考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中南大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-中南大學(xué)考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Ican't（）myeagerwhenIhearofpeoplebeingcrueltoanimals.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.restrain

B.alleviate

C.deteriorate

D.relieve

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。restrain"抑制,控制";alleviate"減輕,緩和";deteriorate"惡化,變壞";relieve"解除,減輕"。這里指不能控制自己的情緒,所以選項(xiàng)A正確。

2.單選題

Howdotheprofessionaltimekeepersoftheworddetermine,totheprecisenanosecond,whenanewyearbegins?Theysimplyconsultanatomicclock.Andattheendoflastmonth,justintimetoringinthenewyear,theHewlett-Packardcompany,ofPaloAlto,California,unveiledthelatestinthesemeticuloustime-pieces.Fornearly30years,thefirmhasbeensupplyingmilitaryandscientificclientswithatomicclocks;themostadvancedmodelsneithergainnorlosemorethanasecondevery800,000years.Butthenewestversion,a$54,0000devicethesizeofadesktopcomputer,isaccuratetoonesecondin1.6millionyears—farlongerthanallofhumanhistorytodate.

Itisnaturaltowonderwhocouldpossiblyneedsuchprecision.Theanswer:practicallyeveryone,atleastindirectly.Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoftrillionsofbitsofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld,thusavoidingmammothelectroniclogjams.Televisionandradiostationsusetheclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.Satellite-basednavigationsystemsdependonthedevicestomeasurethearrivaltimeofradiosignalstowithinatinyfractionofsecond,allowinguserstogaugetheirlocationtowithinafewfeet.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstohelptrackthealmostimperceptiblemotionsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearthandgalaxiesandstarsacrossthesky.EventhepeoplewhodroppedtheballinNewYorkCity’sTimesSquaretosignalthestartof1992reliedonatimekeepingsourcethatwaspeggedultimatelytoanatomicclock.

Theprinciplethatliesbehindallthisprecisioncomesoutofquantumphysics.Whenanatomisbombardedwithelectromagneticradiation—inthiscase,microwaves—itselectronsshiftintoanewenergystate.Eachtypeofatomrespondsmostreadilytoaparticularfrequencyofradiation.Forthecesium133atomsinmostatomicclocks,thefrequencyis9,192,613,770vibrationspersecond.Thatmeansthatwhenamicrowavebeaminsidetheclockissetexactlytothatfrequency,themaximumnumberofatomswillundergotheenergyshift.Thissignalstheclock’sinternalcomputerthatthedeviceiscorrectlytuned.Andinfact,itisthevibratingmicrowavesthatkeeptime;theatomsareusedjusttokeepthemontrack.

Theoretically,anatomicclockcouldkeepperfecttime,buttheactualperformancedependsonengineeringdetailsexactlyhowthemicrowaveshitthecesiumatoms,howsophisticatedtheelectronicsareandsoon.ItwasbyimprovingfactorslikethesethatHewett-Packardboosteditsclocks’performancefromincrediblygoodtoevenbetter.Thenextgenerationofclocksshoulddobettersill,butnooneissurewhenthatgenerationwillcomealong.Fornew,asecondeverymillionandahalfyearswillhavetodo.

31.Thenewestatomicclockisaccurateto______.

32.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentioned?

33.Atomicclockisveryaccuratebecause______.

34.Thenextgenerationofclockwillbemade______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.30years

B.nomorethanasecondevery800,000years

C.asecondin1.6millionyears

D.$54,000

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Televisionandradiostationsuseatomicclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.

B.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstotimesecretcallstosubmarinesaroundtheworld.

C.Scientistsuseatomicclockstogaugethelocationofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearth.

D.Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoflargeamountofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.quantumphysicskeepsperfecttime

B.thecesium133atomskeepsperfecttime

C.electro-magneticradiationkeepstime

D.thevibratingmicrowaveskeeptime

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.inasecond

B.inamillionyears

C.inahalfyear

D.inthetimenooneissureof

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】31.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“最新的原子鐘精確到……”。根據(jù)第一段最后一句Butthenewestversion,a$54,0000devicethesizeofadesktopcomputer,isaccuratetoonesecondin1.6millionyears（但是最新的版本，一臺(tái)價(jià)值540000美元的臺(tái)式電腦大小的設(shè)備，精確到160萬(wàn)年中的一秒）可知，C項(xiàng)“160萬(wàn)年一秒”正確，D項(xiàng)“54000美元”不符合題干。根據(jù)第一段倒數(shù)第二句Fornearly30years,thefirmhasbeensupplyingmilitaryandscientificclientswithatomicclocks;themostadvancedmodelsneithergainnorlosemorethanasecondevery800,000years.（近30年來(lái)，該公司一直為軍事和科研客戶提供原子鐘；最先進(jìn)的模型每80萬(wàn)年增加或減少的時(shí)間都不超過(guò)一秒。）可知，A項(xiàng)“30年”錯(cuò)誤，B項(xiàng)“每80萬(wàn)年不超過(guò)一秒”是最先進(jìn)的版本，并不是最新的。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。

32.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“以下哪項(xiàng)沒(méi)有提到？”。由第二段第二句Telephoneandcomputernetworksrelyonatomicclockstosynchronizetheflowoftrillionsofbitsofinformationaroundthenationandtheworld,thusavoidingmammothelectroniclogjams.（電話和計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)依靠原子鐘來(lái)同步全國(guó)和全世界數(shù)萬(wàn)億比特信息的流動(dòng)，從而避免了巨大的電子堵塞。）可知，D項(xiàng)“電話和計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)依靠原子鐘來(lái)同步全國(guó)和世界各地大量信息的流動(dòng)”符合原文。由第二段第三句Televisionandradiostationsusetheclockstotimetheirbroadcasts.（電視和廣播電臺(tái)用這些鐘來(lái)給他們的廣播計(jì)時(shí)。）可知，A項(xiàng)“電視和廣播電臺(tái)使用原子鐘來(lái)計(jì)時(shí)他們的廣播”有提到。根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)第二句和第三句Satellite-basednavigationsystemsdependonthedevicestomeasurethearrivaltimeofradiosignalstowithinatinyfractionofsecond,allowinguserstogaugetheirlocationtowithinafewfeet.Thearmedforcesuseatomicclockstohelptrackthealmostimperceptiblemotionsofcontinentsacrossthesurfaceoftheearthandgalaxiesandstarsacrossthesky.（基于衛(wèi)星的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)依靠這些設(shè)備來(lái)測(cè)量無(wú)線電信號(hào)的到達(dá)時(shí)間，誤差不超過(guò)幾分之一秒，這讓用戶可以在幾英尺內(nèi)測(cè)量自己的位置。軍隊(duì)使用原子鐘來(lái)追蹤地球表面上幾乎無(wú)法察覺(jué)的大陸運(yùn)動(dòng)，以及天空中星系和恒星的運(yùn)動(dòng)。）可知，使用原子鐘來(lái)追蹤大陸在地表上的位置在文中有提到，但是軍隊(duì)使用原子鐘來(lái)計(jì)時(shí)秘密呼叫在文中并沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，所以B項(xiàng)“武裝部隊(duì)使用原子鐘來(lái)計(jì)時(shí)向世界各地的潛艇發(fā)出的秘密呼叫”錯(cuò)誤，C項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家使用原子鐘來(lái)測(cè)量大陸在地球表面的位置”正確。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。

33.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“原子鐘非常準(zhǔn)確是因?yàn)椤薄８鶕?jù)文章第三段首句Theprinciplethatliesbehindallthisprecisioncomesoutofquantumphysics.（所有這些精確背后的原理來(lái)自量子物理學(xué)。）可知，原子鐘的精準(zhǔn)性是來(lái)源于量子物理學(xué)，A項(xiàng)“量子物理精確計(jì)時(shí)”正確。B項(xiàng)“133銫原子精確計(jì)時(shí)”、C項(xiàng)“電磁輻射計(jì)時(shí)”和D項(xiàng)“振動(dòng)的微波計(jì)時(shí)”都是原子鐘的原理，屬于量子物理。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。

34.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“下一代時(shí)鐘將在……時(shí)候制造出來(lái)”。文章最后一段倒數(shù)第二句指出Thenextgenerationofclocksshoulddobettersill,butnooneissurewhenthatgenerationwillcomealong.（下一代鐘表應(yīng)該會(huì)做得更好，但沒(méi)人確定這一代何時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)。）可知，D項(xiàng)“沒(méi)人能確定”正確。A項(xiàng)“一秒鐘”、B項(xiàng)“一百萬(wàn)年”和C項(xiàng)“半年”都不正確。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

He___athiswatchbeforehelefttheoffice.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.glanced

B.glimpsed

C.glared

D.scribbled

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)glanced“瞥閃，瞥見(jiàn)，掃視，匆匆一看（強(qiáng)調(diào)主動(dòng)的加以注意瞥了一眼）；瀏覽；斜擊某物后斜彈開(kāi)來(lái)；反光；輕擦（球）；（板球）斜擊”；B選項(xiàng)glimpsed“瞥見(jiàn)（強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的，比如某個(gè)東西在眼前閃了一下，不是主動(dòng)去看）”；C選項(xiàng)glared“怒目而視，瞪眼看；發(fā)出刺眼的光”；D選項(xiàng)scribbled“亂畫；潦草地書寫；寫作（非正式）；粗疏（羊毛）”。句意：他離開(kāi)辦公室前___手表。本句表達(dá)“主動(dòng)地瞥了一眼手表”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.不定項(xiàng)選擇題

Withhumanfootprintsonthemoon,radiotelescopeslisteningformessagesfromaliencreatures(whomayormaynotexist),technicianslookingforcelestialandplanetarysourcesofenergytosupportourcivilization,orbitingtelescopes’datehintingatplanetarysystemsaroundotherstars,andpoliticalgroupstryingtofigureouthowtosavehumanityfromnudewarfarethatwoulddamagelifeandclimateonaplanet-widescale,anastronomybookpublishedtodayentersaworlddifferentfromtheonethatgreetedbooksagenerationago.Astronomyhasbroadenedtoinvolveourbasiccircumstancesandourmysteriousfutureintheuniverse.Witheclipsesandspacemissionsbroadcastlive,andwithNASA,Europe,andtheUSSRplanningandbuildingpermanentspacestations,astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople,anoutwardexploratorythrustthatmayonedaybeseenasanalternativetomindlessconsumerism,ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.

Today’sastronomystudentsnotonlyseekanupto-datesummaryofastronomicalfacts:theyask,aspeoplehaveaskedforages,aboutourbasicrelationstotherestoftheuniverse.Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.

Sciencefictionwritersandspecialeffectartistsonrecentfilmshelptoday’sstudentsrealizethatunseenworldsofspacearerealplaces—notabstractconcepts.Today’sstudentsarecitizensofamorereal,morevastcosmosthatconceptualizedbystudentsofadecadeago.

Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.Ratherthanjumpingatthestartintomurkywatersofcosmology,IhavebegunwiththeviewpointofancientpeopleonEarthandworkedoutwardacrosstheuniverse.Thismethodoforganizationautomatically(ifloosely)reflectstheorderofhumanity’sdiscoveriesaboutastronomyandprovidesaunifyingthemeofincreasingdistanceandscale.

1.Thispassageismostprobablytakenfrom（）.

2.Theauthor’smainpurposeinwritingthefirstparagraphis（）.

3.TheauthorthinksthatthegrowinginterestinspaceexplorationamongpeopleonEarthwillprobablyleadto（）.

4.Theauthorbelievesthattoday’sastronomiesstudents（）.

5.Inthelastparagraph,theunderlinedexpression“thesedevelopments”referstoallofthefollowingEXCEPT（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theprefaceofapieceofsciencefiction

B.anarticleofpopularscience

C.alecturegivenbytheauthortoastronomystudents

D.theintroductionofabookofastronomy

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.todiscussindetailthemostrecentachievementsinspaceresearch

B.toexplainthebackgroundandnewfeaturesoftoday’sastronomy

C.toillustratethattheworldtodayisdifferentinmanyaspectsfromthatofagenerationago

D.tointroducesomenewlyestablishedspacestations

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.therealizationofpermanentsettlementonotherplanets

B.moredisturbancenotonlyonEarthbutalsoinouterspace

C.orders,harmonyandpeaceonourplanetEarth

D.allpeoplehavingchancesoftravellinginspace

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.arebetter-informedabouttheunseenworldsofspace

B.maylearnmoreaboutmanandhisresearchinvariousfieldsthroughthestudyofastronomy

C.nolongercareaboutastronomicalfacts

D.aremuchbrighterthanstudentsofagenerationago

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.theworld-wideinvolvementinspaceexploration

B.humanity’snewachievementsinthefieldofastronomy

C.thenewconceptsabouttheuniverseacquiredbytoday’sastronomystudents

D.thedevelopmentofsciencefictionandspecialeffectsoffilms

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:判斷推理題。文章最后一段提及Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetried…“在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)版本時(shí)，Wadsworth的編輯和我試圖……”，由此可知文章摘自一本書的序言，而本文都是在講述關(guān)于天文學(xué)方面的，所以推測(cè)是天文學(xué)類書籍，所以D選項(xiàng)“一本天文學(xué)書籍的序言”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“科幻小說(shuō)的序言”，科幻小說(shuō)對(duì)象不正確；B選項(xiàng)“一篇科普文章”與原文第一段anastronomybookpublished…“一本天文學(xué)書籍……”不符；C選項(xiàng)“作者給天文學(xué)學(xué)生的演講”，文章的形式并不是演講，所以C錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:主旨大意題。原文第一段主要講述的是人類在天文學(xué)方面的研究擴(kuò)展和特點(diǎn)。B選項(xiàng)作者寫第一段的目的是“來(lái)解釋今天天文學(xué)的背景和新特征”符合題意；A選項(xiàng)“詳細(xì)討論太空研究的最新成果”，第一段只是簡(jiǎn)單介紹并未詳細(xì)討論，所以A錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)“說(shuō)明今天的世界與一代人以前在許多方面不同”，只是說(shuō)明研究的新進(jìn)展，并不是世界的不同；D選項(xiàng)“引進(jìn)一些新建立的空間站”與題意不符。因此B選項(xiàng)符合題意。

第3題:判斷推理題。根據(jù)第一段astronomyoffersadventureforallpeople…ideologicalbickering,andwarstocontroldwindlingresourcesonaclosed,finiteEarth.“天文學(xué)為所有人提供了冒險(xiǎn)的機(jī)會(huì)，這是一種向外探索的推進(jìn)，也許有一天，它會(huì)被視為一種替代選擇，取代盲目的消費(fèi)主義、意識(shí)形態(tài)的爭(zhēng)吵和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，以控制一個(gè)封閉、有限的地球上日益減少的資源?！盇選項(xiàng)“在其他行星上永久定居的實(shí)現(xiàn)”原文并未涉及；B選項(xiàng)“更多的干擾不僅在地球上，而且在外太空”不符合題意；C選項(xiàng)“地球上的秩序、和諧與和平”，原文提到“可以取代盲目的消費(fèi)主義、意識(shí)形態(tài)的爭(zhēng)吵和戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”進(jìn)而可以維護(hù)地球秩序和諧和平，符合題意；D選項(xiàng)“所有人有機(jī)會(huì)在太空旅行”與題意不符。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:判斷推理題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞today’sastronomiesstudents定位到文章第二段Theymaystudyastronomypartlytoseekpointsofcontactbetweenscienceandotherhumanendeavors:philosophy,history,politics,environmentalaction,eventheartsandreligion.“他們學(xué)習(xí)天文學(xué)的部分原因可能是為了尋找科學(xué)和其他人類活動(dòng)之間的聯(lián)系：哲學(xué)、歷史、政治、環(huán)境行為，甚至是藝術(shù)和宗教?！庇纱丝芍芯刻煳膶W(xué)還可以更多地了解其他領(lǐng)域。所以B選項(xiàng)“通過(guò)天文學(xué)的研究，可以更多地了解人類及其在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“對(duì)看不見(jiàn)的宇宙有更好的了解”不太切合題意；C選項(xiàng)“不再關(guān)心天文事實(shí)”與原文敘述相反；D選項(xiàng)“比上一代的學(xué)生聰明得多”沒(méi)有比較無(wú)法體現(xiàn)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:判斷推理題。由劃線句定位到文中最后一段Indesigningthisedition,theWadswortheditorsandIhavetriedtorespondtothesedevelopments.“在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)版本時(shí)，Wadsworth的編輯和我試圖對(duì)這些發(fā)展做出回應(yīng)。”由此可知，“這些發(fā)展”所包括的內(nèi)容是前文已經(jīng)提及的。A選項(xiàng)“全世界參與太空探索”和B選項(xiàng)“人類在天文學(xué)領(lǐng)域的新成就”在第一段中有涉及；C選項(xiàng)“今天的天文學(xué)學(xué)生獲得的關(guān)于宇宙的新概念”在文章第二段有講述；D選項(xiàng)“科幻小說(shuō)和電影特效的發(fā)展”，文章主要是講述關(guān)于天文學(xué)方面的內(nèi)容，并沒(méi)有詳細(xì)闡述科幻小說(shuō)和電影的發(fā)展，所以D選項(xiàng)與題意不符。因此此題選擇D選項(xiàng)。

5.翻譯題

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesfromEnglishintoChinese.(3x5)

1.Werecognizethatinthelongrun,innovationisakeydriverofgrowthforbothindividualcountriesandtheglobaleconomyasawhole.Wearecommittedtotacklingoneoftherootcausesofweakgrowthbytakinginnovationasakeyelementofourefforttoidentifynewgrowthenginesforindividualcountriesandtheworldeconomy.

2.Recognizingthedetrimentaleffectsofcorruptionandillicitfinanceflowsonequitableallocationofpublicresources,sustainableeconomicgrowth,theintegrityoftheglobalfinancialsystemandtheruleoflaw,wewillreinforcetheG20’seffortstoenhanceinternationalcooperationagainstcorruption,whilefullyrespectinginternationallaw,humanrightsandtheruleoflawaswellasthesovereigntyofeachcountry.

3.ThepridewefeelwhensomeonefromournationwinsaNobelPrizeisdifferentfromtheonewefeelwitnessingoneofourathleteswinninganOlympicmedal.Wedon’tfeeltheprideofourtribedemonstratingsuperiorityoverothertribes.Rather,it'sthepridethatcomesfromknowingthatoneofushasmadeasignificantcontributiontoourcommonhumanendeavor.

【答案】1.我們認(rèn)識(shí)到，創(chuàng)新是各國(guó)和全球經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期增長(zhǎng)的重要?jiǎng)恿?。我們致力于解決經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)疲軟的根源問(wèn)題之一，將創(chuàng)新作為我們努力為各國(guó)和世界經(jīng)濟(jì)尋找新的增長(zhǎng)引擎的關(guān)鍵因素。

2.認(rèn)識(shí)到腐敗和非法資金流動(dòng)對(duì)公共資源公平分配、可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的不利影響，以及破壞全球金融體系的完整性和法治，我們將加強(qiáng)二十國(guó)集團(tuán)的反腐敗國(guó)際合作，同時(shí)充分尊重國(guó)際法、人權(quán)、法治以及各國(guó)主權(quán)。

3.當(dāng)我們看到來(lái)自我們國(guó)家的人獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)時(shí)心里產(chǎn)生的那種自豪感，與我們看到我國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員收獲奧運(yùn)獎(jiǎng)牌時(shí)油然而生的自豪感不同。我們內(nèi)心并不會(huì)有一種優(yōu)越感認(rèn)為我們的民族優(yōu)于其他民族，恰恰相反，獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的自豪感是源于得知我們當(dāng)中的某個(gè)人對(duì)全人類的共同努力做出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。

6.單選題

Theusualdistinctionsbetween“basicresearch”,“appliedresearch”,and“development”,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.Onecannotdistinguishinanymeaningfulway“basic”from“appliedresearch”byobservingwhatascientistisdoing.

“Appliedresearch”shouldnotbeusedtomean“purposefulanddemonstrablyusefulbasicresearch,”andoneshouldbewaryoftheuseofthetermingovernmentstatistics.Incorporateresearchlaboratories,suchastheTJ.WatsonResearchLaboratoriesofIBM,alloftheworkisreferredtosimplyas“research.”Thereisnoneedtoattemptadistinctionbetween“basic”and“applied”research.Allofthecompany’sresearchinvestmentsaremotivatedbycorporateinterests.Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso“pure”thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.

Weshouldreservethewords“appliedresearch”forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords“problem-solvingresearch”instead.

Narrowproblem-solvinganddevelopmentareactivitiesinitiatedbysomeonewhowishestoapplyresearchmethodspurposefullytoexploitanidentifiedopportunityorsolveaproblem.Theyinvolvetheapplicationoftechnicalresourcestoachieveanidentifiedgoalforaspecifiedbeneficiary,usuallytheinvestorinthework.Itisareasonableassumptionthatthosewhoengageinsuchactivitiesexpecttobenefitfromthem,andtobenefitbyasufficientmarginoverthecosttoaccommodatethetechnicalriskthatisever-presentinresearch.Theinvestorinproblem-solvingmaybeagovernmentagency,butismorelikelytobeaprivatefirm.Inmostcasesthatfirmwouldbeexpectedtobeabletoappropriatesufficientbenefitstoneednogovernmentsubsidytotakethoserisks.Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,thedistinctionbetweenBasicandappliedresearchesingovernmentdocumentsis______.

2.Adisturbingresultofthedefinitionsofnatureofresearchingovernmentstatisticsisthat______.

3.Itisimpliedinthesecondparagraphthatbasicresearchischaracterizedby______.

4.The“appliedresearch”astheauthorunderstandsitisbestdefinedintermsof______.

5.Thepassageismainlyconcernedwithdefiningtheroleof______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.theoreticallyunjustifiable

B.obscureandmisleading

C.scientificbutinsufficient

D.meaningfulthoughconfusing

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theroleofgovernmentinfundingresearchactivitiesispoorlydefined

B.scientistsarenotsurewhetherwhattheyaredoingismeaningful

C.thegoalsofbothbasicandappliedresearchesarenotrationallyset

D.researchincorporatesettingsisnotpurposefulordemonstrablyuseful

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.lesscreativity

B.highermotivation

C.lackofimmediatevalue

D.insufficientinvestment

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.thegoalitservesandtheproblemitsolves

B.thepartythatsponsorsandbenefitsfromit

C.thecostandrisksinvolvedinsuchresearch

D.bothAandB

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.appliedresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

B.basicresearchinthecreationofnewtechnology

C.privatefirmsinrefundingproblem-solvingresearch

D.governmentinthecreationofnewtechnology

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Theusualdistinctionsbetween‘basicresearch,’‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch,’and‘development’,usedformanyyearsintheformalgovernmentstatisticskeptbytheNationalScienceFoundationare,unfortunatelyinsufficientfordiscussionsofpolicyforgovernmentinvestmentintechnicalactivities.Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（對(duì)‘基礎(chǔ)研究’和‘應(yīng)用研究’與‘發(fā)展’這些詞語(yǔ)的基本區(qū)分，在國(guó)家科學(xué)基金會(huì)記錄的正式的政府?dāng)?shù)據(jù)中已經(jīng)沿用多年，不幸的是，在討論政府對(duì)技術(shù)活動(dòng)的投資政策時(shí)，這些區(qū)分顯得很不足。的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知“基礎(chǔ)研究”和“應(yīng)用研究”的區(qū)別定義不夠清楚，且會(huì)引起誤導(dǎo)，所以B選項(xiàng)“模糊和誤導(dǎo)性的”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“理論上不合理的”；C選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)但不充分的”；D選項(xiàng)“有意義但令人困惑的”。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第一段“Indeed,definitionsarethesourceofmuchoftheconfusionovertheappropriateroleforgovernmentinthenationalscientificandtechnicalenterprise.（的確，在討論政府在國(guó)家科技事業(yè)中的合理角色時(shí)，對(duì)這些詞語(yǔ)的界定引起很多混亂。）”，由此可知政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確是導(dǎo)致不安結(jié)果的原因，所以A選項(xiàng)“政府在資助研究活動(dòng)中的角色定義不明確”符合題意。B選項(xiàng)“科學(xué)家不確定他們正在做的事情是否有意義”；C選項(xiàng)“基礎(chǔ)研究和應(yīng)用研究的目標(biāo)設(shè)置不合理”；D選項(xiàng)“在公司背景下的研究是沒(méi)有目的的，也沒(méi)有明顯的用處”。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章二段“Alloftheresearchhasapurpose.Allofitisconductedunderhighlycreativeconditions.Noneofitisso‘pure’thattherearenoexpectationsofvaluefromtheresearchinvestment.（所有的研究都有一個(gè)目的。所有這些都是在高度創(chuàng)造性的條件下進(jìn)行的。哪項(xiàng)研究都不是那么‘純粹’，以至于研究的投資者不指望它有任何價(jià)值。）”，由此可推測(cè)，基礎(chǔ)研究（即所謂的純科學(xué)研究）不在于滿足某些人的功利需求，也不在于滿足一個(gè)短期的價(jià)值預(yù)期，所以C選項(xiàng)“缺乏直接價(jià)值”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“更少的創(chuàng)造力”；B選項(xiàng)“更高的動(dòng)機(jī)”；D選項(xiàng)“投資不足”。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)題干可定位到文章第三段“Weshouldreservethewords‘a(chǎn)ppliedresearch’forthosenarrowly-definedtasksinwhichlimitedtimeandresourcesaredevotedtoaspecificproblemforanidentifieduserwhogetsallthebenefitandshouldpayallthecosts.Tomakethisviewofappliedresearchclearinthisdiscussion,Iusethewords‘problem-solvingresearch’instead.（我們應(yīng)該把‘應(yīng)用研究’這個(gè)詞保留在那些狹義的定義上，即‘應(yīng)用研究’指在有限時(shí)間內(nèi)利用有限資源為某個(gè)特定使用者完成某個(gè)特定任務(wù)，作為受益者的使用者獲得全部利益，并支付所有研究成本。為了在這次討論中明確應(yīng)用研究的觀點(diǎn)，我使用了‘以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究’這個(gè)詞。）”，作者稱之為“以解決問(wèn)題為目的的研究”這個(gè)定義，以及下一段對(duì)這個(gè)定義的進(jìn)一步解釋，強(qiáng)調(diào)了研究的目的性，當(dāng)然也強(qiáng)調(diào)了解決問(wèn)題，因此A選項(xiàng)“它服務(wù)的目標(biāo)和它解決的問(wèn)題”表達(dá)的意思是正確的。同時(shí)，這個(gè)定義也強(qiáng)調(diào)了受益者（=投資者），因此B選項(xiàng)“贊助并從中受益的一方”也是正確的。C選項(xiàng)“這種研究涉及的成本和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”沒(méi)有提及，所以D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.主旨大意題。第一段前兩句實(shí)際上表達(dá)了本文的主旨。分析“應(yīng)用研究”的定義也是為了澄清概念，說(shuō)明政府在研究中的作用。因此最后一段再次指出“Publicinvestmentinthecreationofnewtechnology(technologicaldevelopment,whetherbyresearchorasaproductofproblem-solving)isacriticallinkbetweenidthescientificresearchthatispursuedbyvirtueofsociety’scommitmenttothosegoals.Thusthedesirefortechnologyisanimportant-perhapsthemostimportant-sourceofdemandforscience.對(duì)新技術(shù)創(chuàng)新進(jìn)行公共投資（區(qū)別于上面提到的私人和公司投資，所謂‘公共的’根據(jù)上下文實(shí)際上指‘政府的’）是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，將社會(huì)目標(biāo)和為追求這些社會(huì)目標(biāo)所做的科學(xué)研究聯(lián)系在一起。因此，對(duì)技術(shù)的追求是對(duì)科學(xué)的追求的一個(gè)重要——也許是最重要的源泉?！弊詈笠痪鋵?shí)際上又強(qiáng)調(diào)了應(yīng)用研究和基礎(chǔ)研究的關(guān)系?？梢?jiàn)，本文的主要意圖是如何解決政府在“應(yīng)用研究”和“基礎(chǔ)研究”中的作用，所以D選項(xiàng)“政府在創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)上的支持”符合題意。A選項(xiàng)“新技術(shù)創(chuàng)造中的應(yīng)用研究”；B選項(xiàng)“創(chuàng)造新技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)研究”；C選項(xiàng)“私營(yíng)企業(yè)資助問(wèn)題解決研究”。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

7.翻譯題

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ThehealthprofilesofmanyracialandethnicminoritiesreflectthesocialinequalityevidentintheUnitedStates.(46)ThepooreconomicandenvironmentalconditionsofgroupssuchasAfricanAmericans,Hispanics,andNativeAmericansaremanifestedinhighmorbidityandmortalityratesforthesegroups.Itistruethatsomeafflictions,suchassingle-cellanemiaamongBlacks,haveacleargenericbasis.Butinmostinstances,environmentalfactorscontributetothedifferentialratesofdiseaseanddeath.

Inmanyrespects,themortalityratesforAfricanAmericansaredistressing.ComparedwithWhites,Blackshavehigherdeathratesfromheartdisease,pneumonia,diabetes,andcancer.ThedeathratefromstrokeistwiceashighamongAfricanAmericans.(47)SuchepidemiologicalfindingsreflectinpartthefactthatahighproportionofBlacksarefoundamongthenation’slowerclass.AccordingtotheNationalCenterofHealthStatistics,Whitescanexpecttolive77.7years.Incontrast,lifeexpectancyforBlacksis72.3years(Arias2004).

Asnotedearlier,infantmortalityisregardedasaprimaryindicatorofhealthcare.ThereisasignificantgapintheUnitedStatesbetweentheinfantmortalityratesofAfricanAmericansandWhites.Generally,therateofinfantdeathismorethantwiceashighamongBlacks.AfricanAmericansaccountfor15percentofalllivebirthsinthenationbut29percentofinfantdeaths.PertoRicansandNativeAmericanshavemortalityratesthatarelowerthanAfricanAmericans’buthigherthanWhites’(MacDormanetal.2005).

Themedicalestablishmentisnotexemptfromracism.(48)Unfortunately,themediaoftenfocusonobviousformsofracism,suchashatecrimes,whileoverlookingmoreinsidiousformsinsocialinstitutionslikethemedicalestablishment.Onereviewofmorethan100studiesconductedoverthelastdecadeconcludedthatminoritiesreceiveinferiorcareevenwhentheyareinsured.(49)Despitehavingaccesstocare,Blacks,Latinos,andAmericanIndiansaretreatedunequallyasaresultofracialprejudiceanddifferencesintheequalityofvarioushealthcareplans.Furthermore,nationalclinicalstudieshaveshownthatevenallowingfordifferencesinincomeandinsurancecoverage,racialandethnicminoritiesarelesslikelythanothergroupstoreceivebothstandardhealthcareandlife-savingtreatmentforconditionssuchasHIVinfection(CaesarandWilliams2002;Smedleyetal.2002;Steyerbergetal.2005).

Drawingontheconflictperspective,sociologistHowardWaitzkin(1986)suggeststhatracialtensionsalsocontributetothemedicalproblemsofBlacks.Inhisview,thestressthatresultsfromracialprejudiceanddiscriminationhelpstoexplainthehigherratesofhypertensionfoundamongAfricanAmericans(andHispanics)comparedtoWhites.(50)Hypertension—twiceascommoninBlacksasinWhites—isbelievedtobeacriticalfactorinBlacks’highmortalityratesfromheartdisease,kidneydisease,andstroke(MorehouseMedicalTreatmentandEffectivenessCenter1999).

SomeMexicanAmericansandmanyotherLatinosadheretoculturalbeliefsthatmakethemlesslikelytousetheestablishedmedicalsystem.TheymayinterprettheirillnessaccordingtotraditionalLatinofolkmedicine,orcuranderismo—aformofholistichealthcareandhealing.

【答案】【參考譯文】

46.非洲裔、西班牙裔和美洲土著等群體的經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境條件惡劣表現(xiàn)在這些群體有很高的發(fā)病率和死亡率。

47.這樣的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果在一定程度上反映了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)，即在美國(guó)的底層人群中，黑人比例較高。

48.不幸的是，媒體往往關(guān)注的是明顯的種族主義形式，如仇恨犯罪，而忽視了社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)中存在的更隱蔽的形式，如醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)。

49.盡管有醫(yī)療保障，黑人、拉丁裔和美洲印第安人在不同的醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃的平等程度上受到種族歧視和差異的影響。

50.黑人的高血壓發(fā)病率是白人的兩倍，這被認(rèn)為是黑人患心臟病、腎病和中風(fēng)高死亡率的關(guān)鍵因素。

8.單選題

FromChristianityandthebarbariankingdomsofthewestemergedthemedievalversionofpolitics_____inturnevolvedthepoliticsofourmodernworld.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.fromwhich

B.ofwhich

C.onwhich

D.bywhich

【答案】A

【解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。fromwhich引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句修飾medievalversionofpolitics;evolvefrom“由……進(jìn)化，從……產(chǎn)生出”，正常語(yǔ)句為thepoliticsofourmodernworldevolvedfromwhich…

9.單選題

Inordertostrengthenhisarguments,Toffler（

）respectablesocialscientistswhoagreewithhim.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.recites

B.confirms

C.quotes

D.convinces

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。recite意為“背誦，朗誦，列舉”；confirm意為“確認(rèn)，批準(zhǔn)，證實(shí)”；quote意為“引述，引用”；convince意為“使相信，說(shuō)服，使承認(rèn)”。

句意：為了加強(qiáng)他的論點(diǎn)，托夫勒引用了同意他觀點(diǎn)的受人尊敬的社會(huì)科學(xué)家的話。

10.填空題

Shecouldn'tbuythebookanywhere.（1）ofthebookstoresinBeijinghadanycopies（2）.Theyhadallbeensoldassoonastheywereputontheshelves.

【答案】1.None

2.since

【解析】1.語(yǔ)義題。noneof‘沒(méi)有...。

2.邏輯分析。Since因?yàn)椋捎凇?/p>

11.單選題

Especiallyimportanttomanypeople（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thereislegislationagainstpollution

B.islegislationagainstpollution

C.itislegislationagainstpollution

D.legislationagainstpollutionis

【答案】B

【解析】語(yǔ)法題。考查倒裝。Especially位于句首時(shí)，句子可倒裝，因此可把表語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞提前，故B項(xiàng)正確。句意：對(duì)許多人來(lái)說(shuō)，尤其重要的是立法防止污染。

12.單選題

Thedirectionswereso（

）thatitwasimpossibletocompletetheassignment.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ingenious

B.ambitious

C.notorious

D.ambiguous

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。ingenious意為“精巧的，巧妙的，機(jī)敏的”；ambitious意為“有野心的，有雄心的”，一般形容人；notorious意為“臭名昭著的”；ambiguous意為“含糊的，不明確的”。

句意：這些指示太不明確了，以致不可能完成任務(wù)。

13.單選題

John______betterthantogoswimmingrightaftereating.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.shallknow

B.shouldn’tknow

C.hasknown

D.shouldhaveknown

【答案】D

【解析】考查謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。句意：你應(yīng)該知道不能吃完飯就去游泳。根據(jù)John在之前就know剛吃完飯不能游泳，對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響，確定用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；結(jié)合語(yǔ)境，這里指本來(lái)就該知道，加上情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should后句意通順，D選項(xiàng)shouldhaveknown符合題意。A選項(xiàng)shallknow中shall意思為“將要”，不符合題意。B選項(xiàng)shouldn’tknow不符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

14.單選題

Hefelt______ofwhathehaddoneinschool.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.shy

B.ash

C.advisable

D.ashamed

【答案】D

【解析】【試題解析】考查詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)shy“害羞的；易受驚的；對(duì)（做）……心懷顧忌”；B選項(xiàng)ash“灰燼”；C選項(xiàng)advisable“明智的，可取的”；D選項(xiàng)ashamed“感到羞恥的；慚愧的”。句意：他為自己在學(xué)校里的所作所為感到______。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，這里指的是對(duì)他做過(guò)的事的態(tài)度，D選項(xiàng)ashamed“感到羞恥的；慚愧的”符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

15.單選題

Questions36to40arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Earlydecision—youapplytooneschool,andadmissionisbinding—seemslikeagreatchoicefornervousapplicantsSchoolsletinahigherpercentageofearly-decisionapplicants,whicharguablymeansthatyouhaveabetterchanceofgettingin.Andifyoudo,you’redonewiththewholeagonizingprocessbyDecember.