考研考博-英語-四川鐵道職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川鐵道職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninter-living,longenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.

Voiceshavebeenraisedinprotestsincethebeginning,risinginpitchandviolenceinthenineteenthcenturyduringtheearlystagesoftheindustrialrevolution,summoningurgentcrowdsintothestreetsontheissueofnuclearenergy."Giveitback,"saysomeofthevoices,“Itdoesn’treallywork,we'vetrieditanditdoesn’twork.Gobackthreehundredyearsandstartagainonsomethingelselesschancyfortheraceofman.”

Theprinciplediscoveriesinthiscentury,takingallinall,aretheglimpsesofthedepthofourignoranceofnature.Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,andmattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers;andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,andambiguities.Someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears;somearecanceledoutright;someundergorevisedversionoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.

JustthirtyyearsagowecallitabiologicalrevolutionwhenthefantasticgeometryoftheDNAmoleculewasexposedtopublicviewandthelinearlanguageofgeneticswasdecoded.Forwhile,thingsseemedsimpleandclear:thecellwasaneatlittlemachine,amechanicaldevicereadyfortakingtopiecesandreassembling,likeatinywatch.Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablecomplexfilledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.

Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.Whatliesahead,orwhatcanlieaheadiftheeffortsinbasicresearcharecontinued,ismuchmorethantheconquestofhumandiseaseortheimprovementofagriculturaltechnologyorthecultivationofnutrientsinthesea.Aswelearnmoreaboutfundamentalprocessesoflivingthingsingeneralwewilllearnmoreaboutourselves.

1.WhatCANNOTbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?

2.Theprinciplediscoveryinthiscenturyshows（）.

3.Nowscientistshavefoundinthepastfewyears（）.

4.Thewriter’smainpurposeinwritingthepassageistosaythat（）.

5.Thewriter’sattitudetowardsscienceis（）.

問題1選項

A.Scientificexperimentsinthepastthreehundredyearshaveproducedmanyvaluableitems.

B.Forthreehundredyearstherehavebeenpeopleholdingahostileattitudetowardscience.

C.Moderncivilizationdependsonsciencesomansupportsscientificprogressunanimously.

D.Somepeoplethinkthreehundredyearsisnotlongenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofscientificmethod.

問題2選項

A.manhasoverthrownNewton’slawsofphysics

B.manhassolvedanewsetofgiganticpuzzles

C.manhaslostmanyscientificdiscoveries

D.manhasgivenupsomeoftheonceacceptedtheories

問題3選項

A.theexposureofDNAtothepublicisunnecessary

B.thetinycellinDNAisaneatlittlemachine

C.manknowsnothingaboutDNA

D.manhasmuchtolearnaboutDNA

問題4選項

A.scienceisjustatitsbeginning

B.sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman'slife

C.sciencehasmadeprofoundprogress

D.sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings

問題5選項

A.critical

B.approving

C.neutral

D.regretful

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:D

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.推理判斷題。第一段Foraboutthreecenturieswehavebeendoingscience,tryingscienceout,usingsciencefortheconstructionofwhatwecallmoderncivilization.Everydispensableitemofcontemporarytechnology,fromcanallockstodialtelephonestopenicillin,waspiecedtogetherfromtheanalysisofdataprovidedbyoneoranotherseriesofscientificexperiments.Threehundredyearsseemsalongtimefortestinganewapproachtohumaninter-living,longenoughtosetbackforcriticalappraisalofthescientificmethod,maybeevenlongenoughtovoteonwhethertogoonwithitornot.Thereisanargument.大約三個世紀(jì)以來，我們一直在研究科學(xué)，試驗科學(xué)，用科學(xué)來建設(shè)我們所說的現(xiàn)代文明?，F(xiàn)代科技的每一項可有可無的東西，從運河水閘到電話撥號，再到青霉素，都是由一系列科學(xué)實驗提供的數(shù)據(jù)分析拼湊而成的。三百年來，對人類相互生存的一種新方法進(jìn)行試驗似乎是一段漫長的時間，這段時間足以使我們對這種科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行批判性的評價，甚至可能長到足以投票決定是否繼續(xù)使用這種方法。這里有一個爭論。C項“現(xiàn)代文明依賴于科學(xué)，所以人們一致支持科學(xué)進(jìn)步?！迸c文中“人們有足夠的時間對科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行批判性地評價”不符。D項“有些人認(rèn)為三百年的時間不夠長，不足以對科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行批判性的評價?！迸c“Thereisanargument.有些人認(rèn)為三百年足夠長來對科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行投票，而另外一些人觀點卻不一樣”相符。

2.推理判斷題。由第三段“Someofthelawsofphysicsareamendedeveryfewyears;somearecanceledoutright;someundergorevisedversionoflegislativeintentasiftheywereactsofCongress.一些物理定律每隔幾年就會修正;有些內(nèi)容被徹底取消;有些修訂了立法意圖，仿佛它們是國會的法案”?？芍狣項正確。由Thingsthatusedtoseemclearandrational,andmattersofabsolutecertainty—Newtonianmechanics,forexample—haveslippedthroughourfingers;andweareleftwithanewsetofgiganticpuzzles,cosmicuncertainties,andambiguities.過去看似清晰合理的事情，以及絕對確定的事情——比如牛頓力學(xué)——已經(jīng)從我們的指縫中溜走了;我們留下了一系列新的巨大的謎團，宇宙的不確定性和模棱兩可?？芍狝項“人們已經(jīng)推翻了牛頓的物理定律”與文中的描述“人們已經(jīng)不在關(guān)注牛頓力學(xué)，而是有了更多謎團”不符。B項“人類已經(jīng)解決了一系列新的巨大難題”與文中“人們有了很多新的謎團”不符。C項并為提及。

3.推理判斷題。由第四段Butjustinthelastfewyearsithasbecomealmostunbelievablecomplexfilledwithstrangepartswhosefunctionsarebeyondtoday’simagining.但就在最近幾年，它已經(jīng)變得幾乎難以置信的復(fù)雜，充滿了奇怪的部分，其功能超出了今天的想象?？芍罱鼛啄昕茖W(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)DNA極其復(fù)雜，所以還需要進(jìn)一步研究。故D項正確。

4.作者意圖題。由最后一段“Itisnotjustthatthereismoretodo,thereiseverythingtodo.這不僅僅是有更多的事情要做，還有所有的事情要做?！笨芍髡哒J(rèn)為關(guān)于科研還有很多方面的工作需要做，不僅僅是戰(zhàn)勝人類疾病等領(lǐng)域，還包括生物的基本過程等，科研仍然處于開端。故A項正確。BCD三項均不是作者的寫作目的。

5.觀點態(tài)度題。本文主要講述了科學(xué)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r，并介紹了人們對待科學(xué)的不同觀點。全文內(nèi)容比較客觀地呈現(xiàn)，故作者的態(tài)度是中立的。

2.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

我崇拜朝氣，喜歡自由，贊美膽量大的，精力強的。一個人行為或精神上有朝氣，不在蠅頭小利上打算計較，不拘泥于物質(zhì)攫取與人世毀譽；他能挺起脊梁，堅持走自己的路，他所學(xué)的或同我所學(xué)的完全是兩樣?xùn)|西，他的政治思想或與我的極其相反，他的宗教信仰或與我的格格不入，那不礙事，我仍然覺得他是個朋友，這是個人。我喜歡這種人，也尊敬這種人。這種人也許粗魯了一點，但一切偉大事業(yè)偉大作品就只有這類人才有份，他不可避免會失敗，但決不會輕易放棄。

【答案】Iworshipvitalityandfreedom,andIadmirethepluckyandthestronginheart.Apersonwhoisfullofvitalityinbehaviorandspiritwouldbeneitherconcernedwithpettyprofitsnorconstrainedbythematerialprosperityandreputation.Hecanbeuprightandinsistonhisownway.Thoughwhathehaslearntistotallydifferentfromthatofmine,aswellaspoliticalthoughtsandreligiousbelief,allofthesedonotmatter.Istillconsiderhimasmyfriendandarealman.Ilikehimandalsorespecthiskindofperson.Maybetheyarealittlerude,butonlythiskindofmencanaccomplishgreatworksandcause.Inevitably,hemaybefail,buthewillnevergiveupeasily.

3.單選題

Afterfouryearsinthesamejob,hisenthusiasmfinally（）.

問題1選項

A.deteriorated

B.dispersed

C.dissipated

D.drained

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞詞義辨析。A選項deteriorate“惡化，變壞”；B選項disperse“分散；消散”；C選項dissipate“驅(qū)散；放蕩”；D選項drain“逐漸消失；流干”。句意：在做同樣的工作四年后，他的激情逐漸消失了。根據(jù)句意可知D選項正確。

4.單選題

IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe（1）halfofthe19thcentury;mostof（2）werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.,theday-nurserymovementreceivedgreat（3）duringtheFirstWorldWar,when（4）ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountries,nurserieswereestablished（5）inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.（6）thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose（7）,thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,（8）,FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrol（9）thedaynurseries,chieflyby（10）themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries.

問題1選項

A.latter

B.other

C.late

D.first

問題2選項

A.those

B.them

C.whose

D.which

問題3選項

A.impetus

B.input

C.imitation

D.initiative

問題4選項

A.sources

B.abundance

C.shortage

D.reduction

問題5選項

A.hardly

B.entirely

C.only

D.even

問題6選項

A.Because

B.As

C.Since

D.Although

問題7選項

A.unanimously

B.sharply

C.predominantly

D.militantly

問題8選項

A.therefore

B.consequently

C.however

D.moreover

問題9選項

A.over

B.in

C.at

D.about

問題10選項

A.formulating

B.labeling

C.patenting

D.licensing

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

第6題:D

第7題:B

第8題:C

第9題:A

第10題:A

【解析】（1）上下文語義題。根據(jù)上文中提到1954年，時間應(yīng)該為19世紀(jì)后期，故選項A符合題意。

（2）代詞詞義解析。本句為一個獨立的簡單句，所以課排除關(guān)系代詞whose和which，those意思是他們的形容詞性物主代詞，選項B符合題意。

（3）名詞詞義解析。impetus“推動”；input“輸入”；imitation“模仿”；initiative“主動權(quán)”。句意：日托所運動在一戰(zhàn)期間受到了極大的推動力。選項A符合題意。

（4）上下文語境題。sources“來源”；abundance“豐富：充裕”；shortage“短缺”；reduction“減少”。此句的意思應(yīng)該表示男性勞動力的短缺，選項C符合題意。

（5）邏輯關(guān)系考查題。根據(jù)上下文，這里是對建立日托所運動的一個進(jìn)一步說明。所以用even甚至這個單詞。選項D符合題意。

（6）邏輯關(guān)系考查題。文章中的“withoutgovernmentaidofanykind”與“underdirectgovernmentsponsorship”存在鮮明對比，意思完全相反，所以有轉(zhuǎn)折意思。選項D符合題意。

（7）考查副詞。unanimously“無異議地”；sharply“急劇地”；predominantly“支配地”；militantly“好戰(zhàn)地”。句意：在美國，托兒所的數(shù)量急速增長，政府并未給予援助。選項B符合題意。

（8）邏輯關(guān)系考查。根據(jù)上下文，此句存在轉(zhuǎn)折意義。選項C符合題意。

（9）固定短語考查?？疾榻樵~搭配，controlover“控制”，選項A符合題意。

（10）動詞詞義辨析。formulating“規(guī)范”；labeling“貼標(biāo)簽”；patenting“取得……的專利權(quán)”；licensing“批準(zhǔn)”。選項A符合題意。

5.單選題

Let’sspeedupthelesson.Ifwe___toolongongrammar,we___enoughtimefororalactivities.

問題1選項

A.spent...wouldget

B.spent...wouldnotget

C.hadspent...wouldhavegot

D.hadspent…wouldnothavegot

【答案】B

【解析】考查虛擬語氣。句意：讓我們加快上課速度。如果我們___太多在語法上，我們___足夠的時間進(jìn)行口語活動。根據(jù)句意可知提出對于現(xiàn)在的條件，主句：主語would/should/might/could＋動詞原形；從句：動詞過去式。因此B選項正確。

6.翻譯題

Attentiontodetailissomethingeveryonecanandshoulddoespeciallyinatightjobmarket.BobGrossley,ahuman-resourcesexpertnoticesthisinthejobapplicationsthatcomeacrosshisdeskeveryday.“It’samazinghowmanycandidateseliminatethemselves.”Hesays.

“Resume(簡歷)arrivewithstains.Somecandidatesdon’tbothertospellthecompany’snamecorrectly.Onseeingsuchamistake,Ieliminatethecandidate,”Crossleyconcludes.“Iftheycannottakeofthesedetails,whyshouldwetrustthemwithajob?”

Canwepaytoomuchattentiontodetail?Absolutely.Perfectionistsstruggleoverlittlethingsatthecostofsomethinglargertheyworktoward.“Tokeepfromlosingtheforestofthetrees,”saysCharlesGarfield,associateprofessorattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,“wemustconstantlyaskourselveshowthedetailswe’reworkingonfitintothelargerpicture.Iftheydon’t,weshoulddropthemandmovetosomethingelse”.

Knowingwherewewanttogohelpsusjudgetheimportanceofeverytaskweundertake.Toooftenwebelievewhataccountsforothers’successissomespecialsecretoraluckybreak(機遇).Butrarelyissuccesssomysterious.Againandagain,weseethatbydoinglittlethingswithinourgraspwell,largerewardsfollow.

【答案】注重細(xì)節(jié)是每個人都可以而且應(yīng)該做到的事，尤其是在就業(yè)市場緊張的情況下。人力資源專家鮑勃?格羅斯利在他每天收到的求職申請中注意到了這一點?！坝心敲炊嗪蜻x人自我淘汰，真是令人吃驚?！彼f。

“收到的簡歷上布滿污點。有些求職者連公司名稱都懶得拼對。一旦看到這樣的錯誤，我就會淘汰這個候選人?！薄叭绻麄儾荒茴櫦斑@些細(xì)節(jié)，我們?yōu)槭裁匆压ぷ魍懈督o他們？”

我們可以過于注重細(xì)節(jié)嗎？當(dāng)然。完美主義者總是為了一件小事花費比事情本身更大的代價去完成。加州大學(xué)舊金山分校副教授查爾斯?加菲爾德說：“為了不失去樹中之林，我們必須不斷自問，我們正在處理的細(xì)節(jié)如何與大局相適應(yīng)。如果它們不適合，我們就應(yīng)該放棄它們，轉(zhuǎn)而做其他事情?！?/p>

了解我們的目的有助于我們判斷所承擔(dān)的每一項任務(wù)的重要性。我們常常認(rèn)為別人成功的原因是某種特殊的秘密或幸運的機遇。但成功很少是如此神秘的。我們一次又一次地看到，在力所能及的范圍內(nèi)將一些小事做好，大的回報就會隨之而來。

7.單選題

Tobesure,thatisnotwhatmanysee.FederalReserveBoardChairmanBenBernankeandothershaveblamedthefinancialcrisisof2008onaglobalsavingsglut,whichfueledflowsofmoneyfromhigh-savingsemerging-marketeconomies—especiallyinAsia—thatrunchronicbalance-of-paymentssurpluses.Accordingtothisschoolofthought,excessivesavingspushedlong-terminterestratesdowntorock-bottomlevels,leadingtoassetbubblesintheUnitedStatesandelsewhere.

Thealternativetheory—ofaglobalcreditglut—gainedmoregroundwiththereleaselastweekoftheFinancialStabilityBoard’sreportonshadowbanking.TheFSBreportcontainsstartlingrevelationsaboutthescaleofglobalshadowbanking,whichitdefinesas“creditintermediationinvolvingentitiesandactivitiesoutsidetheregularbankingsystem”.

Thereport,whichwasrequestedbyG20leadersattheirsummitinSeoullastNovember,foundthatbetween2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion.Thisis8.5timeshigherthanthetotalUScurrent—accountdeficitof$3.9trillionduringthesameperiod.

Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.Thisrepresentsahugeregulatory“blackhole”atthecenteroftheglobalfinancialsystem,hithertonotcloselymonitoredformonetaryandfinancialstabilitypurposes.Itsimportancewasexposedonlybyanalysisofthekeyrolesplayedbystructuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)andmoney-marketfunds(MMFs)inthe2008meltdown.

Theshadowbankingsystemiscomplex,becauseitcomprisesamixofinstitutionsandvehicles.InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%,buttheshadowsystemalsoincludespublicfinancialinstitutions(suchasthegovernment-backedmortgagelenderFannieMaeintheUS).Theyaresomeofthelargestcounterpartieswiththeregularbankingsystem,andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflowsthatmakemonetaryandfinancialstabilitysodifficulttoensure.

Thetroubleisthat,by2010,theshadowbankingsystemwasaboutthesamesizeasitwasjustbeforethe2007marketcrash,whereastheregulatedglobalbankingsystemwas18%largerthanin2007.ThatiswhytheFSBreportpinpointstheshadowbankingsystem,togetherwiththelargeglobalbanks,assourcesofsystemicrisk.Buttheglobalproblemislikelytobemuchlargerthanthesumofitsparts.Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.

21.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?

22.ThegloballiquidityflowsincludethefollowingEXCEPT________.

23.AccordingtothereportrequestedbyG20leaders,howmuchmoneyintotalfortheshadowbankingsystembefore2008meltdown?

24.Asthepassageindicates,whatistheroughfigureforthetotalglobalbankingassetsjustbeforethe2007marketcrash?

25.Thewords“proprietarytrading”couldbestbereplacedbywhichofthefollowing?

問題1選項

A.CreditGlutorSavingGlut

B.ThecomingGlobalCreditGlut

C.TheRegularandShadowBankingSystems

D.MonetaryandFinancialStability

問題2選項

A.money-marketfunds(MMFs)

B.structuredinvestmentvehicles(SIVs)

C.thecombinedcreditcreation

D.proprietarytradingandhedgingfund

問題3選項

A.$17.4trillion

B.$27trillion

C.$3.9trillion

D.$60trillion

問題4選項

A.$250trillion

B.$5.4trillion

C.$33trillion

D.$120trillion

問題5選項

A.haircut

B.carrytrade

C.usingthefirm’sowncapital

D.highfrequencytrading(HFT)

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】21.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段第一句aglobalcreditglut—gainedmoreground（全球信貸過?！玫搅烁嗟闹С郑?，后文對此展開討論，根據(jù)文章最后一句Specifically,globalcreditcreationbytheregularandshadowbankingsystemsislikelytobesignificantlylargerthanthesumofthecreditcreationcurrentlymeasuredbynationalstatistics.（具體來說，常規(guī)銀行和影子銀行系統(tǒng)在全球創(chuàng)造的信貸很可能遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于目前國家統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)所衡量的信貸創(chuàng)造總量。），可知文章在預(yù)測全球信貸過剩，所以B選項“即將到來的全球信貸過剩”正確。A選項“信貸過剩還是儲蓄過?！保哼@只是文章開頭的不同觀點來引入主題，不是主要內(nèi)容，故錯誤。C選項“常規(guī)銀行系統(tǒng)和影子銀行系統(tǒng)”和D選項“貨幣和金融穩(wěn)定”：都是主要內(nèi)容的部分內(nèi)容，故錯誤。因此B選項正確。

22.語義推測題。根據(jù)第五段第二句InvestmentfundsotherthanMMFsaccountfor29%oftotal,andSIVsmakeup9%（除MMFs之外的投資基金占總數(shù)的29%，SIVs占9%），可知B選項“結(jié)構(gòu)性投資工具（SIVs）”包含在內(nèi)，故錯誤。根據(jù)第五段最后一句andtheircombinedcreditcreationandproprietarytradingandhedgingmayaccountformuchofthegloballiquidityflows（它們的信貸創(chuàng)造、自營交易和對沖交易可能是全球流動性流動的主要原因），可知C選項“聯(lián)合信貸創(chuàng)造”和D選項“自營交易和對沖基金”包含在內(nèi)，故錯誤。A選項“貨幣市場基金”沒有提到，因此A選項正確。

23.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段第一句between2002and2007,theshadowbankingsystemincreasedby$33trillion,morethandoublinginassetsizefrom$27trillionto$60trillion（2002年至2007年間，影子銀行體系增加了33萬億美元，資產(chǎn)規(guī)模從27萬億美元增至60萬億美元，增加了一倍多），可知D選項“60萬億美元”正確。A選項“17.4萬億美元”，B選項“27萬億美元”和C選項“3.9萬億美元”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

24.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Theshadowbankingsystemisestimatedatroughly25%-30%oftheglobalfinancialsystem($250trillion,excludingderivatives)andathalfoftotalglobalbankingassets.（據(jù)估計，影子銀行體系約占全球金融體系的25%-30%（250萬億美元，不包括衍生品），占全球銀行業(yè)總資產(chǎn)的一半。），可知全球銀行業(yè)總資產(chǎn)應(yīng)為250*25%*2=125，所以D選項“120萬億美元”正確。A選項“250萬億美元”，B選項“5.4萬億美元”和C選項“33萬億美元”錯誤。因此D選項正確。

25.詞義辨析題。proprietarytrading意思為自營交易，C選項“使用公司自己的資本”符合意思，所以正確。A選項“發(fā)型”，B選項“套利交易”和D選項“高頻交易（HFT）”錯誤。因此C選項正確。

8.單選題

Theyearwas1959.Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.AseeminglyhealthymanwalkedintoahospitalclinictogivebloodforaWestern-backedstudyofblooddiseases.Hewalkedawayandwasneverheardfromagain.Doctorsanalyzedhissample,frozeitinalesttubeandforgotaboutit.Aquarter-centurylater,inthemid-1980s,researchersstudyingthegrowingAIDSepidemictookasecondlookatthebloodanddiscoveredthatitcontainedHIV,thevirusthatcausesAIDS.

AndnotjustanyHIV.TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimals(monkeysorchimpanzees)tohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.Dr.DavidHo,directoroftheAaronDiamondAIDSResearchCenterinNewYorkCityandoneofthestudy’sauthors,saysacarefulgeneticanalysisofsample’sDNApushestheputativeoriginoftheAIDSepidemicbackatleastadecade,totheearly1950soreventhe1940s.

Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.AcloselookatthegeneticmutationsintheLeopoldvillesamplestronglysuggeststhatallitlooktolaunchtheAIDSepidemicwasoneunluckyturnofevents.

BycomparingtheDNAofthe1959viruswiththatofsamplestakenfromthe1980sand1990s,HoandhiscolleaguesconstructedaviralfamilytreeinwhichtheLeopoldvilleisolatesitsrightatthejuncturewherethreesubtypesbranchout.The39-year-oldspecimenisalsostrikinglysimilartotheothersevensubtypes.Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.OnetheoryisthatAIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremoteareaandspreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.

ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings,makingitdevilishlydifficulttodevelopeffectivevaccines.NooneknowshowmanymoresubtypesofHIVwillsproutinthenext40years,butchancesarethattheywillbeeverybitaslethalastheonesweseetoday,ifnotmoreso.

1.Whatdoesthephrase“BelgianCongo”mean?

2.Accordingtothisarticle,HIVinhumanbodyoriginatedfrom______.

3.ArethetensubtypesoftheAIDSvirusvariationofone?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttopicforthispassage?

問題1選項

A.BelgiumwasacolonyofCongo.

B.CongowasacolonyofBelgium.

C.BelgianCongowasanAfricanstate.

D.BelgiumandCongoweretwoseparatecountries.

問題2選項

A.animals

B.plants

C.food

D.notmentionedinthearticle

問題3選項

A.Yes.

B.No.

C.Scientistsarenotsureaboutitatpresent.

D.Itisnotmentionedinthearticle.

問題4選項

A.Alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleevent.

B.HIVcannoteasilyadapttoitssurroundings.

C.AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinflectedmonkeysinaremotearea.

D.AIDSstartedthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.

問題5選項

A.HowtoProtectYourselffromAIDS?

B.WhereDoesHIVComeFrom?

C.ClassificationofHIV.

D.WhenDidAIDSBegin?

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:A

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.語義推測題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“BelgianCongo”可以定位到文章第一段第二句Location:ThecentralAfricancityofLeopoldville,nowcalledKinshasa,shortlybeforethewavesofviolentrebellionthatfollowedtheliberationoftheBelgianCongo.（地點：非洲中部城市利奧波德維爾，現(xiàn)稱金沙薩，就在比屬剛果解放后暴力叛亂浪潮爆發(fā)前不久。），比屬剛果是比利時對剛果殖民統(tǒng)治時期對剛果的稱呼，說明“BelgianCongo”是指“比利時的殖民地剛果”。因此B選項“剛果是比利時的一個殖民地”正確。A選項“比利時是剛果的一個殖民地”，C選項“比屬剛果是一個非洲國家”，D選項“比利時和剛果是兩個獨立的國家”均不符合題意，所以A,C,D錯誤。

2.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段第二句TheLeopoldvillesampleistheoldestspecimenoftheAIDSviruseverisolatedandmaynowhelpsolvethemysteryofhowandwhenthevirusmadetheleapfromanimalstohumans,accordingtoareportpublishedlastweekinNature.（根據(jù)上周發(fā)表在《自然》雜志上的一份報告，利奧波德維爾樣本是迄今為止分離出來的最古老的艾滋病病毒樣本，現(xiàn)在可能有助于解開該病毒是如何以及何時從動物傳染給人類的謎團。），說明人體內(nèi)的HIV來源于動物。因此A選項“動物”正確。B選項“植物”，C選項“食物”，D選項“文章中沒有提到”均不符合原文，所以B,C,D錯誤。

3.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第三段第一、二句Overthepast15years,scientistshaveidentifiedatleast10subtypesoftheAIDSvirus.Buttheycouldn’ttellwhethertheywereseeingvariationsononechangeablevirusorthehandiworkofseveraldifferentvirusesthathadmadethejumpfromprimatestoman.（在過去的15年里，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)確認(rèn)了至少10種艾滋病病毒的亞型。但是他們不能確定他們看到的是一種可變病毒的變異，還是幾種不同病毒從靈長類動物傳染給人類的結(jié)果。），說明科學(xué)家還不能確定艾滋病病毒的十種亞型是一種的變異。因此C選項“科學(xué)家們目前還不能確定”正確。A選項“是”，B選項“不是”，D選項“文章中沒有提到”均不符合原文，所以A,B,D錯誤。

4.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。A選項“所有的病毒菌株都可以追溯到一個單一事件”，由原文Theclearimplication:alltheviralstrainscanbetracedbacktoasingleeventoracloselyrelatedgroupofevents.（顯而易見的是：所有的病毒毒株都可以追溯到一個單一事件或一組密切相關(guān)的事件。）可知，病毒毒株不只可以追溯到單一時間，還有密切相關(guān)的一組事件，所以A錯誤。B選項“艾滋病病毒不容易適應(yīng)其周圍環(huán)境”，由原文ThefindingsunderscorehowrapidlyHIVcanadapttoitssurroundings（這些發(fā)現(xiàn)強調(diào)了艾滋病毒適應(yīng)環(huán)境的速度有多快）可知，艾滋病病毒很容易適應(yīng)周圍環(huán)境，所以B錯誤。D選項“艾滋病是通過城市化和大規(guī)模接種開始的”，由原文spreadtotherestofthepopulationthroughurbanizationandmassinoculations.（通過城市化和大規(guī)模接種傳播到其他人群。）可知，艾滋病是通過城市化和大規(guī)模接種傳播，而不是由其開始，所以D錯誤。C選項“艾滋病是通過與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的受感染的猴子接觸開始的”，由原文AIDSstartedthroughcontactwithinfectedmonkeysinaremotearea（艾滋病起源于與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)受感染的猴子的接觸）可知，艾滋病是通過與偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)受感染的猴子接觸開始的，C選項符合原文，所以本題選C。

5.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文可知，文章首先描述了利奧波德維爾的一位看似健康的男性到醫(yī)院抽血，25年后艾滋病研究者從中發(fā)現(xiàn)了艾滋病病毒。接著進(jìn)一步強調(diào)并不只是發(fā)現(xiàn)了艾滋病病毒這么簡單，之后介紹了該部分血液中發(fā)現(xiàn)的艾滋病毒并對其進(jìn)行研究的重要意義。因此B選項“艾滋病病毒從何而來”符合文章的主旨，最適合作為文章標(biāo)題。A選項“如何保護(hù)自己遠(yuǎn)離艾滋病”，C選項“艾滋病病毒的分類”在文中沒有提及，所以A,C錯誤。D選項“艾滋病是什么時候開始的”只是文章的某一部分，不能全面地概括文章主旨，所以D錯誤。

9.單選題

Your______inteachingisdifferentfrommine.

問題1選項

A.altitude

B.approach

C.fuel

D.lump

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項altitude“海拔高度”；B選項approach“（待人接物或思考問題的）方式，方法，態(tài)度”；C選項fuel“燃料”；D選項lump“（通常為無定形的）塊”。句意：你的______和我的不同。根據(jù)語境，這里指的是兩人在某方面不同，B選項approach“（待人接物或思考問題的）方式，方法，態(tài)度”符合題意。因此B選項正確。

10.單選題

Theaudiencewaitedin（

）silencewhiletheiragedspeakersearchedamonghisnoteforthefigureshecouldnotremember.

問題1選項

A.respective

B.respect

C.respectful

D.respectable

【答案】C

【解析】【試題解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項respective意為“分別的”；B選項respect意為“尊敬，敬重”動詞；C選項respectful“恭敬的，有禮貌的”；D選項respectable“可敬的”。根據(jù)空格前后判斷，根據(jù)“agedspeaker年老的演講者”，可知C選項respectful“恭敬的，有禮貌的”符合語境，句意為：當(dāng)上了年紀(jì)的演講者搜尋筆記尋找他不記得的數(shù)字的時候，觀眾們都充滿敬意地默默等待。因此選項C正確。

11.單選題

HowareNikeandStarbucksconnected?Botharebrands,perhapsNikebeingmorewell-known.Botharelifestyleproducts.BothhaveUSorigins.AndbothhavebenefitedfromtheexpertiseofbrandexpertScottBedbury.

WhenBedburyjoinedNikein1987,thecompanywasaUS$750millionbusiness.HedirectedNike’sworldwideadvertisingcampaignandlaunchedthe“Justdoit”theme.Whenheleftin1994,NikewasaUS$4billioncompany.

NowBedburyisseniorvicepresidentofmarketingatStarbucksCoffee,responsibleforbuildingtheUS$700millionSeattle9basedcompanyintoaglobalbrand.

Bedburyhassomebrand-buildingprinciples.

PrincipleOne:Agreatbrandisinitforthelonghaul.Thismeansthatcompaniesneedtorealizethatagreatbrandisanecessity,notluxury.Itmeansthatcompaniescannotfocusjustonshorttermfinancialreturnsandsacrificelong-termbrand-buildinginvestments.

PrincipleTwo:Agreatbrandcanbeanything.Nikedoesnotsimplyhavetobeshoesandapparels(服裝).Nikecantakeadvantageofthedeepemotionalconnectionthatpeoplehavewithsportsandfitness.Starbuckshastheopportunityforemotionalleverageascoffeehaswovenitselfintothefabricofpeople’slives.

PrincipleThree:Agreatbrandknowsitself.Thismeansfindingoutwhatneedtoenergizeandre-energizethebrandthroughsurprising,intriguingcampaignsrelatedtothebrand’scorepositioning.

PrincipleFour:Agreatbrandinvestorinventsorreinventsanentirecategory.AccordingtoBedbury,greatbrandaimstobeaprotagonist—itaddsagreatersenseofpurposetotheexperienceconsumershavewiththebrand.Nikehasaninformedopiniononwheresportsaregoing.

PrincipleFive:Agreatbrandtapsemotions.Productperformanceisgoodbutitistheemotionalconnectionthatmattersmost.There’salwaystheemotionalelementbehindeverychoice.Abrandthathelpsconsumersconnectwiththeirdreamsandaspirationsisboundtohavemorepowerfulemotionalbonding.

What’simportanttorememberisthatagreatbrandcantravelworldwide,transcendculturalbarriers.

1.Thispassageismainlyfocusedon（）.

2.TheattempttheauthormentionsNikeandStarbucksisto（）.

3.ThemainideaofPrincipleFiveisthat（）.

4.Thesentence“agreatbrandcanbeanything”inparagraph6impliesthat（）.

問題1選項

A.howtobuildagreatbrand

B.theimportanceofbuildingabrand

C.thedevelopmentofNike

D.howtomakeadvertisementappealing

問題2選項

A.indicatetheachievementofBedbury

B.takethemassuccessfulexamples,ofbrandbuilding

C.pointimportanceofthesetwocompaniesinAmerica

D.comparethedifferencebetweenthem

問題3選項

A.itisnotnecessarytopayattentiontoproductperformance

B.greatbrandsaresoimpressivetoconsumersthattheyappearintheirdreams

C.greatbrandswillinfluenceconsumers’emotions

D.emotionalappealingofaproductismorepowerfulthantheproductitself

問題4選項

A.agreatbrandismoreimportantthananythingelse

B.marketingagreatbrandaloneisenough

C.agreatbrandcanbethebrandofanyproduct

D.thefunctionofagreatbrandisveryimportant

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】1.主旨大意題。本文圍繞“如何打造品牌”展開敘述。開頭說到Nike和Starbucks都是受益于ScottBedbury才成為世界著名品牌的，重點講述了他對建立品牌有一些原則，文章最后再指出品牌的重要性。因此A選項“如何打造一個偉大的品牌”正確，符合題意。B選項“打造品牌的重要性”，只是小部分陳述，不能作為本文的主旨。C選項“耐克的發(fā)展”，文中不僅僅只談