考研考博-英語-四川中醫(yī)藥高等?？茖W?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解2

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-四川中醫(yī)藥高等?？茖W校考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations.Thisincludesincreasingsuchpopularquantitativemeasuresassalesrevenues,numberofemployees,andmarketshare.Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.

Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,productioncapacity,orworkforce.Nootherfirmsareacquiredormergedwith;instead,thecompanychoosestogrowbyitselfthroughitsownbusinessoperations.Forinstance,McDonald’shaspursuedagrowthstrategybywayofdirectexpansion.Thecompanyhasgrownbyawardingfranchises(經(jīng)營許可)topeoplewhoarewillingtobetrainedintheMcDonald’swayandbyopeningcompany-ownedoutlets.

Acompanymightalsochoosetogrowbyverticalintegration,whichisanattempttogaincontrolofinput(backwardverticalintegration),output(forwardverticalintegration)orboth.Inbackwardverticalintegration,theorganizationattemptstoagaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.Forinstance,UnitedAirlineshadcreateditsownin-flightfoodservicebusiness.Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.Forexample,GatewayComputer’sretailstoresareanexampleoranorganizationcontrollingitsdistribution.

Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry—thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.Forinstance,H,J,Heinz,Inc.,thefood-processingcompany,combinedoperationswithanorganicbabyfoodcompany,Earth’sBest,tohelpitsownHeinzbabyfoodsdivisionbecomemorecompetitive.Becausecombiningwithcompetitorsmightdecreasetheamountofcompetitioninanindustry,theU.S.FederalTradeCommissionassessestheimpactofsuchproposedgrowthactionandmustapproveanyproposedhorizontalintegrationstrategy.Othercountrieshavesimilarrestrictions.

Finally,anorganizationcangrowthroughdiversification,eitherrelatedorunrelated.Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries.Forexample,AmericanStandardCos.isinavarietyofbusinessesincludingbathroomfixtures,air-conditioningandheatingunits,plumbingparts,andbrakesfortrucks.Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.Forexample,LancasterColonyCorporationmakessaladdressing,carmatsandcandles.Theseindustriesaredifferentandunrelated.

1.Whatisthispassagemainlyabout?

2.Whatis“directexpansion”？

3.Whichofthefollowingisnottrueof“verticalintegration”?

4.Ifacompanyadoptsthemethodof“horizontalintegration”,itattemptsto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingphrasesisclosestinmeaningtotheword“diversification”？

問題1選項

A.HowMcDonald’shasbecomesuccessful.

B.Howcompanieshavebecomesuccessful.

C.Howcompaniescandeveloptheirbusinesses.

D.Howcompaniescompetewitheachother.

問題2選項

A.Acompanydevelopsitsownbusinessintoabiggerscale.

B.Acompanyacquiresanothercompany.

C.Acompanymergeswithanothercompany.

D.Acompanygrowswithoutincreasingitsworkforce.

問題3選項

A.Acompanyattemptstosupplyitsowninputs.

B.Acompanyattemptstosellitsownproducts.

C.Acompanyattemptstoprovideservice.

D.Acompanyattemptstoenteranotherindustry.

問題4選項

A.acquireaverydifferentcompany

B.acquireasimilarcompany

C.acquireasalescompany

D.acquireadistributioncompany

問題5選項

A.mergingwithoracquiringfirms

B.eitherrelatedorunrelated

C.avarietyofbusinesses

D.acompanygrows

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段，“Thegrowthstrategyisacorporate-levelstrategythatseekstoincreasetheleveloftheorganization’soperations…Growthcanbeachievedthroughdirectexpansion,verticalintegration,horizontalintegration,ordiversification.”，可知本篇文章主要討論的問題是公司的增長策略，增長可以通過直接擴張、縱向一體化、橫向一體化或多樣化來實現(xiàn)。下文直接對公司的增長策略進行了展開說明和解釋?？膳袛喑霰酒恼轮饕顷P于公司怎么發(fā)展他們的業(yè)務，得到增長的。選項C符合題意。

2.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段，“Growththroughdirectexpansionisachievedbyinternallyincreasingafirm’ssales,productioncapacity,orworkforce.”，可知通過直接擴張實現(xiàn)的增長是通過內部增加公司的銷售、生產(chǎn)能力或勞動力來實現(xiàn)的?？膳袛喑鰀irectexpansion意思是一個公司把自己的業(yè)務發(fā)展到更大的規(guī)模。選項A符合題意。

3.事實細節(jié)題。根據(jù)文章第三段，“theorganizationattemptstoagaincontrolofitsinputsbybecomingitsownsupplier.”，可知公司在垂直整合中試圖通過成為自己的供應商來再次控制其投入。選項A正確，可排除。根據(jù)文章第三段，“Inforwardverticalintegration,theorganizationgainscontrolofitsoutputs(productsorservices)bybecomingitsowndistributor.”，可知在垂直整合中，公司通過成為自己的分銷商來獲得對其輸出（產(chǎn)品或服務）的控制。可判斷出公司在垂直整合中既能夠試圖自己銷售產(chǎn)品，也能自己提供服務。選項B和C正確，可排除。綜上所述，選項D符合題意。

4.判斷推理題。根據(jù)文章第四段，“Inhorizontalintegration,acompanygrowsbycombiningwithotherorganizationsinthesameindustry—thatis,combiningoperationswithcompetitors.”，可知在橫向整合中，公司通過與同行業(yè)的其他組織（即與競爭對手的業(yè)務組合）相互合并來增長?？膳袛喑鋈绻粋€公司采用了“橫向整合”的方法，它會嘗試收購一家同行業(yè)的類似的公司。選項B符合題意。

5.詞義理解題。根據(jù)文章最后一段，“Relateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentbutrelatedindustries….Unrelateddiversificationiswhenacompanygrowsbymergingwithoracquiringfirmsindifferentandunrelatedindustries.”，可知相關多元化是指一個公司通過與其他相關行業(yè)的公司合并或收購，來實現(xiàn)增長。不相關多元化是指一個公司通過與其他不同的不相關行業(yè)的公司合并或收購，來實現(xiàn)增長?？膳袛喑鰀iversification多元化的意思最接近于拓展更多的行業(yè)，開展更多不同的業(yè)務。選項C符合題意。

2.單選題

ScarJoisnotthefirstAmericantoconveytheimpressionthatyoucangetbyinPariswithoutspeakingFrench;DavidSedarisfoundplentyofmaterialwritingabouthisdreadoflearningFrenchwhenhelivedinParis.Heavoidedthechallengelargelybyhidingawayalldayintheaters,watchingEnglish-languagefilms.DirectorWesAndersonloveshisplaceinParis,butfreelyadmitshedoesn’tspeakthelanguageatleastnotwellenoughtounderstandqueriesatpressconferences.Hence,thequestion:CanyouactuallyliveinPariswithoutspeakingFrench?

AssomeonemarriedtoaFrenchman,withwhomIliveinParisafewmonthsofeveryyear,I’lloffermyquickanswer:Yes.Butifyoucan’treallytalktoParisians,youwillneverhitthebeautiful,thoughtful,gentlesweetsoftspotthatliesbehindtheirFrenchshynessandlackofconfidence—whichpresentsitselfascoldnessorcrankiness.Findingthatsweetspot,viahourschattingwiththemincafesandbars,allowedmetoloveParisiansafteralongperiodoffindingthemcompletelyimpossible.Ifyouaregoingtolearn,theonlywaytogoistotalimmersion.So:

1.TakelessonsorhireatutortositinacafeandspeakFrenchwithyouasoftenasyoucanafford.(Andgiventhenumberofwell-educated,unemployedParisyouthseekingwork,it’snotthatexpensive.)

2.InsistthatyourFrenchfriendsspeakonlyFrenchwithyou.Thisispainfulandwillsendyouhomeattheendofthedaywithanachinghead.Butyou’llalsosoonrealizejusthowdifferenteverydayFrenchisfromthestilted,outdatedFrenchyoulearnedinschool.Onlyveryformalorwrittencasescallforbeginningquestionswith“Est-ceque...”orforusingthenousformforusanymore.AndlestyoutakeoffensewhenaParisianrepliestoyourFrenchwithherEnglish,remember—it’sherchancetoshowoffandpracticeherESL.ParisianswantyoutoknowthattheyarefarmorelikelytospeakgoodEnglishthanFrenchpeopleoutsideofParis,whoseEnglishmasteryembarrassinglyfallsbehindnotjustNorthernEuropebutEasternEurope,andwhoseconfidencelevelsaboutspeakingEnglish,accordingly,arealsolow.

Also,don’ttakeoffenseifsomeoneseemstobealmostdaringyoutospeakFrench.SaysmyfriendCindraFeuer,whohasbeenlivingonandoffinParisfornearlytwoyearswithherFrenchgirlfriend:HerfatherspeaksgoodEnglish,buthealwaystalkstomeinFrench.IthoughtitwasachallengeuntilmygirlfriendtoldmethathewasjustinsecureaboutspeakinglessthanperfectEnglisharoundme.AndthereinliesabigdifferencebetweenParisiansandAmericans,andourschoolingsystems.Wewereschooledandweliveinaculturewhereit’sokaytostumble,totryandfail,tobelessthanperfect.Theold,rote,didactic,shame-basedFrenchschoolingsystemdieshard.FrenchpeopleareoftenafraidtospeakEnglishunlesstheycanfeelassuredit’simpeccable.You,however,shouldcastshameaside.Andifyoudon’thavetimeforatutor,here’saquickguideonhowtofakeit.

5.Accordingtotheauthor,ifonecan’treallytalktoParisians,hewill________.

6.Parisianslikereplyingtoothers’FrenchwiththeirEnglishbecause________.

7.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutParisianswhencomparedwithAmericans?

8.Whatistheauthorgoingtowriteaboutattheendofthepassage?

問題1選項

A.avoidmeetingwithFrenchshynessandlackofconfidence

B.failtogetbyorchatwithParisiansincafesandbars

C.missthechanceofenjoyingtherealcharmofParisians

D.finditanurgentcalltolearnFrenchwell

問題2選項

A.theyareafraidofmakingothersoffended

B.theyfeelinferiortoEuropeansintermsoflanguage

C.theyarehelpfultopeopleoutsideofParis

D.theyfeelproudoftheirabilitytospeakgoodEnglish

問題3選項

A.TheydonotallowthemselvestomakemistakesinspeakingEnglish.

B.TheyfeelassuredaboutstumblingwhenspeakingtoAmericans.

C.TheydonotliketheirschoolingsystemofteachingEnglish.

D.TheyenjoycompetingwithAmericansinspeakingEnglish.

問題4選項

A.SuggestionsonhowtospeakproperFrench.

B.Adviceonhowtocastshameaside.

C.Guidanceforlookingforaqualifiedtutor.

D.ArrangementsforpractisingFrench.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】5.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干：作者認為，如果一個人不能和巴黎人交流，他將……？根據(jù)題干定位到文章第二段第二句話Butifyoucan’treallytalktoParisians,youwillneverhitthebeautiful,thoughtful,gentlesweetsoftspotthatliesbehindtheirFrenchshynessandlackofconfidence—whichpresentsitselfascoldnessorcrankiness.（但是如果你真的不能和巴黎人交談，你將永不能發(fā)現(xiàn)，藏在法國人害羞和缺乏自信——常表現(xiàn)為冷漠和偏執(zhí)背后的是那些美麗的，體貼的，溫和的，甜美的軟肋。），可知巴黎人通常表現(xiàn)為冷漠和偏執(zhí)，只有通過交流，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的各種優(yōu)點。因此，C選項“錯失了欣賞巴黎人真正的魅力的機會”，符合題意；A項“不會看到法國人的害羞以及缺乏自信”，與原文相悖，故排除；文章第二段第三句話Findingthatsweetspot,viahourschattingwiththemincafesandbars（最有效的方式就是和他們在咖啡館或者酒吧聊天），這句話說明了解巴黎人的魅力的方法是通過在咖啡館和酒吧聊天，而B項“不能和巴黎人在咖啡館和酒吧聊天”，不是不能和巴黎人交流的后果，而是和巴黎人交流最好的方式，因此B選項不符合題意；D項“發(fā)現(xiàn)學好法語是急迫要求”，在文中并沒有提及。綜上所述，本題正確答案為C選項。

6.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干：巴黎人喜歡用英語回應其他法國人是因為……？根據(jù)題干定位到文章第四段第五句話AndlestyoutakeoffensewhenaParisianrepliestoyourFrenchwithherEnglish,remember—it’sherchancetoshowoffandpracticeherESL.（當一個巴黎人用英語回答你的法語時，你要記住，這是她炫耀和練習英語的機會），可知D選項“他們對于自己說好英語的能力感到驕傲”，符合題意；根據(jù)文章第四段第六句話ParisianswantyoutoknowthattheyarefarmorelikelytospeakgoodEnglishthanFrenchpeopleoutsideofParis...,arealsolow.（巴黎人想讓你知道，他們比巴黎以外的法國人更有可能講一口流利的英語……，他們對說英語也沒有什么自信。），可知除巴黎之外其他城市的法國人說英語不如歐洲人而且他們不自信，而B選項“在語言方面，他們覺得自己不如歐洲人”，主語是巴黎人，不符合題意，排除；A選項“他們害怕讓其他人感到不舒服”和C選項“他們有助于巴黎之外的人”，在文中均未提及。綜上所述，本題正確答案為D選項。

7.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】事實細節(jié)題。題干：和美國人相比，作者怎么認為巴黎人？根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段第五句話Wewereschooledandweliveinaculturewhereit’sokaytostumble,totryandfail,tobelessthanperfect.Theold,rote,didactic,shame-basedFrenchschoolingsystemdieshard.FrenchpeopleareoftenafraidtospeakEnglishunlesstheycanfeelassuredit’simpeccable.（我們受過教育，且我們的文化教會我們摔倒，嘗試后失敗，不完美都是沒關系的。然而老式，生硬，說教，以羞恥為基礎的法國學校教育體制很難改變。法國人常害怕說英語，除非他們確認自己不會犯錯），可知法國人只有在確定沒有錯誤的前提下，才會說英語，因此A選項“在說英語的時候，他們不允許自己犯錯”，符合題意；B選項“當和美國人說英語的時候，對于障礙，他們感到自信”，本句提到美國人說第二母語是不會害怕犯錯的，但是法國人相反，因此B選項的描述錯誤，排除；C項“他們不喜歡學校的英語教學體制”，在文中沒有提及，故排除；D項“在說英語方面，他們享受和美國競爭”，文章只提及了美國人和法國人在說非母語時的不同，并沒有提到競爭，故D選項排除。綜上所述，本題正確答案為A選項。

8.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干：在文章末尾，作者打算寫……？最后一段作者提到相比于美國人，法國人說英語時害怕犯錯。緊接著最后一句話提到You,however,shouldcastshameaside.Andifyoudon’thavetimeforatutor,here’saquickguideonhowtofakeit.（然而，你應該拋開羞恥。如果你沒有時間請家教，這里有一個快速指南教你如何偽裝。），可知作者建議我們學習法語時，不應該害羞，害怕犯錯，如果沒時間上課學習法語，這里有一些建議，因此作者接下來很可能會教授如何說好法語的建議，因此A選項“說好法語的建議”，符合題意；B選項“拋開恥辱的建議”和C選項“尋找合格導師的指導”都是屬于文章的過度推斷，排除；D選項“練習法語的安排”，作者只會給讀者一些建議，而不是安排，故排除。綜上所述，本題正確答案為A選項。

3.單選題

Putondarkglassesorthesunwill（

）youandyouwon'tbeabletosee.

問題1選項

A.discern

B.distort

C.dazzle

D.distract

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。discern意為“識別，覺察出，看出”；distort意為“歪曲，扭曲”；dazzle意為“使目眩”；distract意為“使分心”。

句意：戴上墨鏡，否則太陽會讓你眼花，你會看不見。

4.單選題

Heknowslittleofmathematics,and（

）ofchemistry.

問題1選項

A.evenmore

B.stillless

C.noless

D.stillmore

【答案】B

【解析】考查比較級。even,still修飾表示級，意為“更……”，little的比較級為less，因此選B。

句意：他數(shù)學懂得很少，化學懂得更少了。

5.單選題

ByfarthemostimportantUnitedStatesexportproductinthe18and19centurieswascottonfavoredbytheEuropeantextileoverflaxorwoolbecauseitwaseasytoprocessandsofttotouch.Mechanizationofspinningandweavingallowedsignificantcentralizationandexpansioninthetextileindustryduringthisperiodandatthesametimethedemandforcottonincreaseddramatically.AmericanproducerswereabletomeetthisdemandlargelybecauseoftheinventionofthecottonginbyEliWhiteyin1793.CottoncouldbegrownthroughouttheSouth,butseparatingthefiber-orlint--fromtheseedwasalaboriousprocess.Seaislandcottonwasrelativelyeasytoprocessbyhand,becauseitsfiberswerelongandseedswereconcentratedatthebaseoftheflowerbutisdemandedlonggrowingseason,availableonlyalongthenationscasterseacoast.Short-staplecottonrequiredamuchshortergrowingseason,buttheshortnessofthefibersandtheirmixturewithseedsmeantthataworkercouldhand-processonlyaboutonepoundperday.Whitney'sginwasahand-poweredmachinewithrevolvingdrumsandmetalteethtopullcottonfibersawayfromseeds.Usingthegin,aworkercouldproduceupto50poundsoflintaday.Thelaterdevelopmentoflargerginspoweredbyhorses,water,orstream,multipliedproductivityfurther.

TheinteractionofimprovedprocessingandhighdemandledtoarapidspreadofthecultivationofcottonandtoasurgeinproductionItbecamethemainAmericanexportdwarfingallothers.In1802cottoncomposed14percentoftotalAmericanexportsbyvalue.Cottonhada36percentshareby1810andover50percentsharein1830.In1860,61percentofthevalueofAmericanexportswasrepresentedbycotton.

Incontrast,wheatandwheatflourcomposedonly6percentofthevalueofAmericanexportsinthatyear.Clearly,cottonwaskinginthetradeoftheyoungrepublic.ThegrowingmarketforcottonandotherAmericanagriculturalproductsledtoanunprecedentedexpansionofagriculturalsettlement,mostlyintheeasternhalfoftheUnitedStates—westoftheAppalachianMountainsandeastoftheMississippiRiver.

1.Themainpointofthepassageisthatthe18and19centurieswereatimewhen

（）

2.AllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasreasonsfortheincreaseddemandforcottonEXCEPT（）

3.Accordingtothepassage,oneadvantageofSeaislandcottonwasits（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthepassageaboutcotton-productionintheUnitedStatesaftertheintroductionofWhitney'scottongin?

5.Accordingtothepassage,theMississippiRiverwas（）.

問題1選項

A.theEuropeantextileindustryincreaseditsdemandforAmericanexportproducts

B.CottonbecamethemostimportantAmericanexportproduct

C.Cottonbecameaprofitablecropbutwasstilltime-consumingtoprocess

D.Mechanizationforspinningandweavingdramaticallychangedthetextileindustry

問題2選項

A.cotton’ssoftness

B.cotton’scaseofprocessing

C.ashortageofflaxandwool

D.thegrowththatoccurredinthetextileindustry

問題3選項

A.abundanceofseeds

B.adaptabilitytodifferentclimates

C.longgrowingseason

D.longfibers

問題4選項

A.MorecottoncomefromSeaInlandcottonplantsthanbefore.

B.Morecottoncamefromshort-staplecottonplantsthanbefore.

C.Mostcottonproducedwassolddomestically.

D.MostcottonproducedwasexportedtoEngland.

問題5選項

A.oneoftheboundariesofaregionwherenewagriculturalsettlementlookplace

B.amajorsourceofwaterforagriculturalcrops

C.theprimaryroutebywhichagriculturalcropsweretransported

D.amainsourceofpowerformostagriculturalmachinery

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:根據(jù)第一段的第一句可知歐洲紡織業(yè)更傾向于棉花，因為它易于加工，所以首先排除選項C。根據(jù)第一段的第二句“Mechanizationofspinning...Americanproducerswereabletomeetthisdemandlargely...”可推斷選項B正確。選項A中exportproducts有歧義，因為當時美國出口的主要產(chǎn)品是毛皮，隨著歐洲紡織業(yè)對棉花的偏愛，所以現(xiàn)在棉花成了美國最主要的出口產(chǎn)品。

第2題:根據(jù)第一段內容可知，文中沒有信息表明亞麻和羊毛的短缺才導致對棉花需求的增加。其他三項都正確。

第3題:根據(jù)關鍵詞“Seaislandcotton”定位到第一段“Seaislandcottonwasrelativelyeasytoprocessbyhand,becauseitsfiberswerelong...”選項D正確。

第4題:根據(jù)關鍵詞定位到第一段的后半部分“Whitney'sgin...aworkercouldproduceupto50percentsoflintaday.”引進了Whitney的軋棉機之后，使得短絨棉的生產(chǎn)大大提高，選項B正確。

第5題:根據(jù)關鍵詞“MississippiRiver”定位到最后一段的最后一句“Thegrowingmarket...westoftheAppalachianMountainsandeastoftheMississippiRiver.”棉花和其他美國農產(chǎn)品市場的不斷增長導致了農業(yè)定居點的空前擴張，主要集中在美國東部的一半地區(qū)——阿巴拉契亞山脈以西和密西西比河以東。由此推斷，密西西比河是新農業(yè)所在地區(qū)的邊界之一。選項A符合原文。

6.不定項選擇題

Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoubetterthanporingovertextbooks.That,atleast,isthefolkwisdom.Andscience,intheformofbehavioralpsychology,supportsthatwisdom.Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.Onesaysthatsleepiswhenpermanentmemoriesform.Theothersaysthattheyareactuallyformedduringtheday,butthen“edited”atnight,toflushawaywhatissuperfluous.

Totellthedifference,itisnecessarytolookintothebrainofasleepingperson,andthatishard.Butafteradecadeofpainstakingwork,ateamledbyPierreMaquetatLiegeUniversityinBelgiumhasmanagedtodoit.TheparticularstageofsleepinwhichtheBelgiangroupisinterestedisrapideyemovement(REM)sleep,whenbrainandbodyareactive,heartrateandbloodpressureincrease,theeyesmovebackandforthbehindtheeyelidsasifwatchingamovie,andbrainwavetracesresemblethoseofwakefulness.Itisduringthisperiodofsleepthatpeoplearemostlikelytoreliveeventsofthepreviousdayindreams.

Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPETtostudythebrainsofpeopleastheypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.Thetaskrequiredthemtopressabuttonasfastaspossible,inresponsetoalightcomingoninoneofsixpositions.Astheylearnthowtodothis,theirresponsetimesgotfaster.Whattheydidnotknowwasthattheappearanceofthelightssometimesfollowedapattern-whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthattheylearntfasterwhenthepatternwaspresentthanwhentherewasnot.

Whatismore,thosewithmoretolearn(i.e.,the“grammar”,aswellasthemechanicaltaskofpushingthebutton)havemoreactivebrains.The“editing”theorywouldnotpredictthat,sincethenumberofirrelevantstimuliwouldbethesameineachcase.Andtoeliminateanydoubtsthattheexperimentalsubjectswerelearningasopposedtounlearning,theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep.

Theteam,therefore,concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep,particularlyifthebraindetectsaninherentstructureinthematerialbeinglearnt.Sonow,ontheeveofthatcrucialtest,mathsstudentscansleepsoundlyintheknowledgethatwhattheywillrememberthenextdayarethebasicrulesofalgebraandnottheincoherenttalkfromtheradionextdoor.

6.Researchersinbehavioralpsychologyaredividedwithregardto（）.

7.Asmanifestedintheexperimentalstudy,rapideyemovementischaracterizedby（）.

8.Byreferringtotheartificialgrammar,theauthorintendstoshow（）.

9.Intheirstudy,researchersledbyPierreMaquettookadvantageofthetechniqueof（）.

10.WhatadvicemightMaquetgivetothosewhohaveacrucialtestthenextday?

問題1選項

A.howdreamsaremodifiedintheircourses

B.thedifferencebetweensleepandwakefulness

C.whysleepisofgreatbenefittomemory

D.thefunctionsofagoodnight’ssleep

問題2選項

A.intenselyactivebrainwavetraces

B.subjects’quickerresponsetimes

C.complicatedmemorypatterns

D.revivalofeventsinthepreviousday

問題3選項

A.itssignificanceinthestudy

B.aninherentpatternbeinglearnt

C.itsresemblancetothelights

D.theimportanceofanight’ssleep

問題4選項

A.exposingalong-heldfolkwisdom

B.clarifyingthepredictionsondreams

C.makingcontrastsandcomparisons

D.correlatingeffectswiththeircauses

問題5選項

A.Memorizinggrammarwithgreatefforts.

B.Studytextbookswithcloseattention.

C.Havetheirbrainimagesrecorded.

D.Enjoytheirsleepatnightsoundly.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】6.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。文中第一段Butsuchbehavioralstudiescannotdistinguishbetweentwocompetingtheoriesofwhysleepisgoodforthememory.（但是這樣的行為研究并不能區(qū)分為什么睡眠對記憶力有好處的兩種相互矛盾的理論），所以他們對為什么睡眠對記憶力有好處持有不同的觀點，故應選C選項“為什么睡眠對記憶力很有好處”。A選項“夢是如何在課程中被修改的”，不符合題意，可排除。B選項“睡眠和清醒的區(qū)別”，不符合題意，可排除。D選項“一個好覺的作用”，過于片面，可排除。因此C選項正確。

7.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。第二段中指出“…whenbrainandbodyareactive”，大腦積極運轉是眼珠快速轉動的主要特征，且在第三、四段又再次說明。選項B“被研究者更快的反應速度”，選項C“復雜的記憶模式”和選項D“前一天事件的重現(xiàn)”都不是眼球快速運動的主要特征。故應選A“強烈活躍的腦電波痕跡”。因此A選項正確。

8.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細節(jié)事實題。原文的第三段最后Whattheydidnotknow…followedapattern-whatisreferredtoas“artificialgrammar”.Yetthereductionsinresponsetimeshowedthat…說明了這種內在模式，也就是“artificialgrantor”對于記憶的重要性。因此A選項正確。

9.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】推理判斷題。這個題考查的是對后面幾段的歸納。首先在第三段開始Dr.MaquetusedanelectronicdevicecalledPET…theypracticedataskduringtheday,andastheysleptduringthefollowingnight.這是一種對比性的研究方法。后來的第四段最后…theirresponsetimeswhentheywokeupwereevenquickerthanwhentheywenttosleep也采用了對比的分析研究，故應選C“對比與比較”。因此C選項正確。

10.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。這是一個通篇的中心歸納的考查題。文章一開始就指出Beforeabigexam,asoundnight’ssleepwilldoyoubetterthanporingovertextbooks.意思是在晚上好好的睡覺對記憶是有好處的。最后作者又歸納了研究的結果，“…concludedthatthenerveconnectionsinvolvedinmemoryarereinforcedthroughreactivationduringREMsleep…”也說明結構性知識在REM睡眠中是可以鞏固的。故應選D。

7.單選題

AlltheproductsmadeinChinaaresoldanddistributedin（）withtheU.S.ExportAdministrationRegulationsandalsolocalcountryrules.

問題1選項

A.compliance

B.prosperity

C.merchandise

D.intersection

【答案】A

【解析】固定搭配。incompliancewith為固定搭配，意為“依從，按照”。

8.單選題

Extraordinarycreativeactivityhasbeencharacterizedasrevolutionary,flyinginthefaceofwhatisestablishedandproducingnotwhatisacceptablebutwhatwillbecomeaccepted.Accordingtothisformulation,highlycreativeactivitytranscendsthelimitsofanexistingformandestablishesanewprincipleoforganization.However,theideathatextraordinarycreativitytranscendsestablishedlimitsismisleadingwhenitisappliedtothearts,eventhoughitmaybevalidforthesciences.Differencesbetweenhighlycreativeartandhighlycreativescienceariseinpartfromadifferenceintheirgoals.Forthesciences,anewtheoryisthegoalandendresultofthecreativeact.Innovativescienceproducesnewpropositionsintermsofwhichdiversephenomenacanberelatedtooneanotherinmorecoherentways.Suchphenomenaasabrilliantdiamondoranestlingbirdarerelegatedtotheroleofdata,servingasthemeansforformulatingortestinganewtheory.Thegoalofhighlycreativeartisverydifferent:thephenomenonitselfbecomesthedirectproductofthecreativeact.Shakespeare’sHamletisnotatractaboutthebehaviorofindecisiveprincesortheusesofpoliticalpower:norisPicasso’spainting“Guernica”primarilyapropositionalstatementabouttheSpanishCivilWarortheevilsoffascism.Whathighlycreativeartisticactivityproducesisnotanewgeneralizationthattranscendsestablishedlimits,butratheranaestheticparticular.Aestheticparticularsproducedbythehighlycreativeartistextendorexploit,inaninnovativeway,thelimitsofanexistingform,ratherthantranscendthatform.

Thisisnottodenythatahighlycreativeartistsometimesestablishesanewprincipleoforganizationinthehistoryofanartisticfield;thecomposerMonteverdi,whocreatedmusicofthehighestaestheticvalue,comestomind.Moregenerally,however,whetherornotacompositionestablishesanewprincipleinthehistoryofmusichaslittlebearingonitsaestheticworth.Becausetheyembodyanewprincipleoforganization,somemusicalworks,suchastheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerata,areofsignalhistoricalimportance,butfewlistenersormusicologistswouldincludetheseamongthegreatworksofmusic.Ontheotherhand,Mozart’sTheMarriageofFigaroissurelyamongthegreatworksofmusiceventhoughitsmodestinnovationsareconfinedtoextendingexistingmeans.IthasbeensaidofBeethoventhathetoppledtherulesandfreedmusicfromthestiflingconfinesofconvention.ButaclosestudyofhiscompositionsrevealsthatBeethovenoverturnednofundamentalrules.Rather,hewasanincomparablestrategistwhoexploitedlimits—therules,forms,andconventionsthatheinheritedfrompredecessorssuchasHaydnandMozart,HandelandBach—instrikinglyoriginalways.

1.Theauthorconsidersanewtheorythatcoherentlyrelatesdiversephenomenatooneanothertobethe（）.

2.TheauthorimpliesthatBeethoven’smusicwasstrikinglyoriginalbecauseBeethoven（）.

3.ThepassagestatesthattheoperasoftheFlorentineCamerataare（）.

4.ThepassagesuppliesinformationforansweringallofthefollowingquestionsEXCEPT（）.

5.Theauthorregardstheideathatallhighlycreativeartisticactivitiestranscendlimitswith（）.

問題1選項

A.basisforreaffirmingawell-establishedscientificformulation

B.byproductofanaestheticexperience

C.toolusedbyascientisttodiscoveranewparticular

D.resultofhighlycreativescientificactivity

問題2選項

A.strovetooutdohispredecessorsbybecomingthefirstcomposertoexploitlimits

B.fundamentallychangedthemusicalformsofhispredecessorsbyadoptingarichlyinventivestrategy

C.embellishedandinterwovethemelodiesofseveralofthegreatcomposerswhoprecededhim

D.manipulatedtheestablishedconventionsofmusicalcompositioninahighlyinnovativefashion

問題3選項

A.unjustifiablyignoredbymusicologists

B.notgenerallyconsideredtobeofhighaestheticvalueeventhoughtheyareimportantinthehistoryofmusic

C.amongthoseworksinwhichpopularhisto