考研考博-英語-山東現(xiàn)代學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解3

書山有路勤為徑，學海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-山東現(xiàn)代學院考試押題三合一+答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請謹慎購買！第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點押密(共120題)1.翻譯題

侵略行為似乎與許多生物結構和化學物質有關，如大腦中的下丘腦(hypothalamus)。很多動物在受到特定刺激時會表現(xiàn)出本能的侵略反應。下丘腦似乎與動物的這種本能反應有關：對許多動物的下丘腦中部分區(qū)域進行電激，會引發(fā)這一些它們的常見侵略行為。然而，人類的大腦要復雜的多，大腦的其他結構似乎可以抑制這種本性。社會生物學是生物學方法的一個分支，該理論認為侵略性對于人類而言是天生并且必要的。社會生物學認為，包括侵略行為在內的許多社會行為都是由遺傳決定的。根據(jù)達爾文的進化論，他認為，個體存在的數(shù)量遠遠超過那些可以找到食物并且活到成年的個體數(shù)量。個體之間開始進行生存競爭，那些擁有競爭優(yōu)勢的個體更容易存活，并且會將它們有利于生存競爭的基因遺傳給下一代。大部分物種所具有的競爭優(yōu)勢特質之一就是好斗性。擁有侵略特質的個體更容易存活和繁殖，因此，與侵略行為相關的各種基因遺傳給下一代的可能性更大。該理論在眾多方面遭到質疑，其一，人類擁有其他物種不具備的能力，這種并非侵略性質的能力才是人類生存下來的主要原因。其二，人類身上存在太多的變數(shù)，因此，我們無法相信人類會被侵略沖動主導或者支配。

【答案】Numerousbiologicalstructuresandchemicalsappeartobeinvolvedinaggression.Oneisthehypothalamus,aregionofthebrain.Inresponsetocertainstimuli,manyanimalsshowinstinctiveaggressivereactions.Thehypothalamusappearstobeinvolvedinthisinbornreactionpattern:electricalstimulationofpartofthehypothalamustriggersstereotypicalaggressivebehaviorsinmanyanimals.Inpeople,however,whosebrainsaremorecomplex,otherbrainstructuresapparentlymoderatepossibleinstincts.Anoffshootofthebiologicalapproachcalledsociobiologysuggeststhataggressionisnaturalandevendesirableforpeople.Sociobiologyviewsmuchsocialbehavior,includingaggressivebehavior,asgeneticallydetermined.ConsiderDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Darwinheldthatmanymoreindividualsareproducedthanthosecanfindfoodandsurviveintoadulthood.Astruggleforsurvivalfollows.Thoseindividualswhopossesscharacteristicsthatprovidethemwithanadvantageinthestruggleforexistencearemorelikelytosurviveandcontributetheirgenestothenextgeneration.Inmanyspecies,suchcharacteristicsincludeaggressiveness.Becauseaggressiveindividualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,whatevergenesarelinkedtoaggressivebehavioraremorelikelytobetransmittedtosubsequentgenerations.：Thesociobiologyviewhasbeenattackedonnumerousgrounds.Oneisthatpeople'scapacitytooutwitotherspecies,nottheiraggressiveness,appearstobethedominantfactorinhumansurvival.Anotheristhatthereistoomuchvariationamongpeopletobelievethattheyaredominatedby,oratthemercyof,aggressiveimpulses.

2.單選題

Knowingthathewaspromoted,Jasoncouldhardlybe（）onthephone.

問題1選項

A.adherent

B.adhesive

C.coherent

D.inherent

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。A選項adherent“附著的；黏著的”；B選項adhesive“黏著的；帶黏性的”；C選項coherent“連貫的；清晰的；條理清楚的”；D選項inherent“固有的；內在的；與生俱來的，遺傳的”。句意：在得知自己升職后，杰森在電話里幾乎不能條理清楚地講話。根據(jù)句意，C選項正確。

3.單選題

Thecaptainperformshisdutieswithgreat_______andallthecrewbelievedthattheycangetoverthestorm.

問題1選項

A.affection

B.suspicion

C.assurance

D.definition

【答案】C

【解析】affection喜愛,影響;suspicion懷疑;assurance確信,斷言,withassurance指有把握地,自信地;definition定義。句意：船長信心十足地履行著他的職責，所有的船員都相信他們能夠戰(zhàn)勝暴風雨。選項C符合句意。

4.寫作題

Inthecurrentjobmarket,universitygraduatesarehavingahardtimefindingjobswhilemanyemployersarecomplainingabouttheshortageofworkhands.Writeanessayofnolessthan200wordsanalyzingthephenomenon.YouressayshouldbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2.

【答案】WhyAreUniversityGraduatesHavingaHardTimeFindingJobs?5.單選題

Thestoryistoldthatinthe,medievalUniversityofParistheprofessorsweredisputingaboutthenumberofteethinahorse’smouth.Theyagreedthatthenumbercouldnotbeamultipleofthree,forthatwouldbeanoffensetotheTrinity;norcoulditbeamultipleaseven.NeithertherecordsofAristotlenortheargumentsofStThomasenabledthemtosolvetheproblem.Thenashockingthinghappened.Astudentwhohadbeenlisteningthediscussionwentout,openedahorsedmouthandcountedtheteeth.

Iwanttodrawtwoconclusionsfromthisparable.Thefirstisthatourpresentperplexitiesaboutuniversitiesderivefromtheactofthismedievalstudent.Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.Hisactintroducedresearchintotheuniversity.Afterthehorse'smouthwasopenedknowledgebecameanopensystem.Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal.Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom.Tostayoutsidethecorpusacademicismsetbookseventointerprettheminnovelwayswastocourtheresy.Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.Itwasatcertainperiodsnoteveninterestedinknowledgeforitsownsake.Manyscholarspursuedknowledge.Ifnorforprefermentthenasameansofspiritualandintellectualhealth,justasamanplays,golfnotforthesakeofgolfbuttokeepdownweight.

Iwanttofollowthesetwolinesofthoughtbyraisingthreequestion.Thefirstiswhatdowewanttoperpetuatefromtheuniversity'slongtradition?What,inotherwords,isthecontentofourloyaltytotheuniversityideal?Secondlywhatobligationsdoestheuniversityhave—_whatloyaltiesoughtittofoster—towardscontemporarysociety?Andthirdly,whataretheprospectsthatthesetwoloyalties—onetoatraditionaluniversityidealtheothertothesocietyinwhichwelivecanbereconciled?

1.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（

）.

2.Theauthorusestheparabletoshowthat（

）.

3.Thepassagestatesthat（

）.

4.Theauthorwouldprobablyagreewith（

）.

5.Theword“novel”inparagraph2isasynonymto（

）.

6.Itcouldbeinferredthattheauthormentionsallthefollowingexcept（

）.

問題1選項

A.themostimportantfunctionofauniversity

B.thedifferencesbetweenmodernandmedievaluniversities

C.thecontentoftheuniversityideal

D.theauthor'sopiniononeducation

問題2選項

A.scientificresearchshouldbebasedonfact

B.thetraditionaluniversityidealisacceptable

C.oneshouldalwaysobserveanimalscarefully

D.onemustlistencarefullytowhatotherssay

問題3選項

A.Therelationshipbetweenteacherandstudentisverysimple

B.Manyscholarspursueknowledgeforspiritualandintellectualhealth

C.Therealizationoftheuniversityidealdependsonseveralimportantfactors

D.Theuniversity'slongtraditionalispreferredbymanyscholars

問題4選項

A.Theoriesmustbecombinedwithpractice.

B.Scienceisnotrelatedtoimaginations

C.Theteachingenvironmentisthemostimportantinachievingtheuniversityideal

D.Themedievaluniversityhadlittlemerits.

問題5選項

A.clever

B.brave

C.new

D.interesting

問題6選項

A.thetraditionalteachingmethods

B.objectiveinquiry

C.thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife

D.revoltagainstauthority

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:B

第3題:C

第4題:C

第5題:C

第6題:A

【解析】1.主旨大意題。作者通過寓言引出傳統(tǒng)教育理念，并對此做出兩個結論：第一，我們目前對大學的困惑源于這位中世紀學生的行為，即客觀探究、反抗權威等；第二，對傳統(tǒng)大學理念要三思后再考慮踐行。最后，作者提出三個疑問，一是我們應該延續(xù)傳統(tǒng)大學的什么內容？大學有什么義務？這兩種忠誠（一種是對傳統(tǒng)大學理想的忠誠，另一種是對社會的忠誠）的前景是什么？這些內容都是和教育有關，因此答案為D選項“作者對教育的看法”。

2.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Iwanttodrawtwoconclusionsfromthisparable.”，中文翻譯為我想從這個寓言中得出兩個結論。以及后文“Thefirstisthatourpresentperplexitiesaboutuniversitiesderivefromtheactofthismedievalstudent.Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.Hisactintroducedresearchintotheuniversity.”，中文翻譯為：第一，我們現(xiàn)在對大學的困惑源于這個中世紀學生的行為。他象征著客觀探究的開始、對權威的反抗、經(jīng)驗主義的態(tài)度、學術研究與生活事實的聯(lián)系。他的行為把研究引入了大學。和“Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal…”，中文翻譯為：第二個結論是，在我們對傳統(tǒng)的大學理想產生懷舊情緒之前，我們必須三思而后行?？梢缘弥狟選項“傳統(tǒng)大學教育理想是可以接受的”符合題意。

3.推理判斷題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Thesecond-conclusionisthatwemustthinktwicebeforewebecomenostalgicaboutthetraditionaluniversityideal.”，中文翻譯為：第二個結論是，在我們對傳統(tǒng)的大學理想產生懷舊情緒之前，我們必須三思而后行。因此，C選項“大學理想的實現(xiàn)取決于很多重要因素”最符合題意。

4.推理判斷題。由A項可以定位到文章第二段，第二段談及“寓言中學生的行為象征著客觀探究的開始，對權威的反抗，經(jīng)驗主義的態(tài)度，學術研究與現(xiàn)實生活的聯(lián)系?！眲t排除A選項；B選項在文章內沒有提及；由C選項“教學環(huán)境是實現(xiàn)大學理想的重中之重”可以定位到文章第二段中“Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom…Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.Itwasatcertainperiodsnoteveninterestedinknowledgeforitsownsake.Manyscholarspursuedknowledge.”，中文翻譯為：中世紀的大學敵視我們現(xiàn)在所說的學術自由……傳統(tǒng)大學對發(fā)現(xiàn)不太感興趣：它專注于固定文化的傳播。在某些時期，它甚至對知識本身不感興趣。許多學者追求知識。判斷C選項正確；由D項可以定位到文章中“Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.”，中文翻譯為：傳統(tǒng)大學中不是所有東西都值得保留。以及文章提及在對傳統(tǒng)大學理想產生懷舊情緒之前需要三思，判斷出D項錯誤。故C為正確答案。

5.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)題干關鍵詞“novel”可以定位到第二段中“Noteverythingaboutthetraditionaluniversityisworthpreserving.Themedievaluniversitywashostiletowhatwenowcallacademicfreedom.Tostayoutsidethecorpusacademicismsetbookseventointerprettheminnovelwayswastocourtheresy.Thetraditionaluniversitywasnotmuchinterestedindiscovery:itwaspreoccupiedwithtransmissionofacrystallizedculture.”，中文翻譯為：并不是所有的傳統(tǒng)大學都值得保留。中世紀的大學敵視我們現(xiàn)在所說的學術自由。置身于學術文集之外，甚至以新穎的方式解讀書籍，都是在招惹異端。傳統(tǒng)大學對發(fā)現(xiàn)不太感興趣：它專注于固定文化的傳播?？梢缘弥狢項“新的”最為符合。

6.細節(jié)事實題。由題干可以定位到文章第二段中“Hesymbolizesthebeginningofobjectiveinquiry,therevoltagainstauthority,theempiricalattitude,thelinkingofacademicstudywiththefactsoflife.”，中文翻譯為：他象征著客觀探究的開始，對權威的反抗，經(jīng)驗主義的態(tài)度，學術研究與現(xiàn)實生活的聯(lián)系。因此只有A選項沒有提及，符合題意。

6.單選題

Itwasacold,rainyandwhollymiserableafternooninWashington,andahotmuggynightinMiami.ItwasSunday,andthreegameswereplayedinthetwocities.Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates.

ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,mostlyverylargeandverystrong,manyofthemblack,itisagameofphysicalstrength.Linemenroutinelyweighmorethan300pounds.Playersarevaluedfortheirweighandmuscles,forhowfasttheycanrun,andhowhardtheycanhiteachother.Footballdrawsthebiggestcrowds,buttheteamsplayonlyonceaweek,becausetheygetsobattered.

The67.204fanswereinMiamiforthefinalgameofthebaseballWorldSeries.BaseballwasonceAmerica'sfavoritegame,buthaslostthatclaimtobasketball.

Baseballisagamethatrequiresstrength,butnothugeness.Agility,quickness,perfectvisionandquickreactionaremoreimportantthanpurestrength.BaseballwasonceapurelyAmericangame,buthasspreadaroundmuchoftheNewWorld.InthatSunday'sfinal,thefinalhitoftheextrainninggamewasdeliveredbyanativeofColumbia.TheMostValuablePlayerinthegamewasanativeofColumbia.Therostersofbothteamswereawashwith

Hispanicnames,asisMiami,whichnowclaimstheWorldChampionshipisagamethatmaybelosingpopularityinAmerica,buthasgaineditinmuchoftherestoftheworld.BaseballinAmericahastakenonastrongHispanicflavor,withadashofJapaneseaddedforseasoning.

Soccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,isthemostwidelyenjoyedsportintheworld.Insoccer,whichmanycountriesjustcallfootball,theethnictidehasbeenthereverseofbaseball.Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld.

Basketball,anAmericaninventionincreasinglyplayedaroundtheworld,thesedaysdrawslargecrowdsbackhome.Likewise,hockey,agamelargelyimportedtotheUnitedStatesfromneighboringCanada.Lacrosse,aversionofwhichwasplayedbyNativeAmericansbeforetheEuropeansarrived,isalsogainingakeennationalfollowing.

SportsofallkindsarewinningsupportfromAmericanarmchairenthusiastsfromavarietyofethnicbackgrounds.

1.Whichofthefollowingcatreflecttheever-changingethnicstructureofAmerica?

2.WhoplayprofessionalfootballintheUnitedStates?

3.WhatisAmerica’sfavoritegame?

4.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutsocceristrue?

5.Theauthorofthepassagewantstotellusthat（

）.

問題1選項

A.Sportsman.

B.Audience.

C.Bothofthem.

D.Noneofthem.

問題2選項

A.Native-bornAmericancitizens.

B.Europeans.

C.SouthAmericans.

D.BothBandC.

問題3選項

A.Baseball.

B.Basketball.

C.Professionalfootball.

D.Soccer.

問題4選項

A.Insoccerandbasketball,theethnictideisdifferent.

B.Untilrecently,soccerbecomesanimportantgame,somanynativeAmericansplayit.

C.Itisthemostpopulargameintheworld,somanyAmericancitizenstakeupit.

D.Althoughsocceristhemostpopulargameintheworld,Americancitizensinlargenumbersdonotlikefirst.

問題5選項

A.AmericanslikesportsandsportsrevealmuchaboutthechangingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates

B.InWashington,severalgamesareplayedinoneday

C.Americanslikeallkindsofgames

D.TheAmericangamesarewatchedbynative-Americansandplayedbypeoplefromdifferentcountries

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:A

【解析】1.文章第一段第二句話thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates提到通過參加比賽的運動員還有觀看比賽的觀反映出美國種族結構的變化，選項C符合題意。

2.文章第二段第一句ProfessionalfootballintheUnitedStatesisalmostwhollyplayedbynative-bornAmericancitizens,提到職業(yè)的足球運動員都是土生土長的美國人，選項A符合題意。

3.文章第五段講述了職業(yè)足球運動員主要是南美人和歐洲人，而最近美國本地人也終于喜歡踢足球了（Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld），選項D符合題意。

4.文章第五段最后兩句Untilrecently,professionalsoccerintheUnitedStateshaslargelybeenanimport,playedbysouthAmericansandEuropeans.Now,Americancitizensinlargenumbersarefinallytakingupthemostpopulargameintheworld提到美國的職業(yè)足球一般都是南美人和歐洲人，而現(xiàn)在大部分美國人終于開始喜歡足球。選項B符合題意。

5.文章第一段就指出了全文的主旨，那就是體育運動反映出了美國不斷變化的種族結構（Thepeopleplayingthemandthepeoplewatchingthemtellusmuchabouttheever-changingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates），其他段落的內容通過選擇不同種類的運動來說明這個觀點。選項A符合題意。

7.單選題

Intheprocessofdevelopmentweshould（）heartthatsociallifeisbasedonexchange.

問題1選項

A.takefrom

B.taketo

C.takefor

D.takein

【答案】D

【解析】動詞詞組辨析。takefrom“降低；減少”；taketo“喜歡；走向；開始從事”；takefor“認為；

以為”；takein“吸收；領會；理解”。句意：在發(fā)展過程中，我們應該領會到社會生活是以交流為基礎的。選項D符合題意。

8.單選題

Theadvertisingindustryhasresortedtoself-regulationinaseriousefforttocurtailnotonlybadtastebutalsomisrepresentationanddeceptionincopyandillustrations.

問題1選項

A.avert

B.deny

C.exclude

D.reduce

【答案】D

【解析】動詞辨析。句意:廣告業(yè)通過加強自律努力清除印刷制品與各類插圖中的低俗內容、失實報道與欺騙信息。

avert:避免，防止。deny:否認，拒絕。reduce:減少，降低，縮小。curtail:縮減，縮短。故D項與題意一致。

9.單選題

Ingeneral,theamountthatastudentspendsforhousingshouldbeuptoone-fifththetotal（）forlivingexpenses.

問題1選項

A.acceptable

B.available

C.advisable

D.applicable

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。acceptable“可接受的”；available“可獲得的，可得到的”；advisable“明智的，可取的”；applicable“可適用的，可應用的”。句意：大體上，學生的房租支出最多只能占可多得的生活總費用的五分之一。B項符合題意。

10.單選題

Itisanoffencetoshow（）againstpeopleofdifferentraces.

問題1選項

A.distinction

B.difference

C.separation

D.discrimination

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項distinction“區(qū)別，差別”；B選項difference“差異，不同”；C選項separation“分離，分開”；D選項discrimination“歧視，區(qū)別”句意：歧視其他種族的人是一種冒犯行為。由選項意思和句意可知，D選項符合句意。

11.翻譯題

Itisacommonprobleminthenon-familyownedprivatelimitedcompany:shareholder/directorwantstoretireorleavethebusiness,butoneormoreofhisfellowshareholders/directorswanttocontinue.1.Itiseasyenoughforadirectortoretire,butthelikelihoodisthathewillwanttocashinonhisshareswhichhaveaccumulatedsomevalueovertheperiodofhisparticipationinthebusiness.Frequently,though,hisfellowshareholder/director(s)donothavethefinancialresourcestoacquirethesharesattheirmarketvalue.Awidevarietyofoptionsexist,butpurchaseofownsharesbythecompanyisoneofthemostuseful.

Purchaseofownsharesisexactlywhatsaysitis:thecompanyacquiresthesharesfromtheshareholders.Inprinciple,itisasimpleconceptbutonewhichiscoveredbyanumberofveryimportantlegislativeprovisions,bothincompanyandtaxlaw.2.Althoughatfirstsightthelegislationappearstoobstructwhatmightotherwisebeasimpleprocess,itactuallyexisttofacilitatethepurchase,whileprotectingthecreditors(sofarascompanylawisconcerned).Infact,theprovisionaretoonumeroustocoverindetailinafewwordsandthisarticleisdesignedtooutlinetherules,regulationsandoptions.

3.Itwasalwaysthecasethatacompanycouldnotacquireitsownshares,becauseindoingsoitwasobtainingownershipofitself,whichiscontrarytothemostfundamentallegalprinciplessurroundingthenatureandexistenceofcompanies.TheCompanyAct1981changedallthatandtheprovisionsitintroducedarenowincorporatedintotheCompanyAct1985.

4.Inessence,providedacompanyispermittedtodosobyitsMemorandumandArticlesofAssociation,anycompanycannowacquireitsownshares(subjecttotherebeingatleastoneleft).Becausepurchaseofownsharesisarelativelyrecentinnovation,manycompanies’MemorandumandArticlesofAssociationdonotcontainthisprovisionbutappropriateprovisionscanbeincludedbySpecialResolution,requiringa75%majority.

5.Althoughthepurchasemustnormallybemadeoutoftheproceedsofafreshissueofsharesandorofdistributableprofits,importantprovisionexistforprivatecompaniestomakethepurchaseoutofcapital.Ifdistributableprofitsareinsufficientthen,providedthecompanyissolventaftertheredemptionandisbelievedbydirectorstobegoingconcernforafurtheryear,thenthepurchasecangoahead.

【答案】1.對一個董事來說，只是想退休很容易，但他可能想要將他在參與公司經(jīng)營期間積累了一定價值的股份變現(xiàn)。

2.雖然乍一看，這項立法似乎阻礙了原本可能簡單的程序，但它實際上是為了在促進購買的同時保護債權人（就公司法而言）的權利。

3.通常情況下，一個公司不能購買自己的股份，因為這樣做是獲得自己的所有權，這違反了關于公司的性質和存在的最基本的法律原則。

4.從本質上來說，只要一家公司的組織大綱和章程允許它這樣做，任何公司現(xiàn)在都可以收購自己的股份（前提是至少還有一股剩下）。

5.盡管這種購買通常必須用新發(fā)行的股票和（或）可分配利潤的收益進行，但對私營公司來說，也存在可以用資本購買的重要規(guī)定。

12.單選題

Inthenextfewyears,theterm"bigdata"willcometoseemnaive,likewhen"informationsuperhighway"gavewayto"theinternet"in1995.

We'reenteringanageofpersonalbigdataanditsimpactonourliveswillsurpassthatoftheinternet.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertaintyeverydayquestionslikewhetherthatdressactuallymakesyoulookfat,orprofoundquestionsaboutpreciselyhowlongyouwilllive.

Every20yearsorso,apowerfultechnologymovesfromtherealmofbackroomexpertiseandintothehandsofthemasses.Inthelate1970s,computingmadethattransitionfrommainframesinglass-enclosedroomstopersonalcomputerondesks.Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.

Eachtransitiontouchedoffanexplosionofinnovationandreshapedworkandleisure.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.Twentyyearslater,225million.Thenumberofinternetusersin1995hit16million.Todayit'smorethan3billion.Inmuchoftheworld,it'shardtoimaginelifewithoutconstantaccesstobothcomputingandnetworks.

The2010swillbethecoming-outpartyfordata.Gathering,accessingandgleaninginsightsfromvastanddeepdatahasbeenacapabilitylockedinsideenterpriseslongenough.Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.Ontheotherhand,connecteddevicessuchastheNestthermostatorFitbithealthmonitorandappsonsmartphonesincreasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.

ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.Butthegamechangerusheringintheneweraistheabilitytomakesenseofdatainwaysthatletnon-techhumansinteractwithit,learnfromitanduseit.

Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.Anewgenerationofcomputers-cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata-willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.Somewhatlikebrains,thesesystemscanlinkdiversebitsofdatatocomeupwithrealanswers,notjustsearchresults.

1.Whatcausedtheappearanceofmoderninternet?

2.Whatdoesthephrase"tappinginto"(paragraph5)probablymeaninthetext?

3.Inwhichwaycanwegetdataaboutourselves?

4.Whatistheessentialdifferencebetweentraditionalcomputersandcognitivecomputersystems?

5.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?

問題1選項

A.Bigdata

B.Informationsuperhighway

C.Cloudcomputing

D.Browsers

問題2選項

A.Stickinginto.

B.Beatingsoftly

C.Makinguseof

D.Investing

問題3選項

A.Fromeverydaypersonalactions.

B.Fromconnecteddevices.

C.Fromeverydaypersonalhabits.

D.Fromdatabase.

問題4選項

A.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkfasterthantraditionalcomputers

B.Cognitivecomputersystemsworkmoreaccurately.

C.Cognitivecomputersystemcanworklikehumanbrains.

D.Cognitivecomputersystemscansearchresults.

問題5選項

A.Computingwasintherealmofbackroomexpertisebefore1970s.

B.Theworldisfloodedintoomuchconfuseddata.

C.In1975,50,000PCswereinuseworldwide.

D.Datawillanswerquestionswecouldneverbeforeanswerwithcertainty.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第三段中的Inthelate1990s,thefirstwebbrowsersmadenetworks,whichhadbeenforsciencelabsandthemilitary,accessibletoanyofus,givingbirthtothemoderninternet.（在20世紀90年代后期，第一批網(wǎng)絡瀏覽器使網(wǎng)絡可以為我們所用，從而出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這些網(wǎng)絡曾是專為科學實驗室和軍隊所用）可知選D。

2.詞義題。stickinginto意為“堅持，粘入”；beatingsoftly意為“輕拍”；makinguseof意為“利用”；investing意為“投資，花費”。根據(jù)“tappinginto”在Cloudcomputingandmobiledevicesnowmakeitpossibletostandinabathroomlineatabaseballgamewhiletappingintomassivecomputingpoweranddatabases.（現(xiàn)在云計算和移動設備可以……巨大的計算能力和數(shù)據(jù)庫使站在浴室里籃球賽成為可能）中前后的句意，可知C選項最符合語境。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章倒數(shù)第三段中的Ontheotherhand,connecteddevices...increasinglycollectnewkindsofinformationabouteverydaypersonalactionsandhabits,turningitintodataaboutourselves.（另一方面，連接的設備……越來越多地收集有關日常個人行為和習慣的新信息，將其轉化為有關自己的數(shù)據(jù)）可知選B。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的Anewgenerationofcomputers—cognitivecomputingsystemsthatlearnfromdata—willreadtweetsore-booksorwatchvideoandcomprehenditscontent.（新一代計算機——從數(shù)據(jù)中學習的認知計算系統(tǒng)——能閱讀推特或電子書或觀看視頻，能并理解其內容）可知選C。

5.推理判斷題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中ThattheworldisawashindatamaybeasobviousassayingLadyGagadressesfunny.（世界上充斥著大量的數(shù)據(jù)，這可能和說LadyGaga的服裝很有趣一樣顯而易見）和最后一段中的Morethan80percentofdatatodayisunstructured:tanglesofYouTubevideos,newsstories,academicpapers,socialnetworkcomments.Unstructureddatahasbeenalmostimpossibletosearchfor,analyzeandmixwithotherdata.（今天超過80%的數(shù)據(jù)是非結構化的：視頻、新聞報道、學術論文、社交網(wǎng)絡評論。非結構化數(shù)據(jù)幾乎不可能搜索、分析和與其他數(shù)據(jù)混合）可知B選項“世界上充斥著太多令人困惑的數(shù)據(jù)”符合題意。

13.單選題

Itisnotuncommonforthere______problemsofcommunicationbetweentheoldandtheyoung.

問題1選項

A.being

B.wouldbe

C.be

D.tobe

【答案】A

【解析】考查非謂語動詞。句意：年輕一代與老一代之間的交流存在問題，這種情況非常罕見。此處是therebe句型，根據(jù)句子結構，可知此處并不缺少謂語動詞，因而只能使用非謂語動詞，選項A符合題意。

14.單選題

Amanufacturerofsportsshoesstartssellingconsumerelectronics.Asoftdrinklendsitsnametoarangeofurbanclothing.What’sgoingon?Insimplertimes,youknewwhereyouwerewithbrands.Onebrandnamemeantgood-qualitysportsshoes,anotherasoftdrink.Noconfusion.Today,however,bigcompaniestrytoredefinebrandsasnotsomuchaproduct,moreawayoflife,andstretchthemintonewareas.Intheearlyyearsoftheconsumersociety,abrandnameonaboxsimplyidentifiedwhatwasinside.Peoplewerelookingforproductsthatwouldimprovetheirqualityoflife,andchoosebrandsmostlikelytoachievethatpurpose.Butaspeopleinindustrializednationsbecamemoreaffluentandfulfilledtheirbasicneeds,brandsacquiredotherattributes.Thefunctionalityoftheproductwasstillimportant,butpeoplealsostartedusingbrandstosaysomethingaboutthemselves,forexample,choosingabrandofcosmeticswhichwouldsuggestthattheyweresophisticatedjet-setters.

Now,wehaveenteredathirdageofbranding,inwhichsomanycompaniesaremakingroughlythesameproductatroughlythesamepricethatfunctionalityrarelysucceedsasapointofdifferentiation.Instead,companiesaretryingtomaketheirbrandsstandoutbyemphasizingtheiremotionalaspects,hopingconsumerswillidentifywiththesetofvaluesthebrandrepresents.

Onedisadvantageofaproduct-basedbrandisthatiftheproductgoesoutoffashion,thebrandgoeswithit.Thisisaseriousconcernformanufacturesofbreakfastcereals,whoarestrugglingtocounterweakdemandfortheproductsthatbeartheirnames.Sofar,theirmarketingeffortsseemtobehavinglittleeffect.Theadvantageforemotionalbrandsisthatcompaniescantransfertheirbrandstrengthintootherareas,increasingrevenuesandreducingtheirexposuretothelifespanofasingleproduct.

Theelasticityofbrandsseemstoberelatedtotheirpositiononaspectrumrangingfromthoserootedinsolid,tangibleassetstothosewithhighlyintangibleemotionalqualities.Attheoneend,youhavetraincompaniesthattendtoassociatethemselveswithinfrastructureandtheirabilitytogetyoufromAtoB,andattheotherendwouldbealeisurebrandthatpositionsitselfondreamsandmakingpeoplehavefun.Itisthelatterwhichhasthemaximumpotentialforstretch.

Butevenemotionalbrandshavealimittotheirelasticity.Themerchandisehastobeconsistentwiththebrandpromise.Justtosellmerchandisewithyourlogoonitisashort-term,mistakenidea.Fromthisviewpoint,thedecisiontomovefromsportsshoesintoconsumerelectronicsmakessense.Mostitemsintherange,suchasthetwo-wayradioforhikers,aresports-focused,eventhoughtheproductsmaybeadoptedasfashionaccessories,andthesportsshoecustomerswillprobablysnapthemup.

Whenthemovewasmadefromsoftdrinksintoclothing,however,itleftthebrandingconsultantscold.Itwasadifficultmentalleapintoclothingfromthedrinksocloselyassociatedwiththatparticularbrandname.Ontheotherhand,theemotionalattributesthatyoungstersseemtofindappealinginthedrink,likeitsheritageandglobalappeal,arefashionableatthemoment,andinfactresponsetotheclotheswiththesamenameh