考研考博-英語-拉薩師范高等?？茖W(xué)?？荚囇侯}卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-拉薩師范高等?？茖W(xué)校考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共100題)1.單選題

It’sinyourbest（）toquitsmoking,foryouhavesomebreathingproblems.

問題1選項

A.sake

B.benefit

C.advantage

D.interest

【答案】D

【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：戒煙對你最有利，因為你有一些呼吸問題。beinsb’s(best)interest(s)(todosth)=bethebestthingforsomeone，因此D選項正確。

2.單選題

Theyachievedmorethantheyhadeverdreamed,lendingamagictotheirfamilystorythatnotaleorordinarylifecouldpossiblyrival.

問題1選項

A.confirm

B.achieve

C.match

D.exaggerate

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。A選項“確認(rèn)，確定”；B選項“完成，達(dá)到”；C選項“匹配，適合，匹敵”；D選項“夸張，夸大”；題干中rival“競爭對手，同行者，匹敵”，句意：他們的成就超出了他們的夢想，為他們的家庭故事增添了任何故事或普通生活都無法匹敵的魔力。因此C選項符合題意。

3.單選題

Amajorcharacteristicofparliamentarygovernmentisthefusionofexecutiveandlegislativepowersinonebody.

問題1選項

A.fixing

B.strength

C.union

D.alignment

【答案】C

【解析】句意：議會制政府的一個主要特點是行政權(quán)和立法權(quán)合二為一。fusion意為融合。fixing固定，加固；strength力量，力氣；union聯(lián)合，聯(lián)盟，工會；alignment隊列，校準(zhǔn)，結(jié)盟。選項C與之意思相近。

4.單選題

AntonioRatti,at78stillakingoftheItaliansilkindustry,oncewarnedhisemployees:“Don’tlet'sbecomefatandlazyliketheLyonnais”.Lyon,traditionalcenteroftheFrenchsilkindustrysince1536,risked“l(fā)osingeverything’’,theItalianwarned.

Althoughhispredicationhasnotcometrue,theindustryisonlynowshowingsignsofrenewedvigorafterseeingitspre-eminenceslipoverthepast50years.Examplesoftherichropeandfabricsformerlysuppliedtoroyalcounts,popesandcardinalsareonshowinthecity'smuseum,butfewsilkcompaniessurviveonthehillsideabovetheRiverSeine.

WhileLyonandsurroundingRhoneAlpsregionremainthecenteroftheFrenchtextilesindustry,mostofthe650companiesand55,000workersinthesectordealinsyntheticfibers.Localproductionofrawsilkhasfadedalmosttonothing,leavingthefieldtoChina.Butbyallyingprovendesignstrengthswithmoreaggressivemarketing,specialistcompaniesareaimingtorecapturemarketsinluxuryandhighfashionproducts,suchasLyon-madeHermesscarves,andtoexploitthetrendtowardsmedium-pricedsilkgoods.

“AlltoooftentheLyonnaisadoptedtheattitudethatitwasforbuyerstocomeanddiscoverwhattheyhadtooffer/saysRonaldCurrieoftheLyon-basedInternationalSilkAssociation.

HisopinionthattheLyonnaisaremoreoutward-lookingisconfirmedbyGillesMalfroy,whoseMalfroyMillionsells3millionsilkscarvesayear,notablyinJapan.Itisalso

developingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoodsdifferentfromthosemass-producedbyChinese-Italianjointventures.“Priceisimportant.”Malfroysays,“Butpeopleworldwidealsowantvarietyandexclusivity”.Slowly,theFrencharemakinginroadsonthemarketshareamassedsince1945bytheItaliansilkindustry.Butwiththeirturnoveroflessthan$10millionayear,Lyon'sweaversandprintersarestilldwarfedbyRatti's$200millionturnover.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,Lyonnais（

）.

2.What’sthemeaningof“slip”inparagraphtwo?

3.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?

4.SilkscarvesofMalfroyMillionsellwellbecauseof

（

）.

5.Itisimpliedbutnotstatedinthepassagethat（

）.

問題1選項

A.wereemployeesoftheFrenchtextileindustry

B.wereemployeesoftheItaliansilkindustry

C.wastheItaliansilkindustry

D.wastheFrenchsilkindustry

問題2選項

A.Anunintentionalandtrivialmistake

B.Movingquietlyandcautiously.

C.Afallfromsomelevelorstandard

D.Narrowstripofpaper.

問題3選項

A.TheFrenchsilkproductsaredisappearingfromtheworldmarket.

B.ThecenteroftheFrenchtextilesindustryischanging.

C.LuxurysilkproductshelpFrancetorecapturesilkmarket.

D.TheLyonnaishavenotrealizedthedangerbeforethem.

問題4選項

A.theirlowprice

B.theirexclusivedesign

C.theirhighquality

D.alloftheabove

問題5選項

A.themass-producedsilkgoodsislosingmarketinChina

B.MalfroyMillionisdevelopingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoods

C.Lyon'sweaversandprintersaredwarfedbyRatti'sbecauseoflessturnovers

D.theFrenchandtheItalianarecompetingwitheachotheratthemarketofChina.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段Lyon,traditionalcenteroftheFrenchsilkindustrysince1536提到里昂自1536年來是法國的絲綢業(yè)的傳統(tǒng)中心，選項B和C是關(guān)于意大利的，可以排除；文章第一段里面Ratti對員工說，“希望我們不要成為像里昂那樣又胖又懶”，可知他本身也是法國紡織工業(yè)的一員。選項A符合題意。

2.slip出現(xiàn)在文章第二段第一句話：Althoughhispredicationhasnotcometrue,theindustryisonlynowshowingsignsofrenewedvigorafterseeingitspre-eminenceslipoverthepast50years，主要講述了里昂作為法國紡織業(yè)中心的興衰，renewedvigor“新的活力”，可以推斷在注入新的活力之前是經(jīng)過了下滑，因此slip在這里的意思是“下滑”，選項C符合題意。

3.文章第三段最后一句specialistcompaniesareaimingtorecapturemarketsinluxuryandhighfashionproducts,suchasLyon-madeHermesscarves,andtoexploitthetrendtowardsmedium-pricedsilkgoods提到一些公司試圖通過奢侈品和高端的時尚產(chǎn)品重新占據(jù)市場，由此可以推斷出法國紡織業(yè)公司通過生產(chǎn)圍巾等來重新占據(jù)市場。選項C符合題意。

4.文章最后一段“Priceisimportant.”Malfroysays,“Butpeopleworldwidealsowantvarietyandexclusivity”提到價格、多樣性以及獨特性對于消費者來說都很重要。選項D符合題意。

5.題目的要求是下列哪個選項在文章中沒有直接講述，但是在文章中有暗示。文章最后一段ItisalsodevelopingaChinesemarketbyofferingkeenlypricedqualitygoodsdifferentfromthosemass-producedbyChinese-Italianjointventures提到Malfroy正在通過價格低質(zhì)量高的商品來發(fā)展市場，這些商品與之前中意合資企業(yè)生產(chǎn)的商品不同，由此可以推測大批量的商品正在逐漸失去市場。選項A符合題意。

5.單選題

Inhimoneseesameetingpoint,a（）ofconflicts,thusatruehistoricalpersonality.

問題1選項

A.representation

B.representative

C.symbol

D.sign

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。A選項representation“表現(xiàn)（以特殊方式呈現(xiàn)某人或某事物的行為；展示或描述……的事物）”；B選項representative“代表，典型（代表某一特定群體的人）”；C選項symbol“象征，標(biāo)志（代表一般性質(zhì)或情況的人、物、事件等，是意識形態(tài)等非物質(zhì)東西的象征）”；D選項sign“符合，記號（表示某事物存在、正在發(fā)生或?qū)砜赡馨l(fā)生的事件、動作、事實等）”。根據(jù)題干內(nèi)容，ameetingpoint“匯點”，可以推測他作為典型的代表人物，代表某一特定群體的人，因此答案為B選項，句意：在他身上，有一個交匯點，一個斗爭的典型……，因而他是一個真正的歷史人物。因此B選項正確。

6.單選題

Thedriverwasinan（

）ofsorrowbecausehehadknockedthegirldown.

問題1選項

A.agony

B.ache

C.ailing

D.ailment

【答案】A

【解析】名詞辨析題。A選項agony“苦惱，極度痛苦”；B選項ache“疼痛”；C選項ailing“不適，困擾”；D選項ailment“小病，不安”。句意：司機(jī)因為撞倒了那個女孩而感到極度悲痛。選項A更符合語境。

7.單選題

Viewingyouraccountbalancesanytimeyouwant,youcantransfermoneyaccountsatyourconvenience.

問題1選項

A.to

B.between

C.from

D.with

【答案】B

【解析】考查介詞用法。A項to“向……”，B項between“在……之間”，C項from“從，來自……”，D項with“和……”；句意：任何時候您都可以查看您的賬戶余額，也可以方便的時候在賬戶間相互轉(zhuǎn)賬。transfer一般是指兩個事物之間的轉(zhuǎn)移，所以B選項符合題意。

8.單選題

ThewidespreadadoptionoftheInternetandtheWebmakesitpossibletoadministerquestionnairesurveyselectronically,potentiallyachievingmuchgreatercost-effectivenessandpermittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanyresources.Atthesametime,therearesignificanttechnicalchallengesthatmustbemet,especiallyintheareasoflogisticsandsampling.Recognizingtheneedforinnovationinthisandrelatedareas,theNSFMethodology,Measurement,andStatisticsProgram,incollaborationwithaconsortiumoffederalstatisticalagenciesrepresentedbytheInteragencyCouncilofStatisticalPolicyandtheFederalCommitteeonStatisticalMethodology,hasheldaspecialcompetitiononsurveyresearchmethods.Includedamongthetopicareasinthecompetitionannouncementis"secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb".

Today'sleadingsocialscientificsurveysareveryexpensiveinterviewstudiesofnationalsamples.Forexample,theGSSadministersa90-minuteface-to-faceinterviewto1500Americanadultsatacostofabout$500perinterview.However,therespondentsarenotatruerandomsamplebecausecostconsiderationswithrespecttotheinterviewer'stravelrequirethatrespondentsberecruitedinalimitednumberofgeographicclusters,andthereisnolistofresidentsfromwhicharandomsamplecouldbedrawn.Thesmallnumberofgeographicareassurveyedlimitsscientists'abilitytolinkGSSdatatoothergeographicallybaseddatasuchastheU.S.census.BecauseofthehighcostandthemanyresearchcommunitiesthatseektimeintheGSS,itisimpossibletoincludemorethanahandfulofquestiononanyparticulartopic.ThispreventstheGSSfromemployingmuchofthebestmethodologyofmeasurementscaleconstruction,whichrequiresinclusionofalargenumberofitems.SurveysliketheGSSwillbeneededinfuturedecadestochartthechangingsocial,economic,andpoliticalconditionsoftheAmericanpublic.Butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb.

Web-basedsurveyscanreachverylargenumbersofrespondentsatlowcost.Theywillbegeographicallydispersedsothattheirdatacanbe,linkedtothecensus,tolocaleconomicinformation,andtodatafromotherweb-basedsurveys.Itmightnotbepossibletoholdtheintervieweesinterestforthefull90-minutequestionnaireoftheGSS,butshorterdurationsurveysadministeredtoverylargenumberofrespondentscaninaggregateinclude,farmoreitems,therebypermittingmuchfinermeasurementofscientificallyinterestingvariables.ThehighcostofmajornationalsurveysgenerallyhasrestrictedthetopicstudiedtothosethatespeciallyrequirehighlyrepresentativesamplessuchasfamilystructureandeconomicstatusinthePanelStudyofIncomeDynamicsandvotingbehaviorintheAmericanNationalElectionStudy,datafrombothofwhicharenowfreelyavailableovertheweb.Avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedfrommanyyearswithoutthelarge-scalesurveydatathatwouldpermitknowledgetoprogress.

1.AdministeringsurveysviatheWebwouldresultin（）.

2.Thesecondparagraphismainlyabout（）.

3.Whatmakestraditionalsurveysunscientificaccordingtothesecondparagraph?

4.TheauthorfirmlybelievesthatWeb-basedsurveyswill（）.

5.Itisimpliedinthelastsentencethat（）.

問題1選項

A.thereductionofcostinvolvedindatacollection

B.secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingdata

C.moreconvincingconclusionsonthematersurveyed

D.allofabove

問題2選項

A.thedifferencesbetweentheWeb-basedandtraditionalsurveys

B.theadvantagesortheWeb-basedsurveys

C.theweaknessofthetraditionalsurveys

D.thecostinvolvedinconductingtraditionalsurveys

問題3選項

A.Thesamplingisnotmadestrictlyrandomly.

B.Theinterviewhastobeconductedface-to-face.

C.Improperquestionsareoftenincludedinasurvey.

D.Selectionofrespondentsisoftenamatterofpersonaldecision.

問題4選項

A.enhancetheeconomicstatusofanation

B.promotetheprogressofsocialsciences

C.changesocial,economicandpoliticalconditionsofthepublic

D.holdtheinterviewees’interestlongerthantraditionalsurveys

問題5選項

A.manyscientificareasstopmakingbreakthroughsforlackofeffectivedatacollection

B.scientific,researchstillmakesprogresswithoutlarge-scalesurveydatacollection

C.theprogressofknowledgedependsonachievementsmadebyallareasofsciencetogether

D.scientific,researchhasmadelittleprogressbeforethewidespreadadoptionoftheinternet

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段涉及到了A、B、C三個選項，achievingmuchgreatercost-effectiveness對應(yīng)選項A，permittingtheintegrationofdatafrommanyresources，將許多資源整合到一起，從而使得這些資源的可信度更高，對應(yīng)選項C，secureandeasy-to-usemethodsofcollectingsurveydataviatheWeb對應(yīng)選項B。因此，這三個選項都應(yīng)該包含在內(nèi)，選項D符合題意。

2.文章第二段主要是以GSS為例子來說明了傳統(tǒng)的調(diào)查方式的局限性。如，由于昂貴的采訪費用，這類調(diào)查只能在某些特定的地方進(jìn)行，并且它所調(diào)查的對象也不是隨機(jī)選取的。所以選項C符合題意。

3.文章第二段提到由于采訪所花費的費用不少，所以這類型的調(diào)查只能在特定的地區(qū)進(jìn)行。因為取樣的隨機(jī)性不夠（therespondentsarenotatruerandomsample），取得的結(jié)果肯定也會有影響，選項A符合題意。

4.文章第二段最后一句話butmanytypesofsocialsciencewilladvancemorerapidlythroughsurveysadministeredovertheweb提到通過網(wǎng)站開展調(diào)查，許多類型的社會科學(xué)將能夠更快地發(fā)展。選項B符合題意。

5.文章最后一段最后一句avastarrayofotherscientificresearchareas,therefore,havelanguishedfrommanyyears提到許多需要大范圍的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)的研究領(lǐng)域一直處于低迷的狀態(tài)。選項A符合題意。

9.單選題

Researchershavestudiedthepoorasindividuals,asfamiliesandhouseholds,asmembersofpoorcommunities,neighborhoodsandregions,asproductsoflargerpovertycreatingstructures.Theyhavebeenanalyzedasvictimsofcrimeandcriminals,asmembersofminoritycultures,aspassiveconsumersofmasscultureandactiveproducersofa“counterculture”,asparticipantsintheinformaleconomy,asinventionsofsurvivalstrategies,asaneconomicburdenandasareservearmyoflabor—tomentionjustsomeofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch.

Theelites,whooccupythesmallupperstratumwithinthecategoryofthenon-poor,andtheirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpovertyareasinterestingandimportantanobjectforpovertyresearchasthepoorthemselves.Theeliteshaveimagesofthepoorandofpovertywhichshapetheirdecisionsandactions.Sofar,littleisknownaboutthoseimages,exceptastheyaresketchilyportrayedinpopularstereotypes.Theelitesmaywellignoreordenytheexternaleffectsoftheirownactions(andomissions)uponthelivingconditionsofthepoor.Manysocialscientistsmaytakeaverydifferentview.Aspovertyemergedandwasreproduced,legalframeworkswerecreatedtocontaintheproblemsitcausedwithprofound,andlargelyunknown,consequencesforthepoorthemselves.Ingeneral,political,educationalandsocialinstitutionstendtoignoreorevendamagetheinterestsofthepoor.Inconstructingaphysicalinfrastructurefortransport,industry,tradeandtourism,thesettlementsofthepoorareoftenthefirsttosufferortobeleftstandingandexposedtopollution,noiseandcrowding.

Mostimportantaretheeconomicfunctionsofpoverty,as,forlackofotheroptionsthepoorareforcedtoperformactivitiesconsidereddegradingorunclean.Thepooraremorelikelytobuysecond-handgoodsandleftoverfoodstuffs,thusprolongingtheireconomicutility.Theyarelikelytousetheservicesoflow-qualitydoctors,teachersandlawyerswhomthenon-poorshyawayfrom.Povertyandthepoorserveanimportantsymbolicfunction,inremindingcitizensofthelotthatmaybefallthosewhodonotheedthevaluesofthrift,diligenceandcleanliness,andoftheconstantthreatthattherough,theimmoralandtheviolentrepresentfortherestofsociety.

Physically,thepoorandthenon-poorarekeptapart,throughdifferentiallanduseandghettoization.Socially,theyareseparatedthroughdifferentialparticipationinthelabormarket,theconsumptioneconomy,andinpolitical,socialandculturalinstitutions.Conceptually,theyaredividedthroughstereotypingandmediacliché.Thisseparationisevenmorepronouncedbetweentheelitesandthepoor.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.

2.Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.

3.Intheeyesofthesociety,____.

4.Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.

5.Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.

問題1選項

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoor

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpoverty

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercy

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroups

問題2選項

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoor

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoor

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearch

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffort

問題3選項

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobe

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthem

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpoverty

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoor

問題4選項

A.sympathetic

B.conspicuous

C.identifiable

D.unbridgeable

問題5選項

A.analyzingaproblem

B.providingasolution

C.definingasituation

D.outliningaproposal

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】第1題:【選項釋義】

Accordingtotheauthor,studyingtheelitesalsoshedslightonpovertyresearchbecause____.根據(jù)作者的說法，研究精英階層也有助于貧困研究，因為____。

A.theyarealsomembersofthesamesocietyasthepoorA.他們和窮人是同一個社會的成員

B.theyplayanimportantroleincreatingandreproducingpovertyB.他們在制造和再造貧窮方面發(fā)揮著重要作用

C.solutionofthepovertyproblemisattheirmercyC.貧困問題的解決取決于他們

D.theyknowthelivingconditionsofthepoorbetterthanothergroupsD.他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件

【答案】B

【考查點】事實細(xì)節(jié)題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞theelites和povertyresearch定位到原文第二段第一句，該句提到“精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用（theirfunctionsintheemergenceandreproductionofpoverty），與窮人本身一樣，都是貧困研究中有趣而重要的研究對象（anobjectforpovertyresearch）?！庇纱丝芍芯烤㈦A層也有助于貧困研究，是因為他們在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用是貧困研究的研究對象。因此，B選項“他們在制造和再造貧窮方面發(fā)揮著重要作用”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“他們和窮人是同一個社會的成員”，原文并未提及，且與題干無關(guān)，該選項屬于無中生有；

C選項“貧困問題的解決取決于他們”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“他們比其他群體更了解窮人的生活條件”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有。

第2題:【選項釋義】

Whilesocialscientistsaredevotingmuchoftheirefforttopovertyresearch,____.雖然社會科學(xué)家們正致力于貧困研究，但是____。

A.notenoughlegalframeworkshavebeencreatedtorelievetheconditionofthepoorA.沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況

B.theyhavedonelittletoactuallyprovidereliefprogramsforthepoorB.他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實際的救濟(jì)項目

C.theyignoretheroleoftheelitesasanobjectforpovertyresearchC.他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對象的作用

D.thepoorpeoplethemselvesdonotmuchappreciatesucheffortD.窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞povertyresearch定位到原文第一、二段。原文第一段介紹了“貧困研究的一些關(guān)注點（someofthepreoccupationsofpovertyresearch）”；第二段第一句提到“精英階層（Theelites）在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用，是貧困研究的研究對象（anobjectforpovertyresearch）”；第二句提到“精英們對窮人和貧困的印象（imagesofthepoorandofpoverty）影響了他們的決策和行動”；第三句提到“到目前為止，人們對這些形象知之甚少（littleisknownaboutthoseimages）”。綜上所述，關(guān)于“精英們對窮人和貧困的印象”，社會科學(xué)家們了解得很少，那么關(guān)于“這些印象對精英們決策和行動的影響作用”的研究也很少，即社會科學(xué)家們很少研究精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生產(chǎn)中的作用。因此，C選項“他們忽視了精英階層作為貧困研究對象的作用”符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“沒有建立足夠的法律框架來緩解窮人的狀況”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

B選項“他們幾乎沒有為窮人提供實際的救濟(jì)項目”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“窮人自己并不怎么感激這種努力”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有。

第3題:【選項釋義】

Intheeyesofthesociety,____.在社會的眼中，____。

A.thepoortendtosymbolizewhatlazyandevilpeopleturnouttobeA.窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人

B.thepoorarenotworthyofthesympathythesocietyshowsthemB.窮人不值得社會對他們的同情

C.economicprejudiceismoreofanobstacletothesolutionofpovertyC.經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙

D.thenon-poorshouldshowmoresympathyforthepoorD.非窮人應(yīng)該對窮人表示更多的同情

【答案】A

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞thesociety定位到原文第三段。本段最后一句提到“貧窮和窮人發(fā)揮著重要的象征作用，它提醒公民，如果不遵守（donotheed）節(jié)儉、勤奮和愛干凈的（thrift,diligenceandcleanliness）價值觀，將會遭遇厄運，并提醒他們粗魯、不道德和暴力（therough,theimmoralandtheviolent）對社會構(gòu)成的持續(xù)威脅。”由此可知，在社會的眼中，窮人的形象是“不節(jié)儉、不勤奮、不愛干凈、粗魯、不道德、暴力”，因此，A選項“窮人往往代表著懶惰和邪惡的人”符合原文。

【干擾項排除】

B選項“窮人不值得社會對他們的同情”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有；

C選項“經(jīng)濟(jì)偏見更多的是解決貧困問題的障礙”。原文雖然提到了窮人被迫從事一些有辱人格或不干凈的工作，也只能享受得起質(zhì)量不高的服務(wù)，但是，原文并沒有說，在社會看來，這是解決貧困問題的障礙，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“非窮人應(yīng)該對窮人表示更多的同情”，原文并未提及，該選項屬于無中生有。

第4題:【選項釋義】

Theword“pronounced”inthelastsentenceofthepassageprobablymeans____.文章最后一句中的“pronounced”可能是____的意思。

A.sympatheticA.同情的

B.conspicuousB.出色的

C.identifiableC.可辨認(rèn)的

D.unbridgeableD.無法彌合的

【答案】C

【考查點】詞匯推測題

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞pronounced和thelastsentence定位到原文最后一句，該句提到“在精英和窮人之間，這種分離更為____?！庇纱丝芍?，pronounced修飾的是“分離”。前文講的是窮人和非窮人在物理、社會以及概念上的分離，而定位句講的是精英與窮人之間的分離，根據(jù)常識，這種分離應(yīng)該是更明顯的。另外，pronounced的本意是“明顯的”，因此，C選項“可辨認(rèn)的”最符合原文。

【干擾項排除】A選項“同情的”、B選項“出色的”、D選項“無法彌合的”，不符合原文語義銜接。

第5題:【選項釋義】

Inthepassage,theauthorismainlyconcernedwith____.在本文中，作者主要關(guān)注的是____。

A.analyzingaproblemA.分析問題

B.providingasolutionB.提供解決辦法

C.definingasituationC.明確一個狀況

D.outliningaproposalD.概述一項提議

【答案】C

【考查點】推理判斷題

【解題思路】原文第一段主要內(nèi)容，研究人員對窮人進(jìn)行了研究并列出了貧困研究的一些關(guān)注點；第二段主要內(nèi)容，精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用也是貧困研究的研究對象，但是精英們很可能會忽視或否認(rèn)他們自己的行為（和疏漏）對窮人生活條件的外部影響，接著介紹了一些不好的影響；第三段主要內(nèi)容，貧窮的經(jīng)濟(jì)功能；第四段的主要內(nèi)容，窮人與非窮人（以及精英）之間的分離。綜上所述，本文主要圍繞貧困研究的研究對象之一精英階層在貧困產(chǎn)生和再生中的作用展開，著重介紹了精英們的行為的影響下，窮人及貧困的現(xiàn)狀。因此，C選項“明確一個狀況”更符合題意。

【干擾項排除】

A選項“分析問題”，雖然說原文“明確精英們的行為的影響下，窮人及貧困的現(xiàn)狀”也算是在分析貧困問題，但是C選項“明確一個狀況”表述更準(zhǔn)確，作者主要關(guān)注的是貧困問題研究中的這一個現(xiàn)狀。如果說作者主要關(guān)注的是分析問題的話，就會詳細(xì)分析這個問題的原因、解決辦法等，而原文并沒有這么做，該選項屬于推理過度。

B選項“提供解決辦法”，原文并未提出任何解決辦法，該選項屬于無中生有；

D選項“概述一項提議”，原文并未提出任何提議，該選項屬于無中生有。

10.單選題

Thepriestmadetheofthe（

）crosswhenheenteredthechurch.

問題1選項

A.mark

B.signal

C.sign

D.gesture

【答案】C

【解析】固定搭配。句意:牧師進(jìn)入教堂之前比劃了一個十字。

Signofthecross為固定搭配，意為“十字架”,mark標(biāo)記,記號;signal信號;gesture手勢,makeagesture做手勢；擺...姿態(tài),但是通常不和thecross連用。故選C。

11.單選題

I.Thepsychologicalexplorationintolitigants’proceduralpreferencesdatesbacktotheearly1970s,whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm—andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.Theydemonstratedthatwhenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.Theirearlyworkhighlightstheimportantrolethat“voice”(i.e.,theopportunitytoshareone’sstoryorsideofthedispute)playsinhowdisputantsconstruedisputeresolutionoptions,whichinturnilluminatesthecriticalrolethatsubjectiveperceptionsplayinthefunctioningofthelegalsystem.Subsequentresearchproducedadditionaltheoriesthatexplainwhydisputantscareaboutprocess.Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.Anotherframework—the“groupvalue”model—suggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

Inpractice,legalorganizationsandscholarsoftenusetheconceptofcontroltoclassifylegalprocedures.Mediationandnegotiationarecommonlyconceptualizedasofferinglitigantsgreaterprocessandoutcomecontrolascomparedtoadjudicatoryoptionssuchastrialandarbitration.TheAmericanBarAssociation,forexample,describesmediationandnegotiationasofferingpartiesgreaterparticipationinreachingaresolution,aswellascontrolovertheoutcome.Similarly,scholarsoftenconceptualizelegalproceduresonaspectrum.Ononeendofthescale,negotiationoffersparticipantscontroloverboththeprocessandoutcomeanddoesnotinvolveathird-partyneutral.Ontheotherend,arbitrationandtrialempowerthird-partyneutralstodeterminetheoutcomeofadisputeandimposeformalityontheprocess.Mediation,existinginthemiddleofthespectrum,utilizesathird-partyneutral,butallowspartiestoshapetheprocessandcontroltheoutcome.

1.ThibautandWalkerareregardedas___.

2.ThibautandWalkerfoundintheirresearchthatlaypeople___.

3.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whichofthestatementsiswrong?

4.Whatisthemostsuitabletopicofthesecondparagraph?

問題1選項

A.researchersoflitigants'proceduralpreferences

B.laypeoplewhocareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisions

C.originatorsoftheempiricalresearchofproceduraljustice

D.empiricalresearchers

問題2選項

A.caremoreabouttheirdirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem

B.evaluateproceduresbythedistributionofcontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties

C.preferproceduresthatdoesnotallowthethirdpartiestocontroltheprocess

D.believethatprocesscontrolprovidesadirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome

問題3選項

A.Whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisclear,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocessasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.

B.Socialexchangetheorysuggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.

C.Groupvaluemodelsuggeststhatpeoplecareaboutprocessbecausethequalityoftheprocesstheyexperiencehelpsthemtoassesstheirstatusandinclusionwithintheirgrouporcommunity.

D.Processhasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice.

問題4選項

A.NegotiationOffersLitigantstheGreatestControl

B.MediationOffersLitigantsGreaterControl

C.ArbitrationOffersLitigantsLessControl

D.ClassificationofLegalProceduresbyProcessControl

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字“ThibautandWalker”定位到原文第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker—largelyregardedastheoriginatorsoftheproceduraljusticeparadigm…（當(dāng)Thibaut和Walker的實證研究——很大程度上被認(rèn)為是程序正義范式的創(chuàng)始人……）可知選C選項“程序正義實證研究的發(fā)起人”以及D選項“實證研究”錯誤；A選項“訴訟當(dāng)事人程序偏好的研究人員”，B選項“關(guān)心他們對法律決定的直接和間接控制的外行人”和原文不符。因此C選項正確。

2.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到原文第一段whenlaypeopleevaluateprocedures,theygenerallyassesshowtheproceduresdistributecontrolbetweenthepartiesthemselvesandthirdparties(e.g.,mediators,arbitrators,judges).（當(dāng)外行評估程序時，他們通常會評估程序如何在當(dāng)事人本身和第三方（如調(diào)解員、仲裁員、法官）之間分配控制權(quán)）可知選B選項“通過在雙方和第三方之間分配控制權(quán)來評估程序”；第一段whenempiricalresearchbyThibautandWalker…andtheircolleaguesrevealedthatlaypeoplecareabouttheirdirectandindirectcontroloverlegaldecisionsthataffectthem.（當(dāng)Thibaut和Walker的實證研究……和他們的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，外行關(guān)心他們對影響他們的法律決定的直接和間接控制）可知A選項“更關(guān)心他們對影響他們的法律決定的直接控制”錯誤，不完整；第一段Theirresearchalsosuggeststhatdisputantspreferproceduresthatallowthem(asopposedtothirdparties)tocontroltheprocess.（他們的研究還表明，爭論雙方更喜歡讓他們（而不是第三方）控制過程的程序）可知只是不喜歡讓第三方控制過程的程序而不是不允許，C選項“選擇不允許第三方控制過程的程序”過度推測；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一種理論——“工具”或“社會交換”理論——認(rèn)為，人們渴望過程控制，因為他們認(rèn)為這提供了一種間接的方式來控制爭端的結(jié)果）可知D選項“相信過程控制提供了一種直接的方式來控制他們的爭議的結(jié)果”和原文相悖。因此B選項正確。

3.事實細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段最后一句話Otherresearchemphasizedhowprocesshasimportantimplicationsforhowpeopleperceivesocialjustice—whenthefairnessofanoutcomeisambiguous,peopleoftenusetheirevaluationsoftheprocesstheyexperiencedasamentalshortcutforassessingtheoutcome.（其他研究強(qiáng)調(diào)了過程對人們?nèi)绾胃兄鐣闹匾绊憽?dāng)結(jié)果的公平性不明確時，人們通常會把他們對過程的評價作為評估結(jié)果的心理捷徑）可知A選項“當(dāng)一個結(jié)果的公平性很明確時，人們通常會把他們對這個過程的評估作為評估結(jié)果的心理捷徑”和原文相悖，D選項“過程對人們?nèi)绾胃兄鐣兄匾挠绊憽痹谠闹杏刑峒?；第一段Onetheory—the“instrumental”or“socialexchange”theory—suggeststhatpeopledesireprocesscontrolbecausetheybelieveitprovidesanindirectwaytocontroltheirdispute’soutcome.（一種理論——“工具”或“社會交換”理論——認(rèn)為，人們渴望過程控制，因為他們認(rèn)為這提供了一種間接的方式來控制爭端的結(jié)果）可知B選項“社會交換理論認(rèn)為，人們渴望過程控制，因為他們相信它提供了一種間接的方式來控制他們的爭議的結(jié)果”原文有提及；第一段Anotherframework—