考研考博-英語-廣州珠江職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣州珠江職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Duetosluggishmarketconditions,thefactory'sworkforcehas（）fromover4,000toafewhundred.

問題1選項

A.proclaimed

B.dwindled

C.repressed

D.indulged

【答案】B

【解析】動詞辨析題。proclaimed公告；dwindled減少，變小，縮小；repressed抑制，鎮(zhèn)壓，約束；indulged放任，放縱。句意：由于市場不景氣，工廠的工人已從4000多人減少到幾百人。選項B符合句意。

2.單選題

Hewassenttoanartschoolinthe____thathewastalentedindrawing.

問題1選項

A.pre-mediation

B.prejudice

C.precipitation

D.presumption

【答案】D

【解析】【選項釋義】

A.pre-mediation訴前調(diào)解B.prejudice偏見

C.precipitation降水；沉淀D.presumption假設(shè)；可能正確的事

【答案】D

【考查點】語義銜接與形近詞辨析

【解題思路】前文內(nèi)容為“他被送到一所藝術(shù)學(xué)?！保笪膬?nèi)容為“他在繪畫方面有天賦”，根據(jù)語義邏輯，他因為有繪畫天賦所以被送進了藝術(shù)學(xué)校。因此，D選項presumption“假設(shè)；可能正確的事”，符合語義銜接。

【干擾項排除】A、B、C選項不符合語義銜接。

【句意】他被送進了藝術(shù)學(xué)校因為（家長）以為他有繪畫天賦。

3.單選題

Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.

ThesereformshavebeenwidelyadoptedbyAmerica’slargercompanies,andsurveyssuggestthatmanymorecompaniesarethinkingoffollowingtheir,lead.Buthavetheydoneanygood?ThreepaperspresentedattheannualmeetingoftheAcademyofManagementinBostonthisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.

Startwiththoseindependentboards.Onthefaceofit,dismissingtheboss’sfriendsfromtheboardandreplacingthemwithoutsiderslooksaperfectwaytomakeseniormanagersmoreaccountable.ButthatisnottheconclusionofastudybyProfessorJamesWestphal.Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.

Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.

Toassesstheimpactofperformance-relatedpay,Mr.Westphalaskedthebossesof103companieswithsalesofover1billiondollarswhatmeasurementswereusedtodeterminetheirpay.Themeasurementsvariedwidely,rangingfromsalestoearningspershare.Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.

InShort,bossesarequicktoturneveryimaginablesystemofcorporategovernmenttotheiradvantage—whichisprobablywhytheyarethepeoplewhoareputinchargeofthings.Hereisaparadoxforthemanagementtheorists:anybosswhocannotbeatasystemdesignedtokeephimundercontrolisprobablynotworthhaving.

25.Thephrase“featheringtheirownnests”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto____.

26.Whatisthepurposeofthelargecompaniesinrecruitingoutsidersandputtingthemontheboardofdirectors?

27.WhatdoesProfessorJamesWestphal’sstudysuggests?

28.Theword“seduction”(Para.4)probablymeans____.

29.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

30.Howdoestheauthorfeelabouttheeffortstocontrolseniorexecutives?

問題1選項

A.sacrificethemselves

B.decoratetheirhomes

C.usetheirpositionforpersonalgains

D.investalotofmoney

問題2選項

A.Todiversifythebusinessofthecorporation.

B.Toenhancethecooperationbetweentheseniormanagersandtheboarddirectors.

C.Tointroduceeffectivereformsinbusinessmanagement.

D.Toprotecttheinterestsoftheshareholders.

問題3選項

A.boardroomreformshavefailedtoachievethedesiredresult

B.outsideboarddirectorstendtobemoreindependent

C.withaboardroomfullofoutsiders,seniormanagersworkmoreconscientiously

D.cooperationbetweenseniormanagersandboarddirectorssufferedfromthereforms

問題4選項

A.effortstoconquer

B.attemptstowinover

C.endeavorstoincreaseprofits

D.exertionstounderstand

問題5選項

A.Corporateexecutivesingeneralareworththehighpaytheyreceive.

B.Theincomeofcorporateexecutivesisproportionaltothegrowthofcorporateprofits.

C.Corporateexecutivestendtotakeadvantageoftheirpositiontoenrichthemselves.

D.Theperformanceofcorporateexecutivesaffectstheirowninterestsmorethanthoseoftheshareholders.

問題6選項

A.doubtful

B.optimistic

C.positive

D.approving

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】25.詞匯推測題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“第1段中的詞組‘feathertheirownnest’的意思最接近于”，可定位到第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，以阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價____。）由此可知，feathertheirownnest是企業(yè)高級經(jīng)理人的行為，并且這種行為是以犧牲股東利益為代價的。另外，該詞組字面的意思是“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”。

2）上下文語義銜接：后文Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,linkingbosses’paytovariousperformancemeasures,andgivingbossesshareoptionssothattheyhavethesamelong-terminterestsastheirshareholders.（最受歡迎的三項改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會更加獨立、將老板們的薪酬與各種績效指標掛鉤和給老板們股票期權(quán)，這樣他們就和股東們有同樣的長期利益。）由此可知，后文講的是針對1）中的問題，采取的應(yīng)對措施，這些應(yīng)對措施都是限制或規(guī)范企業(yè)高級管理者行為的。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理的改革，B選項“裝飾他們家”與主題無關(guān)，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無需參考

綜上所訴，企業(yè)高級管理者的行為：feathertheirownnest“用羽毛裝飾他們的巢”，犧牲了企業(yè)股東的利益，并且給自己帶來了好處，C選項“利用職位謀取私利”最符合語境。A選項“犧牲自己”，表述錯誤，他們犧牲的是股東的利益，而不是他們自己的利益；D選項“投資很多錢”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有。因此，本題最佳選項為C。

26.推理判斷題。

1）句中線索：根據(jù)題干“大企業(yè)把外來者招進董事會的目的是什么”，可定位到第1段第2句Thethreemostpopularreformshavebeenrecruitingmoreoutsidedirectorsinordertomakeboardsmoreindependent,…（最受歡迎的三項改革是招募更多外部董事，使董事會更加獨立……）由此可知，企業(yè)這么做是企業(yè)改革的措施之一，并且這項措施是為了“使董事會更加獨立”，因此B選項“加強高級管理人員與董事會之間的合作”表述錯誤，該選項的“合作”與原文的“獨立”相矛盾，屬于反向干擾，排除。

2）上下文線索：本文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利。）由此可知，為了“阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利”，美國的企業(yè)采取了改革措施，那么改革的目的應(yīng)該是為了限制高級管理人員的權(quán)力，以保護股東的利益，D選項“保護股東利益”，表述符合原文；C選項“對企業(yè)管理進行有效改革”，表述也正確，但是，對企業(yè)管理進行改革的目的也是為了保護股東的利益，D選項表述更好。A選項“使公司業(yè)務(wù)多樣化”，沒有依據(jù)，屬于無中生有，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為D。

27.事實細節(jié)題。

1）精準定位：根據(jù)題干“JamesWestphal教授的研究表明”，可定位到文章第3-5段，這3段詳細介紹了JamesWestphal教授的研究結(jié)果。

第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會里滿是外部人士的老板們會花很多時間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個人恩情，并且通常會取悅外部人士。）由此可知，董事會里的外部董事與老板們建立了同盟，B選項“外部董事往往更獨立”表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除；老板們會花大部分的時間精力取悅外部董事，而不是認真工作，C選項“在董事會里擠滿了外部人員的情況下，高級經(jīng)理們工作起來會更加認真”，表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除；改革使高層管理人員與董事會之間建立了同盟，反而加強了兩者之間的合作，D選項“高層管理人員和董事會之間的合作受到了改革的影響”，表述錯誤，該選項屬于反向干擾，排除。

A選項“董事會改革未能達到預(yù)期效果”，可定位到原文第2段最后兩句Threepaperspresentedat…thisweeksuggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（本周在……上發(fā)表的三篇論文給出的答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會修修補補一樣，結(jié)果與預(yù)期不同。）由此可知，研究表明改革沒有達到預(yù)期效果，該選項表述符合原文。

2）綜合理解：本文第2段總述研究表明改革沒有達到預(yù)期效果，第3-5段展開詳細介紹研究結(jié)論，所以A選項“董事會改革未能達到預(yù)期效果”表述正確。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

28.詞匯推測題。

1）句中前后信息銜接：根據(jù)題干“‘seduction’這個詞的意思可能是”可定位到原文第4段第1句Alltoooften,theseseductionssucceed.（這些____往往會成功。）

2）上下文語義銜接：

根據(jù)上文第3段最后一句Instead,hefoundthatbosseswithaboardroomfullofoutsidersspendmuchoftheirtimebuildingalliances,doingpersonalfavorsandgenerallypleasingtheoutsiders.（相反，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，董事會里滿是外部人士的老板們會花很多時間與外部人士建立聯(lián)盟，做個人恩情，并且通常會取悅外部人士。）可知，theseseductions指的應(yīng)該是老板們?yōu)榱巳偼獠慷露龅膫€人恩情，為了跟他們建立聯(lián)盟花的很多時間和精力。

根據(jù)后文第4段第2句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨立”董事會采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。）可知，“成功”指的是企業(yè)高管們的行為成功地讓董事會做出有利于高管自己的決策。

3）篇章主旨：本文的主題是企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理的改革，A選項“為了征服的努力”、D選項“為了理解付出的努力”與本文主旨無關(guān)，排除。

4）搭配用法：本題無需參考。

綜上所述，B選項“為了贏得支持的嘗試”表述最符合原文；C選項“為了增加利潤的努力”表述錯誤，企業(yè)高管們的目的僅僅是為了自己的利益，而不是增加整個企業(yè)的利潤，該選項屬于偷換概念，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為B。

29.事實細節(jié)題。

1）精準定位：題干“下列表述正確的是？”

A選項“一般來說，公司主管們的高薪是值得的”，可定位到原文第4段最后兩句Mr.Westphalfoundthat,toaremarkabledegree,“independent”boardspursuestrategiesthatarelikelytofavorseniormanagersratherthanshareholders.Suchcompaniesdiversifytheirbusiness,increasethepayofexecutivesandweakenthelinkbetweenpayandperformances.（Westphal發(fā)現(xiàn)，在很大程度上，“獨立”董事會采取的策略可能更有利于高管而不是股東。這類公司將業(yè)務(wù)多元化，增加高管薪酬，并削弱薪酬與業(yè)績之間的聯(lián)系。）由此可知，董事會被高管們收買，而做出有利于高管們利益的決策，增加高管的薪酬，所以選項表述是錯誤的，該選項屬于反向干擾。

B選項“公司高管的收入與公司利潤的增長成正比”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關(guān)注影響自己收入的指標，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）由此可知，高管們更關(guān)注自身的利益，而忽視公司整體的利益，那么高管的收入和公司利潤成正比就沒有依據(jù)，該選項表述錯誤，屬于無中生有。

C選項“公司高管們往往利用他們的職位來使自己富有”，可定位到原文第1段第1句Overthepastdecade,Americancompanieshavetriedhardtofindwaystodiscourageseniormanagersfromfeatheringtheirownnestsattheexpenseoftheirshareholder.（在過去的十年里，美國公司一直在努力尋找方法，阻止高級管理人員以犧牲股東利益為代價謀取私利。）由此可知，選項表述正確。

D選項“公司高管的業(yè)績對其自身利益的影響大于對股東利益的影響”，可定位到第5段最后一句Buttheresearcher’sbigdiscoverywasthatbossesattendtomeasuresthataffecttheirownincomesandignoreorplaydownotherfactorsthataffectacompany’soverallsuccess.（但研究人員的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)是，老板們關(guān)注影響自己收入的指標，忽視或淡化其他影響公司整體成功的因素。）原文是說高管們更關(guān)注績效評估體系中影響自己體系的指標，忽視影響公司整體利益的指標，但是選項說的卻是高管們的業(yè)績的不同影響，屬于偷換概念，排除。

2）綜合理解：題干要求選擇表述正確的選項，A、B、D選項均表述錯誤，只有C選項正確，因此，本題最佳選項為C。

30.觀點態(tài)度題。

1）精準定位：根據(jù)題干“作者如何看待限制高級管理人員的努力”，可定位到原文第2段最后3句Buthavetheydoneanygood?Threepapers…suggestnot.Asisusuallythecasewithboardroomtinkering,theconsequenceshavedifferedfromthoseintended.（但是他們產(chǎn)生了好的結(jié)果嗎？……三篇論文表明，答案是否定的。就像通常的董事會修修補補一樣，結(jié)果與預(yù)期不同。）

2）綜合理解：由此可知，對于企業(yè)進行的限制高級管理人員的改革，作者的態(tài)度的否定的，消極的，A選項“懷疑的，靠不住的”符合原文。B選項“樂觀的”、C選項“肯定的”、D選項“滿意的”，三個選項的情感基調(diào)與原文不符，排除。因此，本題最佳選項為A。

4.單選題

Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”.Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon；rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto“getthingsdone”.Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup’smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.

Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT

3.Inmentioning“naturalleaders”inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?

5.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson

問題1選項

A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups

問題2選項

A.recruitment.

B.formalelectionprocess.

C.specificleadershiptraining.

D.traditionalculturalpatterns.

問題3選項

A.fewpeoplequalifyas“naturalleaders'

B.thereisnoproofthat“naturalleaders”exist.

C.“naturalleaders”areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup.

D.“naturalleaders”shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.

問題4選項

A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

問題5選項

A.ensuringharmoniousrelationship.

B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers.

C.identifyingnewleaders.

D.achievingagoal.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一句，“thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocial…”，開篇點題，在美國有很多種方式成為某個團體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。所以主要闡述不同領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者在社會中的角色。選項D符合題意。

2.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段，在家庭、友誼小組或更大的群體中，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的方式不相同，探討了每一種團體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生方式。選項C符合題意。

3.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof“naturalleaders”，數(shù)十年都沒有充足的證據(jù)來證明存在“天生領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，選項B符合題意。

4.信息推斷題?？疾閷Φ诙挝囊獾睦斫?。文中提到只要一個人有特定的資質(zhì)就能成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。根據(jù)文章“anypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup”，可以成為特定團體的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。選項A符合題意。

5.細節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“…maydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthegroup’sgoals.”，“…iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,…”根據(jù)這兩句可以得出，工具性領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者更加注重目標一些。選項D符合題意。

5.單選題

Theywereinadreadful（）whentheirmoney,ticketsandpassportswerestolenwhiletheywereonholiday.

問題1選項

A.conspiracy

B.plight

C.serenity

D.custody

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項conspiracy“陰謀，共謀，陰謀集團”；B選項plight“困境，境況，誓約”；C選項serenity“平靜，寧靜”；D選項custody“保管，監(jiān)護”。句意：他們度假時錢、機票和護照被盜，陷入了可怕的_____。根據(jù)邏輯可知，在度假時丟失了財務(wù)，肯定是陷入了困境，因此B選項符合題意。

6.單選題

Asmyexamsarecomingnextweek,I’lltakeadvantageoftheweekendto（

）onsomereading.

問題1選項

A.catchup

B.clearup

C.makeup

D.pickup

【答案】D

【解析】短語辨析。句意:下周就要考試了，我要利用周末時間好好看看書。

catchupon彌補不足、吸收，精通;clearup收拾，整理;makeup偽造，化妝;pickup提高（速度），加快（節(jié)奏）。因此D項符合句意。

7.單選題

Intheaccidentthewindshieldofthebuswas______.

問題1選項

A.scattered

B.shattered

C.knocked

D.battered

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A項scatter“撒播，散開，散布”，B項shatter“粉碎，打碎，破壞”，C項knock“敲，打，敲擊”，D項batter“連續(xù)猛擊，虐待毆打”。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞accident“事故”和windshield“擋風(fēng)玻璃”可知，空格處填入“粉碎”符合句子語境。句意：在事故中，公共汽車的擋風(fēng)玻璃被震碎了。因此，該題選擇B項正確。

8.單選題

AKoreanmanufacturerhas（

）usapricetenpercentlowerthanyours.

問題1選項

A.referred

B.offered

C.gave

D.told

【答案】B

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。refer“涉及”；offer“提供”；give“給予”；tell“告訴”。

句意：韓國生產(chǎn)商的出價比你們的低。選項B符合題意。

9.單選題

Atthefirstglance,aforestappearstobeahaphazardcollectionoftrees,shrubs,vines,andflowers.

問題1選項

A.random

B.total

C.graded

D.synthetic

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。haphazard意為“無秩序的，無計劃的”；random“隨機的，隨意的”；total意為“總計的，全部的，徹底的”；graded意為“分級的”；synthetic意為“合成的”。

句意：乍一看，森林似乎是樹木、灌木、藤蔓的雜亂無章的組合。

10.單選題

Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,itisunderstandablethatsomeoftheefficient,highlyadaptable,warm-bloodedmammalsthatevolvedonlandshouldhavereturnedtothesea.Thosethatdiddothathaveflourished.Withinabout50millionyears—notimeatall,geologicallyspeaking—oneofthefourkindsofmammalsthathasreturnedtoamarineenvironmenthasdevelopedintothelargestofallanimalforms,thewhale.Asecondkind,theseal,hasproducedwhatisprobablythegreatestpopulationoflargecarnivorousmammalsonEarth.Thissuggeststhatthese“topdogs”oftheoceanareprosperingandmultiplying.However,suchhasnotbeenthecase,atleastnotforthelast150years.Troublehasclosedinonthesemammalsintheformofequallywarm-bloodedandevenmoreefficientandadaptablepredators,humans.Atsea,asonland,humanshavenowpositionedthemselvesontopofthewholegreatpyramidoflife,andtheyhavecausedseriousproblemsforthemammalsofthesea.

Thereisasimplereasonforthis.Marinemammalshavethemisfortunetobeswimmingaggregatesofcommoditiesthathumanswant:fur,oil,andmeat.Evenso,theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.Everyyearhumanstakemorethan50milliontonsoffishfromtheoceanswithoutcriticallydepletingthepopulationofanyspecies.Buttheslow-breedingmammalsoftheseahavebeenallbutwipedoutbyhumansseekingtosatisfytheirwantsandwhims.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmarinemammalsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.Whatadvantagedidsomelandmammalsgainbyreturningtothesea?

3.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatduringthelast150yearshumanshave（）

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupportedbythepassage?

5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatmarinemammalsarelikehumansinwhichofthefollowing

問題1選項

A.Theyhavetheiroriginsonland.

B.Theyhaveevolvedsuccessfullybutarenowthreatenedbyhumans.

C.Theycompetewithoneanotherfortheocean’sfoodsupply.

D.Theyhavemanyofthebiologicaltraitsofhumans.

問題2選項

A.Fewerpredatorsexistinthesea.

B.Morespaceisavailableinthesea.

C.Thereisagreatersupplyoffoodinthesea.

D.Theclimateismorehospitableinthesea.

問題3選項

A.constructedsubmarines

B.learnedhowtoswim

C.threatenedtheexistenceofsomemarinemammals

D.beguntoharvestcertainplantsfromtheoceanasfood

問題4選項

A.Thewhale’sancestorsweredrivenintotheseabyhumans.

B.Thefoodsupplyofsealsisbeingdepletedbyhumans.

C.Thewhaleevolvedfromaspeciesofland-dwellingmammal.

D.Whalesareamoreefficientandadaptablespeciesthanhumans.

問題5選項

A.Theysurvivedespitechangesintheirmetabolicrates.

B.Theyreproduceslowly.

C.Theyareprosperingandmultiplying.

D.Theyaredepletingthevegetationoftheseas

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文主要講人類對海洋哺乳動物造成了威脅，選項B符合原文。選項A表述錯誤，海洋哺乳動物的起源不是陸地而是海洋；選項C和D在文中沒有提及。所以本題選項B。

2.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)第一段的第一句“Sincethereissuchanabundanceoffoodinthesea,...havereturnedtothesea.”可知選項C符合原文。

3.細節(jié)事實題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞定位到第一段的后半部分，在過去的150年里，情況并非之前提到的那樣，是因為人類把自己置于整個生命金字塔的頂端，這給海洋哺乳動物帶來了嚴重的問題。所以選項C符合原文。

4.細節(jié)事實題。選項A和B在文中沒有提及；選項C鯨是從一種陸棲哺乳動物進化而來的，根據(jù)原文可知鯨是從陸地返回到海洋的物種之一，所以選項C正確；選項D很明顯是錯誤的，所以本題選項C。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)最后一段的第三句“theymightnotbesovulnerabletohumandepredationiftheydidnot,likehumans,reproducesoslowly.”如果它們不像人類那樣繁殖如此緩慢，它們可能就不會那么容易受到人類的掠奪。由此推斷，海洋哺乳動物和人類一樣繁殖很慢，選項B正確。

11.單選題

TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive“attachment”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild’spersonalityand(predispose)toemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby’sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails,andmanypeopledobelievethis.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.

Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample,wesawearlierthatamongtheNgonithefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone—farfromit.Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotsowidespreadtodayifparents,caretakersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andeveniftheywere,theresultswouldbecertaintobecomplicatedandcontroversial.

Thirdly,inthelastdecade,therehavebeenanumberofcarefulAmericanstudiesofchildrenindaycare,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatdaycarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren'sdevelopment.Butteststhathavehadtobeusedtomeasurethisdevelopmentarenotwidelyenoughacceptedtosettletheissue.

ButBowlby'sanalysisraisesthepossibilitythatearlydaycarehasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.

1.Thispassageprimarilyarguesthat（

）.

2.Thephrase“predisposeto”(Para.1,line3)mostprobablymeans（

）.

3.AccordingtoBowlby'sanalysis,itisquitepossiblethat（

）.

4.Itisimpliedbutnotstatedinthesecondparagraphthat.

5.Thewriterconcludesthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.infantsundertheageofthreeshouldnotbesenttonurseryschools

B.whetherchildrenundertheageofthreeshouldbesenttonurseryschools

C.thereisnotnegativelong-termeffectoninfantswhoaresenttoschoolbeforetheyarethree

D.thereissomenegativeeffectonchildrenwhentheyaresenttoschoolaftertheageofthree

問題2選項

A.leadto

B.disposeto

C.getinto

D.tendtosuffer

問題3選項

A.children'spersonalitieswillbechangedtosomeextentthroughseparationfromtheirparents

B.earlydaycarecandelaytheoccurrenceofmentalillnessinchildren

C.childrenwillbeexposedtomanynegativeeffectsfromearlydaycarelateron

D.somelong-termeffectscanhardlybereducedfromchildren’sdevelopment

問題4選項

A.traditionalsocietiesseparatethechildfromtheparentatanearlyage

B.Childreninmodemsocietiescausemoretroublesthanthoseintraditionalsocieties

C.AchilddidnotlivetogetherwithhisparentsamongtheNgoni

D.Childreninsomesocietiesdidnothaveemotionalproblemswhenseparatedfromtheparents

問題5選項

A.itisdifficulttomakeclearwhatistherightagefornurseryschool

B.Itisnotsettlednowwhetherearlycareisreasonableforchildren

C.Itisnotbeneficialforchildrentobesenttonurseryschool

D.Itisreasonabletosubjectachildabovethreetonurseryschool

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文討論的是孩子三歲前是否應(yīng)該去托管所的爭議。

2.詞義題。第一段中predisposetoemotionalproblemsinlaterlife,根據(jù)句意可判斷predispose的意思是“易受到”,D項(tendtosuffer)正確。

3.細節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位至第一段:…thatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive“attachment”periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild’spersonalityand(predispose)toemotionalproblemsinlaterlife(在從出生到三歲這段敏感的“依戀”時期與父母的分離可能會傷及孩子的人格，并在以后的生活中（傾向于）情感問題)。因此C項正確。

4.推斷題。定位至第二段:Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.’這句話表明傳統(tǒng)社會的父母不會在孩子很小時候和孩子分開，所以A選項錯誤，而第二句:Forexample,wesawearlierthatamongtheNgonithefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone—farfromit.說明Ngoni父母不會獨自撫養(yǎng)他們的孩子，即可推出C選項是正確的。而B項和D項文中沒有提到，可以排除。

5.細節(jié)題。最后一段:Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy(在三歲或三歲半的時候，幾乎所有的孩子都能輕松地過渡到托兒所),說明作者認為等孩子過了三歲再送去托兒所更合理。

12.單選題

Althoughisunusualtodenouncemuseum-goersfornotpainting,itisquitecommon,eventopthose,whoareunenthusiasticaboutsports,tocriticizespectatorsforathletic______.

問題1選項

A.snobbery

B.ignorance

C.arrogance

D.inactivity

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項snobbery“勢利，諂上欺下”，B項ignorance“無知，愚昧”，C項arrogance“自大，傲慢態(tài)度”，D項inactivity“不做任何事，不活動”。由quitecommon和even可知，前后兩句是對應(yīng)的，那么根據(jù)前面的notpainting對應(yīng)可知，athletic______也要表示否定，且空格部分表示的是事情，并不是人，所以只有D項符合。句意：盡管譴責(zé)藝術(shù)館參觀者不揮毫作畫這樣的事甚為罕見，但是即使對于那些并不怎么熱衷于體育活動的人來說，去批評體育觀眾在體育上的不參與，這樣的事卻相當(dāng)普遍。因此，該題選擇D項。

13.翻譯題

Passage1

Severalpromisingdrugdevelopmentstrategiesareemerginginthefightagainsttuberculosis(TB),whichcontinuestoclaimnearlytwomillionlivesworldwideeachyear,largelyindevelopingcountries.AstheTBbacteriumevolvestoresistanti-TBdrugs,andpatientsfinditdifficulttosticktoexistingdrugregimesthesearchisonforbothnewdrugsandgooddiagnostics.Somepromisingdrugsareinearlyclinicaltrials,whichcouldreducethetimeneededtotreatTB—buttheoddsarestackedagainstthembecausefewerthantenpercentofantibioticsthatenterearlyclinicaltrialsevergainapproval.Butresearchesarefindingthatfieldsinvolvingthestudyofgenes,proteinsandmetabolismofferthepotentialtounlocknewinformationaboutthebacteriumanditsinteractionswithpeopleinunprecedenteddetail.

Passage2

AsfarasWeb2.0isconcerned,biggerisdefinitelybetter.Biggertext,thatis.Largetextiseasyontheeye,andcoupledwithsnappycopywritingmakesinformationeasytoabsorb.ThelayoutofWeb2.0sitesmightbedescribedasminimal.Withafocusonlegibilityandeaseofuse,gooduseismadeofwhitespace.Whitespaceallowsimportantinformationtostandapart,providesrestfortheeye,andimpartsasenseofcalmandorder.Generousleadingalsomakestextcopyeasierfortheeyetofollow.SomeWeb2.0layoutsaresominimalthattheyvergeonboring,butdesignedwell,anunclutteredpagecanbeincrediblytasteful.Friendly,informalcopywritingallowsamorepersonalrelationshipwithwebsitevisitors.

Passage3

Theprojectmanagementteammustbecarefulnottoconfus