldmakethecasethattheyaresimplyneutraltermsforfundamentalhumanbehavior,Infact,I’dcontendthatbasedontheprinciplesofevolutionarybiology,social-climbingandself-promotion.Theyareinourgenes.”

5.Flattery,hequitecorrectlysays,“isaformofcooperation,andcooperationisthesuccessfulevolutionaryprincipleofreciprocalaltruism.”AsSamRayburnusedtosay,duringhislongandproductivetenureasspeakeroftheHouseofRepresentatives,“Ifyouwanttogetalong,goalong.”Tobesureflatteryisroutinelycarriedtoobscenelengthsinthiscity,whichasStengelcorrectlypointsout“isinsomewaysclosertothecourtsofRenaissanceEuropethanitistoourmodernera,”yetitisthegreasethatoilsthewheelsofpoliticsandoftenenablesthegovernmentanditssatellitestoaccomplishworthwhilethings.ThespectaclethatmembersoftheSenatepresentwhentheyfawnovereachotheras“honorable”and“distinguished”ishardlyaprettyone,yetitisnotwithoutpurpose.

6.InAmericanlife,flatteringinfluentialindividualsisanessentialpartofthemachineryofsocietyandbusiness.InaperceptivechaptercalledHowDaleCarnegieWonFriendsandInfluencedPeople,Stengelshowshow“thesimplestdevicesofpayingattention,offeringappreciationandthegivingofsmallflatteries”havebecomesoengrainedthatitishardtoimaginefunctioning