考研考博-英語(yǔ)-北京交通運(yùn)輸職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解4

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無(wú)涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-北京交通運(yùn)輸職業(yè)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第I卷一.綜合題庫(kù)-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

（）thattheymayeventuallyreducetheamountoflaborneededonconstructionsitesby90percent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Socleveraretheconstructionrobots

B.Soclevertheconstructionrobotsare

C.Suchconstructionrobotsareclever

D.Suchcleverconstructionrobotsare

【答案】A

【解析】語(yǔ)法題。so/such和that搭配都可引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句，such后接名詞，so后接副詞或形容詞，結(jié)構(gòu)：so+adj.+a/an+名詞，such+a/an+adj.+名詞，so和such謂語(yǔ)句首要用部分倒裝，選項(xiàng)A符合題意。句意：建筑用機(jī)器人是如此的聰明，以至于他們能夠減少工地用量的百分之九十。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

2.單選題

Thechairmanoftheboard________onmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoemploy.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.compelled

B.posed

C.pressed

D.tempted

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)“迫使，強(qiáng)迫”；B選項(xiàng)“形成，擺姿勢(shì)”；C選項(xiàng)“壓迫”；D選項(xiàng)“引誘，吸引”。句意：董事會(huì)主席（）我干一件不愉快的工作，就是解雇公司負(fù)擔(dān)不起的優(yōu)秀員工。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞unpleasantjob，這里選擇“強(qiáng)迫”更加符合語(yǔ)境，可以排除B，D；compel一般和to搭配，而且后面接的賓語(yǔ)一般指人，指物的話需要用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。presssthonsb“勉強(qiáng)某人接受”，這句話中press后面接的賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，放在句子中間會(huì)造成頭重腳輕，所以把賓語(yǔ)后置了。

3.單選題

Thenextfewdecadeswillseegreatchangesinthewayenergyissuppliedandused.Insomemajoroilproducingnations,“peakoil”hasalreadybeenreached,andthereareincreasingfearsofglobalwarning.Consequently,manycountriesarefocusingontheswitchtoalowcarboneconomy.Thistransitionwillleadtomajorchangesinthesupplyanduseofelectricitytopowertheirhomesandvehicles.Secondly,therewillbeanincreaseinpowergeneration,notonlyintermsofhowmuchisgenerated,butalsohowitisgenerated,asthereisgrowingelectricitygenerationfromrenewablesources.Tomeetthesechallenges,countriesareinvestinginSmartGridtechnology.Thissystemaimstoprovidetheelectricityindustrywithabetterunderstandingofpowergenerationanddemand,andtousethisinformationtocreateamoreefficientpowernetwork.

SmartGirdtechnologybasicallyinvolvestheapplicationofacomputersystemtotheelectricitynetwork.Thecomputersystemcanbeusedtocollectinformationaboutsupplyanddemandandimproveengineer’sabilitytomanagethesystem.Withbetterinformationaboutelectricitydemand,thenetworkwillbeabletoincreasetheamountofelectricitydeliveredperunitgenerated,leadingtopotentialreductionsinfuelneedsandcarbonemissions.Moreover,thecomputersystemwillassistinreducingoperationalandmaintenancecosts.

SmartGridtechnologyoffersbenefitstotheconsumertoo.Theywillbeabletocollectreal-timeinformationontheirenergyuseforeachappliance.Varyingtariffsthroughoutthedaywillgivecustomerstheincentivetouseappliancesattimeswhensupplygreatlyexceedsdemand,leadingtogreatreductionsinbills.Forexample,theymayusetheirwashingmachinesatnight.Smartmeterscanalsobeconnectedtotheinternetortelephonesystem,allowingcustomerstoswitchappliancesonoroffremotely.Furthermore,ofhousesarefittedwiththeapparatustogeneratetheirownpower,appliancescanbesettorundirectlyfromtheon-sitepowersource,andanyexcesscanbesoldtothegrid.

Withthesechangescomesarangeofchallenges.Thefirstinvolvesmanagingthesupplyanddemand.Sourcesofrenewableenergy,suchaswind,waveandsolar,arenotoriouslyunpredictable,andnuclearpower,whichisalsosettoincreaseasnationsswitchtoalternativeenergysources,isinflexible.Withoilandgas,itisrelativelysimpletoincreasethesupplyofenergytomatchtheincreasingdemandduringpeaktimesofthedayoryear.Withalternativesources,thisisfarmoredifficult,andmayleadtoblackoutsorsystemcollapse.Potentialsolutionsincludeinvestigatingnewandefficientwaystostoreenergyandencouragingconsumerstouseelectricityatoff-peaktimes.

Asecondproblemisthefactthatmanyrenewablepowergenerationsourcesarelocatedinremoteareas,suchaswindyuplandsandcoastalregions,wherethereiscurrentlyalackofelectricaltechnology,thiscanbedonemoreefficientlybyreducingthereinforcementorconstructioncosts.AlthoughSmartTechnologyisstillinitsinfancy,pilotschemestopromoteandtestitarealreadyunderway.Consumersarecurrentlytestingthenewsmartmeterswhichcanbeusedintheirhomestomanageelectricityuse.Therearealsoanumberofdemonstrationsbeingplannedtoshowhowthesmarttechnologycouldpracticallywork,andtrialsareinplacetotestthenewelectricalinfrastructure.Itislikelythattechnologywillbeaddedin‘layers’startingwith‘quickwin’methodswhichwillprovideinitialcarbonsavings,tobefollowedbymoreadvancedsystemsatalaterdate.Citiesareprimecandidatesforinvestmentintosmartenergy,duetothehighpopulationdensityandhighenergyuse.ItisherewhereSmartTechnologyislikelytobepromotedfirst,utilisingarangeofsustainablepowersourcestransportsolutionsandaninfrastructureforchangingelectricallypoweredvehicles.Theinfrastructureisalreadychangingfast.Bytheyear2050,changesintheenergysupplywillhavetransformedourhomes,ourroadsandourbehavior.

1.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,whathashappenedinsomeoilproducingcountries?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTabenefitofmartGirdtechnologytoconsumers?

3.Whatistheproblemwithusingrenewablesourcesofpoweraccordingtothearticle?

4.Inparagraph5,whatcanbeinferredaboutcitiesinthefuture?

5.Accordingtotheauthor,whatcanbeinferredabouttheintroductionofSmartGirdTechnology?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theyareunwillingtoselltheiroilanymore.

B.Theyarenotproducingasmuchoilastheyusedto.

C.Thesupplyofoilisunpredictable.

D.Globalwarmingismoreseverherethaninothercountries.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Itcanreducetheirelectricitybills.

B.Itcantellthemhowmuchenergyeachapplianceisusing.

C.Itcanallowthemtoturnappliancesonandoffwhentheyarenotathome.

D.Itcanreducetheamountofenergyneededtopowerappliances.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Theydonotprovidemuchenergy.

B.Theyoftencausesystemfailureandblackouts.

C.Theydonotsupplyacontinuousflowofenergy.

D.Theycan’tbeusedatoff-peaktimes.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Morepeoplewillbelivingincitiesinthefuturethannowadays.

B.Peopleincitieswillbeusingcarsandbusespoweredbyelectricity.

C.Allbuildingswillgeneratetheirownelectricity.

D.SmartGridtechnologywillonlybeavailableincities.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thetechnologieswhichproducemostbenefitswillbeintroducedfirst.

B.Thecheapesttechnologieswillintroducesfirst.

C.Thetechnologieswhicharemostdifficulttoputintoplacewillbeintroducedfirst.

D.Technologicallyadvancedsystemswillbeintroducedfirst.

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】第1題:1.細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第一段“Insomemajoroilproducingnations,“peakoil”hasalreadybeenreached”，在一些主要的石油生產(chǎn)國(guó)，“石油峰值”已經(jīng)達(dá)到。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A“他們不愿意再賣他們的石油了”，選項(xiàng)C“石油的供應(yīng)是不可預(yù)測(cè)的”，選項(xiàng)D“全球變暖在這里比在其他國(guó)家更加嚴(yán)重”均與文章不符,因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第2題:2.細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第三段“l(fā)eadingtogreatreductionsinbills”，導(dǎo)致電費(fèi)大幅減少；“allowingcustomerstoswitchappliancesonoroffremotely”，讓消費(fèi)者可以遠(yuǎn)程啟動(dòng)或關(guān)閉家用電器；“ofhousesarefittedwiththeapparatustogeneratetheirownpower,appliancescanbesettorundirectlyfromtheon-sitepowersource,andanyexcesscanbesoldtothegrid”，配備這一裝置的房間，可以自行發(fā)電，家用電器就可以直接依靠這一電源運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，而多余的電量則可以出售給電網(wǎng)。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A“它可以減少他們的電費(fèi)”，選項(xiàng)C“當(dāng)他們不在家的時(shí)候，它可以讓他們遠(yuǎn)程打開(kāi)和關(guān)閉電器”，選項(xiàng)D“它可以減少電力設(shè)備所需的總電量”均與文章相符,而選項(xiàng)B“可以測(cè)試出每一個(gè)家用電器使用中的電量”，文章未提及。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第3題:3.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第四段“Thefirstinvolvesmanagingthesupplyanddemand”，首先是管理供給和需求的問(wèn)題；“Sourcesofrenewableenergy...arenotoriouslyunpredictable”，可再生能源的來(lái)源是很難把握或預(yù)測(cè)的；“thisisfarmoredifficult,andmayleadtoblackoutsorsystemcollapse”更加困難的是，可能導(dǎo)致停電或系統(tǒng)崩潰；“investigatingnewandefficientwaystostoreenergy”，研究出新的且有效的方法就是存儲(chǔ)能源。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A“它們不提供太多能量源”，選項(xiàng)B“它們經(jīng)常導(dǎo)致系統(tǒng)故障和停電”，選項(xiàng)D“他們?cè)诜歉叻鍟r(shí)段不能使用”均與文章不符,因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

第4題:4.推理判斷題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章第五段“Citiesareprimecandidatesforinvestmentintosmartenergy,duetothehighpopulationdensityandhighenergyuse”，由于城市的高人口密度和高耗能，他們將是推廣智能能源的首選目標(biāo)；“...infrastructureforchangingelectricallypoweredvehicles”，提升基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，如改變汽車的電源供給方式。由此可知，選項(xiàng)A“將來(lái)住在城市的人會(huì)比現(xiàn)在多”，選項(xiàng)C“所有的建筑都會(huì)自行發(fā)電”，選項(xiàng)D“智能電網(wǎng)技術(shù)只能在城市使用”均與文章不符，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

第5題:5.推理判斷題。題干的意思是問(wèn)“根據(jù)作者所述，關(guān)于智能網(wǎng)格技術(shù)的引入，我們可以推斷出什么?”。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到文章最后一段.“changesintheenergysupplywillhavetransformedourhomes,ourroadsandourbehavior”，智能供電方式的轉(zhuǎn)變將會(huì)改變我們的家、我們的道路以及我們的行為。由此可知，選項(xiàng)B“最便宜的技術(shù)將首先引入”，選項(xiàng)C“首先引進(jìn)最難實(shí)施的技術(shù)”，選項(xiàng)D“首先引進(jìn)技術(shù)先進(jìn)的系統(tǒng)”均與文章不符，因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

The（）inDavid’scharacterhashinderedhimfromadvancinginhiscareer.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.weakness

B.shortcoming

C.demerit

D.defect

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)weakness“指人性格、品行方面的弱點(diǎn)，或體制、組織、設(shè)計(jì)等方面的缺陷（強(qiáng)調(diào)弱點(diǎn)）”；B選項(xiàng)shortcoming“指某人或某事物所存在的不足或缺陷，通常用復(fù)數(shù)”；C選項(xiàng)demerit“是很正式的詞語(yǔ)，表示事物的缺點(diǎn)”；D選項(xiàng)defect“指事物的缺點(diǎn)或人性格上的缺點(diǎn)，一般指較大的缺點(diǎn)、缺陷?！蹦衬橙说膕hortcoming是可以改的；但是某某人的weakness是需要那個(gè)人自己去克服；shortcoming只能用來(lái)指人的缺點(diǎn)；weakness可以用在人以外的東西上。句意：大衛(wèi)性格上的缺陷阻礙了他在事業(yè)上的發(fā)展。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilttheOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwasfascinatedwithinformation.Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe"greatgame"ofespionage—spyingasa"profession".ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.

Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.Thatkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.Inthepastthreeorfouryears,theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.Thespookscallit"open-sourceintelligence",andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.Thewinner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpenSourceSolutions,whoseclearadvantagewasits.merelyoftheelectronicworld.

AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthisnewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivateintelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresultsofspying（covering-nationsfromChiletoRussiA.tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirmMcDermottInternational.M.

StraitfordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutuallyreinforcingtoolforbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.LastweekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcornersoftheworldandpredictingacrisisinUkraine."Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newInternetsign-upsfromUkraine,"saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor."Andwe'llhearbackfromsomeofthem."Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbedifficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.Severalofhisstaffmembershavemilitary-intelligencebackgrounds.Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.Straitford'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-forthing,wherebyagencieschancetheymightbewrong.Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

1.TheemergenceoftheNethas（）.

2.ThetextmentionsDonovan'sstoryto（）.

3.Themostprobablemeaningof"makingthebiggestsplash"（Line1,Paragraph3）is（）.

4.Paragraph4suggeststhat（）.

5.Straitfordismostproudofits（）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.receivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

B.remoldedtheintelligenceservices

C.restoredmanycommonpastimes

D.revivedspyingasaprofession

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.honorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

B.showhowhefoughtfortheUS

C.giveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

D.introducethetopicofonlinespying

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.causingthebiggesttrouble

B.exertingthegreatesteffort

C.achievingthegreatestsuccess

D.enjoyingthewidestpopularity

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Straitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

B.Straitfordguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

C.Straitford'sbusinessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

D.Straitford'spredictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.officialstatus

B.efficientstaff

C.nonconformistimage

D.militarybackground

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文第一段最后一句“ThesedaystheNet,whichhasalreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshapingDonovan'svocationaswell.”可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)改變了購(gòu)書和寄信等日常消遣方式，也正在重塑多諾萬(wàn)的職業(yè)。而有上文可知，多諾萬(wàn)早前從事的是情報(bào)工作，所以網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)重塑了情報(bào)工作。因此，本題正確答案為B選項(xiàng)。

2.推理判斷題。文章的開(kāi)始通過(guò)介紹多諾萬(wàn)的故事引入了話題“網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)重塑了情報(bào)工作”。之后又介紹了網(wǎng)絡(luò)對(duì)于信息搜集和分享的影響，由此可以判斷作者提到多諾萬(wàn)的故事就是為了引入話題。故本題正確答案為D選項(xiàng)“引入網(wǎng)上間諜的話題”。

3.詞匯題。通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境以及句意可知，這家公司在情報(bào)分析領(lǐng)域名聲大噪，取得了巨大成功。因此C選項(xiàng)含義與“makingthebiggestsplash”含義最為接近，都表示取得了很大成功，因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

4.推理判斷題。由原文第四段可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是一種信息收集和發(fā)布相互強(qiáng)化的工具。公司可以從世界的角落收集數(shù)據(jù)，而在發(fā)布相關(guān)報(bào)告后，又會(huì)有人予以回復(fù)，反饋?zhàn)钚虑闆r，所以由此可知，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的存在使得Straiford公司能夠提供可靠有可信度的信息。因此本文正確答案為A選項(xiàng)。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由原文最后一句“Straitford,saysFriedman,takesprideinitsindependentvoice.”可知，斯特雷福德為自己的獨(dú)立聲音感到自豪。說(shuō)明斯特雷福德公司敢于發(fā)聲，不落俗套，從不墨守成規(guī)。因此本題正確答案為C選項(xiàng)。

6.單選題

Asnoted,amongthosewhowerecognitivelynormalatthestartofthestudy,（）alcoholdrinkersappearedtobeprotectedagainstdementia.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.moderate

B.minimum

C.medium

D.middle

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)moderate“有節(jié)制的”，B項(xiàng)minimum“最小的”，C項(xiàng)medium“中間的”，D項(xiàng)middle“中等的”；句意：特別提到的是，在研究最初，認(rèn)知正常，飲酒適度的人表現(xiàn)出對(duì)老年癡呆更好的防御能力。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Manynovelsthatattempttomirrortheworldarereally（）oftherealitythattheyrepresent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reflections

B.demonstrations

C.illuminations

D.reproductions

【答案】A

【解析】句意:許多旨在反映社會(huì)生活的小說(shuō)本身就是所描述現(xiàn)實(shí)的寫照。

考查名詞辨析。reflection反映，表現(xiàn)；demonstration表明，證明；illumination照明，啟發(fā)，闡明;reproduction意為再現(xiàn),復(fù)制。因此A符合句意。

8.單選題

NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanualfortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.ButwereMachiavelli’sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?Hemerelyhadthefranknessandcouragetowritedownwhateverybodywasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesustheimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercoursewithprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.WhenMachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprimaryobject.Itmustbemaintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhisstudyandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.Hewrotefromtheviewpointofthepolitician—notofthemoralist.Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.AndwillanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhisPrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyperishedfromtheearth?Hasdiplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?LetanyonereadthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:“InwhatMannerPrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith.”andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwastruenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.

OftheremainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryofFlorencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedtoClementVII.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddleAges,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli’smethodhasbeencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhistime,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.

36.Itcanbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetextthat______.

37.LordBacon’sremarksonMachiavelliisquotedas______.

38.InthecaseofCaesarBorgiatheauthorholdsthat______.

39.Accordingtotheauthor,apolitician’smorality______.

40.Theauthor’sopiniononMachiavelli’sHistoryofFlorenceisthat______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelli

B.Machiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulers

C.Machiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporaries

D.Machiavellihasbeenatargetofcriticismthroughouthistory

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.asupportfortheauthor’sviewpoint

B.oneofthemainstreamviewonhim

C.ajudgmentinsupportofmostcritics

D.amodificationoftheauthor’spreviousstarts

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Machiavellihasbeenobjective

B.Machiavellirevealedhispersonality

C.CaesarBorgiawasadeservedmodel

D.MachiavelliovervaluedCaesarBorgia

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.isnomatchforhispoliticalambition

B.hasbeenundervaluedbyMachiavelliandhislikes

C.isusuallyofsecondaryimportance

D.shouldbetakenasayardstickofhisinability

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.historyhasmuchtodowiththepersonwhorecordsit

B.thecharmliesinthestyleratherthaninthecontent

C.mostpeoplefailedtoreadMachiavelli’sintentioninit

D.anyhistoryofthiskindshouldbewritteninthisway

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】36.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段第一句NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.（沒(méi)人比馬基雅維利所遭受的批判更嚴(yán)酷了，尤其是在他死后的兩個(gè)世紀(jì)以內(nèi)。），說(shuō)明馬基雅維利在歷史上一直都是人們批判的對(duì)象。因此D選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利在歷史上一直是被批判的對(duì)象”正確。A選項(xiàng)“過(guò)去很多人對(duì)馬基雅維利的評(píng)價(jià)很高”，B選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利在統(tǒng)治者中的影響很大”，C選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利在同時(shí)代人中閱讀量很大”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，B，C錯(cuò)誤。

37.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。作者在說(shuō)明馬基雅維利一直受到嚴(yán)厲批判后指出Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.（但是，他從此鑄造了許多能干的斗士，潮流也從此逆轉(zhuǎn)了。），接著說(shuō)《君主論》成了暴君的指南，后果極其有害。然后，作者提出了兩個(gè)問(wèn)題并進(jìn)行了回答，提出了自己的觀點(diǎn)：馬基雅維利的觀點(diǎn)并非獨(dú)創(chuàng)，他只是將自己的印象記錄下來(lái)，敢于將大家都知道的東西寫下來(lái)而已。接著引用培根的話ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.（馬基雅維利告訴我們君主所做的事，而不是他們應(yīng)該做的事。），說(shuō)明馬基雅維利只是告訴人們君主所做的事情，而非君主應(yīng)當(dāng)如何去做。這和作者的觀點(diǎn)是一致的，作者引用的目的是為了支持自己的觀點(diǎn)。因此A選項(xiàng)“是對(duì)作者觀點(diǎn)的支持”正確。B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)他的主流觀點(diǎn)之一”，C選項(xiàng)“支持大多數(shù)批評(píng)者的判斷”，D選項(xiàng)“對(duì)作者上文的開(kāi)頭進(jìn)行了修改”均不符合作者的行文邏輯，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

38.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。在第一段中作者舉了凱撒?博魯吉亞的例子，說(shuō)明hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.（他完全沒(méi)有把他贊美成英雄，而是僅僅說(shuō)他作為一個(gè)君主，能夠達(dá)到自己想要的目的。），“英雄”是主觀看法，“君主”是客觀事實(shí)，說(shuō)明作者認(rèn)為馬基雅維利是客觀記述而不是主觀判斷。所以A選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利的觀點(diǎn)是客觀的”正確。B選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利揭示了自己的個(gè)性”，C選項(xiàng)“凱撒?博魯吉亞是當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的楷?！?，D選項(xiàng)“馬基雅維利高估了凱撒?博魯吉亞的價(jià)值”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以B，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

39.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干可以定位到文章第一段倒數(shù)第四句Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.（政治上的好事從道德方面看可能是壞事，事實(shí)上很奇怪的是，當(dāng)?shù)赖潞驼伟l(fā)生沖突時(shí)，往往后者會(huì)占據(jù)上風(fēng)。），說(shuō)明政治家往往會(huì)認(rèn)為政治比道德更重要。因此C選項(xiàng)“道德通常是次要的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“與他的政治野心不相稱”，B選項(xiàng)“被馬基雅維利及其同類人低估了價(jià)值”，D選項(xiàng)“應(yīng)作為衡量他是否有能力的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，B，D錯(cuò)誤。

40.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章最后一段最后一句Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.（它直接的、有邏輯的敘述常常能引起讀者的興趣，這就是他這本書的魅力所在。），說(shuō)明作者認(rèn)為這本書的魅力之處在于它的敘述風(fēng)格。因此B選項(xiàng)“魅力在于風(fēng)格而不在于內(nèi)容”正確。A選項(xiàng)“歷史與記錄歷史的人有很大的關(guān)系”，C選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)人沒(méi)有讀懂馬基雅維利在其中的意圖”，D選項(xiàng)“任何這類歷史都應(yīng)該這樣寫”在文中均沒(méi)有提及，所以A，C，D錯(cuò)誤。

9.單選題

Earlyinthe1900s,theuseoftruckstohandcommercial（

）developedalmostsimultaneouslywiththefirstwidespreaduseoftheautomobile.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.vehicles

B.equipment

C.workers

D.merchandise

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。vehicle意為“車輛”；equipment意為“設(shè)備，裝備”；worker意為“工人，員工”；merchandise意為“商品，貨品”。

句意：20世紀(jì)初，運(yùn)送商品的卡車基本上是和廣泛使用的汽車一同發(fā)展的。

10.單選題

（）yourinquires,weregrettoinformyouthatwecannothelpyouinthismatter.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Inrelationto

B.Inrequestto

C.Inresponseto

D.Inanswerto

【答案】C

【解析】句意:對(duì)于你的詢問(wèn)，我們遺憾地告訴你我們?cè)谶@件事情上幫不了你。

考查短語(yǔ)辨析。inrelationto關(guān)于，涉及；inrequestto無(wú)此搭配；inresponseto響應(yīng)，回答，對(duì)有反應(yīng)（比較正式的表達(dá)方式）；inanswerto回答，應(yīng)……要求（不正式的口語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式）。因此C符合句意。

11.翻譯題

Thedistinctionbetweenthemechanizationofthepastandwhatishappeningnowis,however,notasharpone.Atoneextremewehavetheelectroniccomputerwithitsquiteremarkablecapacityfordiscriminationandcontrol,whileattheotherendofthescaleare“transfermachines”,astheyarenowcalled,whichmaybeassimpleasaconveyorbelttoanother.Anautomaticmechanismisonewhichhasacapacityforself-regulation;thatis,itcanregulateorcontrolthesystemorprocesswithouttheneedforconstanthumanattentionoradjustment.Nowpeopleoftentalkabout“feedback”asbeinganessentialfactorofthenewindustrialtechniques,uponwhichisbasedanautomaticself-regulatingsystemandbyvirtueofwhichanydeviationinthesystemfromdesiredconditionscanbedetected,measured,reportedandcorrected.When“feedback”isappliedtotheprocessbywhichalargedigitalcomputerrunsattheimmensespeedthroughalongseriesofsums,constantlyrejectingtheanswersuntilitfindsonetofitacomplexsetoffactswhichhavebeenputtoit,itisperhapsdifferentindegreefromwhatwehavepreviouslybeenaccustomedtomachines.

【答案】然而，過(guò)去的機(jī)械化和今天所發(fā)生的一切之間的區(qū)別并不大。一方面，我們的電腦具有驚人的分辨能力和控制能力，另一方面，則是傳送機(jī)，最簡(jiǎn)單的是傳送帶。自動(dòng)機(jī)械就是一個(gè)有自控能力的裝置，也就是說(shuō)，它不需要人經(jīng)常調(diào)整和看管，也能夠調(diào)節(jié)或控制系統(tǒng)或過(guò)程?，F(xiàn)在人們常說(shuō)‘反饋’是這些新工業(yè)技術(shù)的根本要素，自動(dòng)的自我調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制就是建立在反饋基礎(chǔ)上的，通過(guò)它可以發(fā)現(xiàn)系統(tǒng)與理想狀態(tài)間的任何偏離，并加以測(cè)量，報(bào)告并糾正。大型計(jì)算機(jī)高速進(jìn)行著各種運(yùn)算，當(dāng)‘反饋’被運(yùn)用于該過(guò)程中，計(jì)算機(jī)就會(huì)不斷否決錯(cuò)誤答案，直到找到與輸入的信息相符的正確答案為止，這種機(jī)制與我們以前熟悉的機(jī)器差別很大。

12.單選題

Inthemid-nineteenth,theUnitedStateshadtremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry.Mostoftherawmaterialsthatarevaluableinthemanufactureofmachinery,transportationfacilities,andconsumergoodslayreadytobeworkedintowealth.Iron,coal,andoilthebasicingredientsofindustrialgrowth—wereplentifulandneededonlytheapplicationoftechnicalexpertise,organizationalskill,andlabor.

Onecrucialdevelopmentinthismovementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads.TherailwaynetworkexpandedrapidlyuntiltherailroadmapoftheUnitedStateslookedlikeaspider’sweb,withthesteelfilamentsconnectingallimportantsourcesofrawmaterials,theirplacesofmanufacture,andtheircentersofdistribution.Therailroadscontributedtotheindustrialgrowthnotonlybyconnectingthesemajorcenters,butalsobythemselvesconsumingenormousamountsoffuel,iron,andcoal.

Manyfactorsinfluencedtheemergingmodesofproduction.Forexample,machinetools,thetoolsusedtomakegoods,weresteadilyimprovedinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcentury—alwayswithaneyetospeedierproductionandlowerunitcosts.Theproductsofthefactorieswererapidlyabsorbedbythegrowingcitiesthatshelteredtheworkersandthedistributors.Theincreasedurbanpopulationwasnourishedbytheincreasedfarmproductionthatinturn,wasmademoreproductivebytheuseofthenewfarmmachinery.AmericanagriculturalproductionkeptupwiththeurbandemandandstillhadsurplusesforsaletotheindustrialcentersofEurope.

ThelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailwayswasrecruitedinpartfromAmericanfarmareaswherepeoplewerebeingdisplacedbyfarmmachinery,inpartfromAsia,andinpartfromEurope.EuropenowbegantosendtidesofimmigrantsfromeasternandsouthernEurope—mostofwhomwereoriginallypoorfarmersbutwhosettledinAmericanindustrialcities.ThemoneytofinancethistremendousexpansionoftheAmericaneconomystillcamefromEuropeanfinanciersforthemostpart,buttheAmericanswereapproachingthedaywhentheirexpansioncouldbefinancedintheirown“moneymarket”.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”(Para.2)?

3.Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofUnitedStatesfarmersinthenineteenthcentury?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates.

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters.

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates.

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Toemphasizetherailroad'sconsumptionofoilandcoal.

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Railwayworkers.

B.Farmers.

C.Europeans.

D.Citydwellers.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theylostsomejobsbecauseofmechanization.

B.Theyraisedtheirproductivitybyusingnewmachinery.

C.TheysoldfoodtoEuropeancountries.

D.Theywereunabletoproducesufficientfoodforurbanareas.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?文章主要討論了什么？

A.ThehistoryofrailroadsintheUnitedStates.A.美國(guó)鐵路的歷史。

B.ThemajorUnitedStatesindustrialcenters.B.美國(guó)主要的工業(yè)中心。

C.FactorsthataffectedindustrializationintheUnitedStates.C.影響美國(guó)工業(yè)化的因素。

D.Theroleofagricultureinthenineteenthcentury.D.19世紀(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)的作用。

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】主旨大意題。

【解題思路】第一段講了美國(guó)用以發(fā)展重工業(yè)的自然資源非常豐富（tremendousnaturalresourcesthatcouldbeexploitedinordertodevelopheavyindustry），第二段講到鐵路對(duì)工業(yè)化的重要發(fā)展作用（movementtowardindustrializationwasthegrowthoftherailroads），第三段講到工業(yè)化期間出現(xiàn)了新的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式（emergingmodesofproduction），第四段講到美國(guó)工業(yè)化期間的勞動(dòng)力（Thelaborthatranthefactoriesandbuilttherailways）和資金來(lái)源（Themoneytofinancethistremendousexpansion）。綜上所述，本文以工業(yè)化為中心，闡述了影響工業(yè)化發(fā)展的因素，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)鐵路的歷史”和D選項(xiàng)“19世紀(jì)農(nóng)業(yè)的作用”：是文章的部分內(nèi)容，不足以概括全文，屬于以偏概全；

B選項(xiàng)“美國(guó)主要的工業(yè)中心”：文中沒(méi)有提到具體的工業(yè)中心，屬于無(wú)中生有。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Whydoestheauthormention“aspider’sweb”(Para.2)?作者為什么提到“蜘蛛網(wǎng)”（第二段）？

A.Toemphasizetherailroad'sconsumptionofoilandcoal.A.強(qiáng)調(diào)鐵路對(duì)石油和煤炭的消耗。

B.Todescribethecomplexstructureoftherailwaysystem.B.描述鐵路系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)。

C.Toexplaintheproblemsbroughtonbyrailwayexpansion.C.解釋鐵路擴(kuò)張帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題。

D.Todescribethedifficultiesinvolvedinthedistributionofrawmaterials.D.描述原材料分配的困難。

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中出處提示詞Para.2和信息詞aspider’sweb定位到第二段第二句，該處講到“鐵路網(wǎng)迅速擴(kuò)張（railwaynetworkexpanded），直到（until）美國(guó)的鐵路地圖看起來(lái)像一張蜘蛛網(wǎng)，鐵路網(wǎng)連接著（connecting）所有重要的原材料來(lái)源地、它們的制造地點(diǎn)和配送中心?！?，可知這里的蜘蛛網(wǎng)形容鐵路網(wǎng)，鐵路網(wǎng)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜，連接著各個(gè)地點(diǎn)，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)鐵路對(duì)石油和煤炭的消耗”：對(duì)應(yīng)第二段最后一句“鐵路對(duì)工業(yè)的發(fā)展做出了貢獻(xiàn)（contributedtotheindustrialgrowth），不僅（notonly）因?yàn)樗B接了這些主要的中心，而且（butalso）因?yàn)樗旧硪蚕牧舜罅康娜剂稀㈣F和煤?！?，這里表達(dá)的是鐵路對(duì)工業(yè)發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)，而非被稱為蜘蛛網(wǎng)的原因，屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“解釋鐵路擴(kuò)張帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題”和D選項(xiàng)“描述原材料分配的困難”：文中沒(méi)有提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,whowerethebiggestconsumersofmanufacturedproducts?根據(jù)文章，誰(shuí)是工業(yè)產(chǎn)品的最大消費(fèi)者？

A.Railwayworkers.A.鐵路工人。

B.Farmers.B.農(nóng)民。

C.Europeans.C.歐洲人。

D.Citydwellers.D.城市居民。

【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞manufacturedproducts定位到第三段第三句，該處講到“工廠生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品（Theproductsof