考研考博-英語-成都師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-成都師范學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹(jǐn)慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題

Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme（

）shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。eversince意為“自從”；muchas意為“盡管，雖然”；eventhough意為“即使，縱然”；ifonly意為“只要”。

句意：那個(gè)在借記臺(tái)的年長的圖書管理員答應(yīng)我，只要她記得誰最后借了這本書，就會(huì)把書給我。

2.單選題

Mostnursesarewomen,butinthehigherranksofthemedicalprofessionwomenareina（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.scarcity

B.minority

C.minimum

D.shortage

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞詞義辨析。scarcity“不足，缺乏”；minority“少數(shù)，少數(shù)派”；minimum“最小值”；shortage“不足，缺少”。句意：大部分護(hù)士是女性，但是在更高級別的醫(yī)療職業(yè)中，女性卻只有少數(shù)。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

3.單選題

Thereissupposedtobeasafety______whichmakesitimpossiblefortrainstocollide.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.appliance

B.accessory

C.machine

D.mechanism

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)appliance“器具，器械”，B項(xiàng)accessory“配件，附件”，C項(xiàng)machine“機(jī)械，機(jī)器”，D項(xiàng)mechanism“機(jī)制，原理”。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)名詞作which定語從句的先行詞，在從句中充當(dāng)主語，根據(jù)從句的內(nèi)容“使火車不可能相撞”可推斷，空格處填入mechanism“機(jī)制”符合語境。句意：應(yīng)該有一種安全機(jī)制使火車不可能相撞。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

Inpracticethetheoryoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.decline

B.fluctuate

C.frustrate

D.prosper

【答案】D

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。A選項(xiàng)decline“下降；衰落；謝絕”；B選項(xiàng)fluctuate“波動(dòng)；漲落；動(dòng)搖”；C選項(xiàng)frustrate“失??；受挫”；D選項(xiàng)prosper“繁榮，昌盛；成功”。句意：在實(shí)踐中，這一理論往往使鐵路公司處于決定哪些公司會(huì)興旺發(fā)達(dá)、哪些會(huì)倒閉的位置。結(jié)合此處關(guān)鍵詞fail“衰?。坏归]”，可推測前文的單詞應(yīng)是與之相反的詞，得知D選項(xiàng)正確。

5.問答題

Thesedayswehearalotofnonsenseaboutthegreatclasslesssociety.Theideathatthetwentiethcenturyistheageofthecommonmanhasbecomeoneofthegreatclichesofourtime.Thesameoldargumentsareput(1)inevidence.Herearesomeofthem:monarchyasasystemofgovernmenthasbeencompletelydiscredited.Themonarchiesthatsurvivehavebeendeprived(2)

allpoliticalpower.Inheritedwealthhasbeensavagelyreducedbytaxationand,

(3)

time,thegreatfortuneswilldisappearaltogether.Inanumberofcountriesthevictoryhasbeencomplete.Thepeoplerule;thegreatmillenniumhasbecomeapoliticalreality.Buthasit?Closeexaminationdoesn’tbear

(4)

theclaim.

Itisafallacytosupposethatallmenareequalandthatsocietywillbeleveled

(5)

ifyouprovideeverybodywiththesameeducationalopportunities.(Itisdebatablewhetheryoucaneverprovideeveryonewiththesameeducationalopportunities,butthatisanotherquestion.)Thefactisthatnaturedispensesbrainsandabilitywithatotaldisregardfortheprincipleofequality.Theoldrulesofthejungle,survivalofthefittest,and“mightisright”arestill

(6)

us.Thespreadofeducationhasdestroyedtheoldclasssystemandcreatedanewone.Rewardsarebasedonmerit.For“aristocracy”read“meritocracy”：

(7)

otherrespects,societyremainsunaltered:theclasssystemisrigidlymaintained.

Genuineability,animalcunning,skill,theknackofseizingopportunities,allbringmaterialrewards.Andwhatisthefirstthingpeopledowhentheybecomerich?Theyusetheirwealthtosecurethebestpossibleopportunitiesfortheirchildren,togivethemagoodstartinlife.Forallthelipservicewepay

(8)

theideaofequality,wedonotconsiderthiswronginthewesternworld.Privateschoolswhichofferunfairadvantages

(9)

stateschoolsarenotbannedbecauseoneoftheprinciplesinademocracyisthatpeopleshouldbefreetochoosehowtheywilleducatetheirchildren.Inthisway,thenewmeritocracycanperpetuateitselftoacertainextent:anablechildfromawealthyhomecansucceedfarmorerapidlythanhispoorercounterpart.Wealthisalsousedindiscriminatelytofurtherpoliticalends.Itwouldhealmostimpossibletobecometheleaderofademocracywithoutmassivefinancialbacking.Moneyisaspowerfulaweaponaseveritwas.

Insocietieswhollydedicatedtotheprincipleofsocialequality,privilegedprivateeducationisforbidden.Butevenherepeoplearerewardedaccordingtotheirabilities.Infact,sogreatistheneedforskilledworkerthattheleastablemaybeneglected.Brightchildrenarecarefullyandexpensivelytrainedtobecomefuturerulers.Intheend,allpoliticalideologiesboil

(10)

tothesamething:classdivisionspersistwhetheryouareruledbyafeudalkingoraneducatedpeasant.

Fillineachblankinthearticlewithanappropriateprepositionoradverb(介詞或副詞).

Readthearticlecarefullyandexplainthemeaningofthewordsaccordingtothecontext.

cliche(inparagraphI)

discredit(inparagraph1)

savagely(inparagraph1)

fallacy(inparagraph2)

dispense(inparagraph2)

rigidly(inparagraph2)

cunning(inparagraph3)

perpetuate(inparagraph3)

indiscriminately(inparagraph3)

dedicated(inparagraph4)

【答案】1.考查副詞搭配。由前面的arguments，根據(jù)語義可知爭論是被提出，putforward意為“提出”。

試題答案：forward

2.考查介詞搭配。bedeprivedof意為“被剝奪”，此句意為：存活下來的君主制已經(jīng)被剝奪了一切政治權(quán)利。

試題答案：of

3.考查介詞搭配。此處前句意為“繼承的財(cái)富因稅收而被強(qiáng)制減少”，后句意為“巨大的財(cái)富將全部消失”，intime意為“最終，遲早”。

試題答案：in

4.考查介詞搭配。此處表示examination（調(diào)查）與claim（聲稱）之間的關(guān)系，根據(jù)語義，此句意為“密切調(diào)查不支持這種聲明”。bearout意為“證明，證實(shí)，支持”。

試題答案：out

5.考查介詞搭配。根據(jù)后面的if從句，如果給每個(gè)人提供平等的教育機(jī)會(huì)，那么所有人都是平等的，社會(huì)也會(huì)達(dá)到平衡，這種假設(shè)是一種謬論。levelout意為“達(dá)到平衡”。

試題答案：out

6.考查介詞搭配。此句意為：叢林的舊法則，適者生存，強(qiáng)權(quán)即公理仍然伴隨我們。with意為“和……在一起”。

試題答案：with

7.考查介詞搭配。inotheraspect意為“在其他方面”。

試題答案：in

8.考查介詞搭配。payto意為“為……付出代價(jià)”，此處表示我們?yōu)槠降扔^念所付出的口頭功夫。

試題答案：to

9.考查介詞搭配。此處表示私立學(xué)校比公立學(xué)校能夠提供不公平的優(yōu)勢，over意為“超過，越過”

試題答案：over

10.考查介詞搭配。此句表示所有的政治意識(shí)形態(tài)都?xì)w于同一件事情。boildownto意為“歸結(jié)為……”。

試題答案：down

1.試題答案：陳詞濫調(diào)

2.試題答案：喪失信譽(yù)

3.試題答案：野蠻地，殘忍地

4.試題答案：謬論，謬見

5.試題答案：分配

6.試題答案：嚴(yán)格地

7.試題答案：狡猾的

8.試題答案：持續(xù)

9.試題答案：不加選擇地，隨意地

10.試題答案：專注的，投入的

6.單選題

Theincident（）pressinterest.Reportersfromseveralnewspaperscametointerviewhim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.purchased

B.produced

C.provoked

D.processed

【答案】C

【解析】句意:這個(gè)事件引起了新聞界的興趣。數(shù)家報(bào)社的記者前來采訪他。

考查動(dòng)詞辨析。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為對應(yīng)動(dòng)詞的過去式。Purchase購買,贏得;produce生產(chǎn);制造;生長;provoke激怒,煽動(dòng),引起;process加工,處理;審閱,審核。故C符合句意。

7.單選題

Thesceneissobeautifulthatit（

）mypowerofdescription.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ascends

B.descends

C.transcends

D.overtakes

【答案】C

【解析】動(dòng)詞辨析題。A選項(xiàng)ascend“攀登，上升”；B選項(xiàng)descend“下降”；C選項(xiàng)transcend“勝過，超越”；D選項(xiàng)overtake“趕上，壓倒”。句意：這景色太美了，我無法形容。也就是超出了描述的能力，所以選項(xiàng)C符合句意。

8.單選題

Generallyspeaking,matterswhichlieentirelywithinstatebordersarethe

concernofstategovernments.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.excessive

B.unique

C.exclusive

D.inclusive

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。Excessive“過多的，極度的”；unique“獨(dú)特的”；exclusive“獨(dú)有的；排外的”；inclusive“包含的，包括的”。句意：一般來說，州內(nèi)事務(wù)應(yīng)該是州政府關(guān)心的事。選項(xiàng)C符合題意。

9.單選題

LatinoyouthsneedbettereducationforArizonatotakefulladvantageofthepossibilitiestheirexplodingpopulationoffers.Arizona'sfast-growingLatinopopulationoffersthestatetremendouspromiseandachallenge.Evenmorethantheagingofthebabyboomers,theLatinoboomisfundamentallyreorientingtheslate'seconomicandsocialstructure.

Immigrationandnaturalincreasehaveadded600,000youngLatinoresidentstothestate'spopulationinthepastdecade.Halfofthepopulationyoungerthan18inbothPhoenixandTucsonisnowLatino.Within20years,Latinowillmakeuphalfofthehomegrownentry-levellaborpoolinthestate'stwolargestlabormarkets.

Whatismore,Hispanicsarebecomingkeyeconomicplayers.Mostpeopledon’tnoticeit,butLatinosborninArizonamakeupmuchoftheirimmigrantparents'economicandeducationaldeficits.Forexample;second-generationMexican-Americanssecureanaverageof12gradesofschoolingwheretheirparentsobtainedlessthannine.Thatmeanstheyerase70percentoftheirparents'lagbehindthird-generationnon-HispanicWhitesinasinglegeneration.

Allofthishandsthestateagoldenopportunity.Atatimewhenmanystateswillstrugglewithlaborshortagesbecauseofmodestpopulationgrowth,Arizonahasapricelesschancetobuildapopulous;hardworkingandskilledworkforceonwhichtobasefutureprosperity.TheproblemisthatArizonaanditsLatinoresidentsmaynotbeabletoseizethisopportunity.FartoomanyofArizona'sLatinosdropoutofhighschoolorfailtoobtainthebasiceducationneededformoreadvancedstudy.Asaresult,educationaldeficitsareholdingbackmanyLatinos—andthestateaswell.Tobesure,constructionandlow-endjobscontinuetoabsorbtensofthousandsofLatinoimmigrantswithlittleformaleducation.Butoverthelongterm,mostofArizona'sLatinocitizensremainill-preparedtoprosperinanincreasinglydemandingknowledgeeconomy.

Forthisreason,theeducationalupliftofArizona'shugeLatinopopulationmustmovetothecenterofthestate'sagenda.Afterall,theeducationdeficitsofArizona'sLatinopopulationwillseverelycrampthefortunesofhardworkingpeopleiftheygounaddressedandcouldwellundercutthestate'sabilitytocompeteintheneweconomy.Attheentrylevel,slowergrowthratesmaycreatemorecompetitionforlow-skilljobs,displacingLatinosfromasignificantmeansofsupport.Atthehigherend,shortagesofLatinoseducationallyreadytomoveupwillmakeitmuchharderforknowledge-basedcompaniestostaffhigh-skillpositions.

1.TheLatinopopulationischangingArizona's（

）.

2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?

3."Educationaldeficits"(Line6,Para4)mostprobablymeansthat

（

）.

4.Accordingtotheauthor,Arizonashouldgivehighestpriorityto（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.agingproblem

B.educationalsystem

C.economicstructure

D.financialdeficits

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.TheLatinopopulationinArizonaismadeupofHispanicsandMexican-Americans.

B.Thefirst-generationLatinosareimmigrantsinsteadofbeingborninAmerica.

C.70percentofthefirst-generationLatinoshadlessschoolingthannineyears.

D.Theeducationalsystemusedtobeinfavorofthenon-HispanicWhites.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.thestatedidnotputmuchmoneyintoeducation

B.manyLatinosaretoopoortoobtaineducation

C.educationisnotaprofitableenterprise

D.manyLatinosarenotwell-educated

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.controllingtheLatinopopulation

B.enhancingtheeducationalleveloftheLatinopopulation

C.improvingtheknowledge-basedeconomy

D.buildingtheLatinopopulationintohardworkingandskilledworkforce

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

【解析】第1題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由第一段中“Evenmorethantheagingofthebabyboomers,theLatinoboomisfundamentallyreorientingthestate’seconomicandsocialstructure.與嬰兒潮一代的老齡化相比，拉美裔的繁榮從根本上改變了該州的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)正確，答案C

第2題:推理判斷題。第三段中“Mostpeopledon’tnoticeit,butLatinosborninArizonamakeupmuchoftheirimmigrantparents’economicandeducationaldeficits.Forexample,second-generationMexican-Americanssecureanaverageof12gradesofschoolingwheretheirparentsobtainedlessthannine.大多數(shù)人都沒有注意到，但是出生在亞利桑那州的拉丁裔美國人彌補(bǔ)了他們移民父母的經(jīng)濟(jì)和教育赤字。例如，第二代墨西哥裔美國人平均接受了12年的教育，而他們的父母只接受了不到9年的教育?！庇伞癷mmigrantparents移民父母”以及后面的例子內(nèi)容可知第一代拉丁裔美國人是移民，而非出生在美國，故B項(xiàng)正確。其他三項(xiàng)文中均未提及。

第3題:詞義題。由“FartoomanyofArizona’sLatinosdropoutofhighschoolorfailtoobtainthebasiceducationneededformoreadvancedstudy.Asaresult,educationaldeficitsareholdingbackmanyLatinos—andthestateaswell.亞利桑那州有太多的拉丁裔人從高中輟學(xué)，或未能獲得更高級學(xué)習(xí)所需的基礎(chǔ)教育。結(jié)果，教育赤字阻礙了許多拉美人的發(fā)展，也阻礙了國家的發(fā)展?！盇saresult表示結(jié)果，前一句提到了原因，前后句為因果關(guān)系。故“教育赤字”是指上文所提到的“很多拉丁裔人沒有接受很好的教育”。答案D

第4題:細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。由最后一段中“Forthisreason,theeducationalupliftofArizona’shugeLatinopopulationmustmovetothecenterofthestate’sagenda.由于這個(gè)原因，亞利桑那州龐大的拉丁裔人口的教育提升必須提到該州議程的中心位置?？芍狟項(xiàng)正確。

10.翻譯題

TranslatethefollowingtextintoEnglish.WriteyourtranslationonANSWERSHEET.

當(dāng)我們進(jìn)入數(shù)碼物件的電子時(shí)代時(shí)，最重要的是要意識(shí)到新技術(shù)已經(jīng)給我們這個(gè)社會(huì)帶來了很多挑戰(zhàn)，其中之一就是如何在這個(gè)電子時(shí)代保存好歷史檔案記錄。更重要的是我們要知道，我們正在步入這樣一個(gè)時(shí)代：即我們今天所熟知的很多東西以及用電子方式編碼和寫入的很多東西將會(huì)永久丟失。其中一個(gè)例子就是遍布世界各地政府和大學(xué)的很多數(shù)據(jù)集由于技術(shù)的變化而被淘汰了，而且這些數(shù)據(jù)將來要么丟失，要么需要采取髙昂的“營救”措施來挽救它們。在我看來，我們正生活在一個(gè)數(shù)碼黑暗時(shí)代。因此，圖書和檔案管理員肩挑的責(zé)任就是要恪守我們這個(gè)時(shí)代崇尚歷史和出版遺產(chǎn)的傳統(tǒng)。

【答案】Asweentertheelectronicageofdigitalobjects,themostsignificantthingistorecognizethatnewtechnologieshavebroughtmanychallengestooursociety.Oneofthemishowtopreservehistoricalrecordsinthiselectronicage.Moreimportantly,wearemovingintoanerainwhichmuchofwhatweknowtoday,andmuchofwhatisencodedandwrittenelectronically,willbelostforever.Oneexampleisthatmanydatasetsfromgovernmentsanduniversitiesaroundtheworldareobsoletedduetochangesintechnology,andthatdatawilleitherbelostinthefutureorwillrequirecostly“rescue”measurestosaveit.Inmyopinion,wearelivinginadigitaldarkage.Therefore,theresponsibilityoflibrariansandarchivistsistoscrupulouslyabidebythehistoricalandpublishingheritageweupholdinourtime.

11.單選題

Thegoalistousecrops,weedsandevenanimalwaste________thepetroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.intermsof

B.infavorof

C.inspiteof

D.inplaceof

【答案】D

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)intermsof“在……方面，就……而言”；B選項(xiàng)infavorof“贊成”；C選項(xiàng)inspiteof“不管，盡管”；D選項(xiàng)inplaceof“取代，代替”。句意：這個(gè)目標(biāo)是用莊稼，野草甚至是動(dòng)物排泄物來（）為絕大多數(shù)美國人生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)提供動(dòng)力的石油。人們使用莊稼等有機(jī)物很明顯是為了取代石油這種化學(xué)物來充當(dāng)燃料的，所以答案選D。

12.單選題

Weallknowthatthenormalhumandailycycleofactivityisofsome7to8hours’sleepalternationwithsome16to17hour’swakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.Ourpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthiscyclecanbemodified.

Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines.Itnormally,takesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek;apersonmayworkfrom12midnightto8a.m.oneweek,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12midnightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutinethanhehastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingveryefficiently.

Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers.Aninterestingstudyofthedomesticlifeandhealthofnight-shiftworkerswascarriedoutbyBrownin1957.Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork.

Thislattersystemthenappearstobethebestlong-termpolicy,butmeanwhilesomethingmaybedonetorelievethestrainsofalternatedayandnightworkbyselectingthosepeoplewhocanadaptmostquicklytothechangesofroutine.Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight;whentheychangetonightworkthepatternwillonlygraduallygobacktomatchthenewroutineandthespeedwithwhichitdoessoparallels,broadlyspeaking,theadaptationofthebodyasawhole,particularlyintermsofperformance.Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection.Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice.

1.Whyisthequestionof“howeasilypeoplecangetusedtoworkingatnight”notamereacademicquestion?

2.Themainproblemoftheround-the-clockworkingsystemliesin（

）.

3.Thebestsolutionforimplementingthe24-liourworkingsystemseemstobe

（

）.

4.Itispossibletofindoutifapersonhasadaptedtothechangesofroutinebymeasuringhisbodytemperaturebecause

（

）.

5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUE?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Becausefewpeopleliketoreversethecycleofsleepandwakefulness.

B.Becausesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursofdarkness.

C.Becausepeoplearerequiredtoworkatnightinsomefieldsofindustry.

D.Becauseshiftworkinindustryrequirespeopletochangetheirsleeping.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.theinconveniencesbroughtabouttotheworkersbytheintroductionofautomation

B.thedisturbanceofthedailylifecycleofworkerswhohavetochangeshiftstoofrequent

C.thefactthatpeopleworkingatnightareoftenlesseffective

D.thefactthatitisdifficulttofindanumberofgoodnightworkers

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.tochangeshiftsatlongerintervals

B.tohavelongershift

C.toarrangeforsomepeopletoworkonnightshiftsonly

D.tocreatebetterlivingconditionsfornightworkers

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.bodytemperaturechangeswhenthecycleofsleepandwakefulnessalternates

B.bodytemperaturechangeswhenhechangestonightshiftorback

C.thetemperaturereverseswhentheroutineischanged

D.peoplehavehighertemperatureswhentheyareworkingefficiently

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Bodytemperaturemayserveasanindicationofaworker'sperformance.

B.Theselectionofanumberofpermanentnightshiftworkersprovedtobethebestsolutiontoproblemsoftheround-the-clockworkingsystem.

C.Takingbodytemperatureatregularintervalscanshowhowapersonadaptstothechangesofroutine.

D.Disturbedsleepoccurslessfrequentlyamongthoseonpermanentnightordayshifts.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

第5題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Thequestionisnomereacademicone.Thecase,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhereautomationcallsforround-the-clockworkingofmachines(這已經(jīng)不是一個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)的問題。例如，在需要機(jī)器24小時(shí)連續(xù)工作的自動(dòng)化操作的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，需要人們從白天工作變?yōu)橥砩瞎ぷ鞯膯栴}變得越來越重要了)。故選C“因?yàn)橐恍┕I(yè)領(lǐng)域要求上夜班”。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第二段指出:Itnormally,takesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoareversedroutineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight(通常一個(gè)人需要五天至一周的時(shí)間來適應(yīng)與常規(guī)生活顛倒的睡眠吋間和猜醒時(shí)間，即白天睡覺，晚上工作)以及Unfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek(不幸的是，在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，工作班次每星期都變換的事經(jīng)常發(fā)生)。故選B“頻繁更換工作吋間的工人的日常生活周期被打亂”。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第三段第一句指出:Theonlyrealsolutionappearstobetohandoverthenightshifttoanumberofpermanentnightworkers(看來，唯一真正可以解決問題的方法就是將晚班交給一些長期上夜班的工人)。故選C“安排一些人只上夜班”。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。第四段指出:Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight(白天正常工作的人，在其清醒的時(shí)間內(nèi)，體溫通常都比較高，但是在夜晚則比較低)。因此選D“人在工作效率高吋，休溫都比較高”。

5.判斷推理題。根據(jù)第四段...itcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine,andthiscouldbeusedasabasisforselection(可以了解到個(gè)人是如何快速適應(yīng)正常時(shí)間的顛倒，同時(shí)也可成為篩選的基礎(chǔ))以及Sofar,however,suchaformofselectiondoesnotseemtohavebeenappliedinpractice(然而，到目前為止，這種形式的篩選似乎并沒有在實(shí)踐中得到應(yīng)用)可知選擇永久的夜間值班者僅僅是一種基礎(chǔ)的方法，但不是最佳的方法，故選項(xiàng)B錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)最后一段Onewayofknowingwhenapersonhasadaptedisbymeasuringhisbodytemperature.Peopleengagedinnormaldaytimeworkwillhaveahightemperatureduringthehoursofwakefulnessandalowoneatnight(了解一個(gè)人何時(shí)適應(yīng)的一種方法是測量他的體溫。白天正常工作的人在清醒的時(shí)候會(huì)有高溫，晚上會(huì)有低溫)可知選項(xiàng)A“體溫可以作為衡量工人工作的一個(gè)指標(biāo)”正確。根據(jù)最后一段Therefore,bytakingbodytemperatureatintervalsoftwohoursthroughouttheperiodofwakefulnessitcanbeseenhowquicklyapersoncanadapttoareversedroutine(因此，在清醒期間每隔兩小時(shí)測量一次體溫，可以看出一個(gè)人能多快地適應(yīng)一個(gè)顛倒的習(xí)慣)可知選項(xiàng)C“每隔一段吋間測量體溫，可以顯示個(gè)人是如何適應(yīng)常規(guī)變化”正確。根據(jù)第三段Shefoundahighincidenceofdisturbedsleepandotherdisordersamongthoseonalternatingdayandnightshifts,butnoabnormaloccurrenceofthesephenomenaamongthoseonpermanentnightwork(她發(fā)現(xiàn)在日班和夜班交替的人中，睡眠障礙和其他障礙的發(fā)生率很高，但在長期夜班的人中，這些現(xiàn)象沒有異常發(fā)生)可知選項(xiàng)D“長期上夜班的或上長白班的人很少出現(xiàn)睡眠被打亂的現(xiàn)象”正確。

13.單選題

Theperiodofadolescence,i.e.theperiodbetweenchildhoodandadulthood,maybelongorshort,dependingonsocialexpectationsandonsociety’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood.Inprimitivesocietiesadolescenceisfrequentlyarelativelyshortperiodoftime,whileinindustrialsocietieswithpatternsofprolongededucationcoupledwithlawsagainstchildlabor,theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerandmayincludemostoftheseconddecadeofone’slife.Furthermore,thelengthoftheadolescentperiodandthedefinitionofadulthoodstatusmaychangeinagivensocietyassocialandeconomicconditionschange.ExamplesofthistypeofchangearethedisappearanceofthefrontierinthelatterpartofthenineteenthcenturyintheUnitedStates,andmoreuniversally,theindustrializationofanagriculturalsociety.

Inmodernsociety,ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceandtherenolongerisagreementastowhatconstitutesinitiationceremonies.Socialoneshavebeenreplacedbyasequenceofstepsthatleadtoincreasedrecognitionandsocialstatus.Forexample,gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduationconstitutesuchasequence,andwhileeachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition,thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatusandtheeducationalambitionoftheindividual.Ceremoniesforadolescencehavealsobeenreplacedbylegaldefinitionsofstatusroles,rights,privilegesandresponsibilities.Itisduringthenineyearsfromthetwelfthbirthdaytothetwenty-firstthattheprotectiveandrestrictiveaspectsofchildhoodandminorstatusareremovedandadultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted.Thetwelve-year-oldisnolongerconsideredachildandhastopayfullfarefortrain,airplane,theaterandmovietickets.Basically,theindividualatthisageloseschildhoodprivilegeswithoutgainingsignificantadultrights.Attheageofsixteentheadolescentisgrantedcertainadultrightswhichincreaseshissocialstatusbyprovidinghimwithmorefreedomandchoices.Henowcanobtainadriver’slicense.Hecanleavepublicschools;andhecanworkwithouttherestrictionsofchildlaborlaws.Attheageofeighteenthelawprovidesadultresponsibilitiesaswellasrights;theyoungmancannowbeasoldier,buthealsocanmarrywithoutparentalpermission.Attheageoftwenty-onetheindividualobtainshisfulllegalrightsasanadult.Henowcanvote,hecanbuyliquor,hecanenterintofinancialcontracts,andheisentitledtorunforpublicoffice.Noneoftheselegalprovisionsdetermineatwhatpointadulthoodhasbeenreachedbuttheydopointtotheprolongedperiodofadolescence.

1.Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.

2.Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto________.

3.Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis________.

4.Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat________.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschanged

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredeveloped

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremade

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificance

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.socialrecognition

B.graduationsfromschoolsandcolleges

C.socio-economicstatus

D.certainbehavioralchanges

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.elevenyearsold

B.sixteenyearsold

C.twenty-oneyearsold

D.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsold

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmy

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-one

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense

D.inthelate19thcenturyintheUnitedStatesthedividinglinebetweenadolescenceandadulthoodnolongerexisted

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:D

【解析】第1題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Theperiodofadolescenceismuchlongerinindustrialsocietiesbecause________.在工業(yè)社會(huì)，青春期要長得多，因?yàn)開_______。

A.thedefinitionofmaturityhaschangedA.對成熟的定義已經(jīng)改變

B.theindustrializedsocietyismoredevelopedB.工業(yè)化社會(huì)更加發(fā)達(dá)

C.moreeducationisprovidedandlawsagainstchildlaboraremadeC.加強(qiáng)了教育，制定了禁止童工的法律

D.ceremoniesforadolescencehavelosttheirformalrecognitionandsymbolicsignificanceD.關(guān)于青春期的儀式已經(jīng)失去了正式的認(rèn)可和象征意義

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞longerinindustrialsocieties定位到第一段第二句，該處講到“在工業(yè)社會(huì)，教育時(shí)間延長（prolongededucation），加上禁止童工的法律（lawsagainstchildlabor），青春期要長得多?！?，可知在工業(yè)社會(huì)，青春期時(shí)間變長的原因是受到教育和法律的影響，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“對成熟的定義已經(jīng)改變”：對應(yīng)第一段第一句“青春期可長可短，這取決于社會(huì)的期望和社會(huì)對成熟和成年的定義（society’sdefinitionastowhatconstitutesmaturityandadulthood）。”，這不是在解釋工業(yè)社會(huì)中青春期變長的原因，只是在講普遍情況下影響青春期長短的因素，屬于偷換概念；

B選項(xiàng)“工業(yè)化社會(huì)更加發(fā)達(dá)”：對應(yīng)第一段第三句“在特定的社會(huì)中（inagivensociety），隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)條件的變化（socialandeconomicconditionschange），青春期的長度和成年的定義可能會(huì)發(fā)生變化。”，這里沒有點(diǎn)出工業(yè)化社會(huì)和青春期長度的具體因果關(guān)系，只是在泛泛而談，屬于曲解原文；

D選項(xiàng)“青春期的儀式已經(jīng)失去了正式的認(rèn)可和象征意義”：對應(yīng)第二段第一句“在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)，青少年的儀式已經(jīng)失去了正式的認(rèn)可和象征意義?！保@里講的是一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，不是原因，屬于偷換概念。

第2題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Formersocialceremoniesthatusedtomarkadolescencehavegivenplaceto________.過去用來紀(jì)念青春期的社交儀式已經(jīng)被________所取代。

A.socialrecognitionA.社會(huì)認(rèn)可

B.graduationsfromschoolsandcollegesB.中小學(xué)和大學(xué)的畢業(yè)

C.socio-economicstatusC.社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位

D.certainbehavioralchangesD.某些行為變化

【答案】B

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞givenplaceto定位到第二段第二、三句，該處講到“社會(huì)行為（Socialones）已經(jīng)被一系列的步驟（steps）所取代……例如，小學(xué)、高中和大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮（gradeschoolgraduation,highschoolgraduationandcollegegraduation）就構(gòu)成了這樣一個(gè)序列?！保芍瓣P(guān)于青春期的儀式被中小學(xué)和大學(xué)的畢業(yè)所代替，因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)認(rèn)可”和D選項(xiàng)“某些行為變化”：對應(yīng)第二段第三句“小學(xué)畢業(yè)、高中畢業(yè)和大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮就構(gòu)成了這樣一個(gè)序列，每個(gè)步驟都意味著一定的行為變化和社會(huì)認(rèn)可（eachstepimpliescertainbehavioralchangesandsocialrecognition）?！保@些行為變化和社會(huì)認(rèn)可是畢業(yè)典禮所代表的意義，畢業(yè)典禮才是取代青春期儀式的對象，屬于偷換概念；

C選項(xiàng)“社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位”：對應(yīng)第二段第三句“小學(xué)畢業(yè)、高中畢業(yè)和大學(xué)畢業(yè)典禮就構(gòu)成了這樣一個(gè)序列，每個(gè)步驟的意義取決于個(gè)人的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位和教育抱負(fù)（thesignificanceofeachdependsonthesocio-economicstatus）。”，是這些畢業(yè)典禮取代了青春期的儀式，而這些典禮的意義取決于個(gè)人的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位，而不是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位取代青春期的儀式，屬于偷換概念。

第3題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Noonecanexpecttofullyenjoytheadulthoodprivilegesuntilheis________.沒有人能指望完全享受成年特權(quán)，直到他________。

A.elevenyearsoldA.11歲

B.sixteenyearsoldB.16歲

C.twenty-oneyearsoldC.21歲

D.betweentwelveandtwenty-oneyearsoldD.在12到21歲之間

【答案】C

【考查點(diǎn)】事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。

【解題思路】根據(jù)題干中信息詞adulthoodprivileges定位到文章倒數(shù)第三句，該處講到“21歲成年了，就獲得了作為成年人的全部法律權(quán)利（fulllegalrightsasanadult）?！保芍?guī)定的成年時(shí)間為21歲，因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

【干擾項(xiàng)排除】

A選項(xiàng)“11歲”：文中沒有提到11歲時(shí)的情況，屬于無中生有；

B選項(xiàng)“16歲”：對應(yīng)第二段第八句“在16歲的時(shí)候（Attheageofsixteen），青少年被授予某些成年人的權(quán)利（certainadultrights）。”，可知這時(shí)還不能享受全部成年人的特權(quán)，屬于反向干擾；

D選項(xiàng)“在12到21歲之間”：對應(yīng)第二段第五句“正是在從12歲到21歲的9年時(shí)間里，兒童和未成年地位的保護(hù)和限制方面被取消，成人的特權(quán)和責(zé)任被給予（adultprivilegesandresponsibilitiesaregranted）?！保@時(shí)還只是得到部分成人的權(quán)利，不能全部享受成年人權(quán)利，屬于反向干擾。

第4題:【選項(xiàng)釋義】

Accordingtothepassage,itistruethat________.根據(jù)文章，________。

A.oneisnotfreefromtherestrictionsofchildlaborlawsuntilhecanjointhearmyA.在參軍之前，依然受童工法的限制

B.noonecanmarrywithoutthepermissionofhisparentsuntiltheageoftwenty-oneB.在21歲之前，沒有父母的允許，任何人都不能結(jié)婚

C.oneisconsideredtohavereachedadulthoodwhenhehasadriver’slicense