大學英語《說明文寫作》教程課件

韓都衣舍淘寶店

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韓都衣舍童裝時尚女裝

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網(wǎng)購韓都衣舍首選麥考林

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韓都衣舍官方旗艦店

說明文寫作.韓都衣舍淘寶店/1一、概述二、寫作方法及例子三、圖表作文.一、概述.2一、概述

說明文是描述某一事物、事由或過程的文章。它用于說明客觀事物的特點和性能，或介紹某種操作的程序，或解釋某些抽象概念，或闡明某種科學原理、自然現(xiàn)象等，完全是就事論事的描述，所以也稱技術(shù)性的描寫文。詞典、教材、論文、實驗報告、甚至廣告等都屬這類文體。.一、概述說明文是描述某一事物、事由或過程的文章。3二、寫作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）像詞典那樣直接地給字或詞下定義，也包括進一步通過舉例、對比、比喻邏輯推理等寫作方法解釋事物，使讀者對事物的特點有更全面的了解。.二、寫作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）.4例：

Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife.Tohaveone’sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders.Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword.Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure.Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition.Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo..例：.52、舉例子（Illustration）。例：

Americansvaluemanuallabor.Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship.ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies.Forexample,somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime.Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture.Othersenjoy.2、舉例子（Illustration）。.6gardeningorpainting.Manylow-incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats.Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill.Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy..gardeningorpainting.Manylo73、分類（Classification）。把事物分作若干類型并說明或描述各事物的特點和差異。.3、分類（Classification）。.8例：

Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates.Itmaybeinthestateofagas,aliquidorasolid.

Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume.Aliquidhasdefinitevolume,butithasnodefiniteshape.Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer.Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume,foritexpandsandcontractseasily..例：.94、比較（Comparison）和對照（Contrast）比較和對照在英語寫作中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。一般來說，比較時指對人或事件之間相同點進行分析；對比是對人或事物之間的不同點進行比較。不過在很多情況下，這兩種方法不能截然分開。.4、比較（Comparison）和對照（Contrast）.10例：

Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.

Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness..例：.115、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。指分析某一事物或現(xiàn)象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因為主，有的文章以說明造成的結(jié)果為主，一般說來，不存在單獨表示原因或結(jié)果的文章。.5、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。.12例：

Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycnnotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.Theycanrelaxbyreading,bysippingcooldrinks,orbylisteningtosoothingmusic.Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy.ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature..例：.136、敘述過程（ProcessAnalysis）。例：如何做漢堡包

Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple.Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef,whichyoumixwiththeotherthings–saltandpepper,ateaspoonofmustard（芥末）,andaneggaswell.Youbreaktheegginabowl,andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork.Whenitissmoothandwell-mixed,makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture,androlltheminsomeflour..6、敘述過程（ProcessAnalysis）。.14Thenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil.Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes,untiltheyarereallybrown.Whentheyareready,getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf.Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible.(實際上，人們寫作說明文的時候，一般常采用綜合法，在一篇文章中同時交叉使用兩種或兩種以上的方法，使文章表達得更完整、更有力。).Thenyouneedafryingpanand15三、圖表作文1、定義2、特點及要求3、技巧4、兩種類型5、例文6、寫作練習.三、圖表作文1、定義.161、定義

圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表(table)，坐標曲線(graph)或圓形餅圖(piechart)等資料數(shù)據(jù)來闡述論題的作文。也是科技文獻中常用的一種表達手段。.1、定義圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表(table)172、特點及要求

圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作為作文提示，并以此為依據(jù)要求考生用簡潔生動的語言，把圖表中給定的信息完整而又準確地表達出來。圖表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文寫作能力，而且要求具有較強的觀察力，分析力和充分的想象力。.2、特點及要求圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作183、技巧

無需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是選擇有典型性和代表性的重點數(shù)據(jù)，同時要注意文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，詳略得當。.3、技巧無需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是194、兩種類型Type1:要求客觀陳述圖表信息內(nèi)容的作文側(cè)重對比分析和說明資料數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系上。最后分析和查找出規(guī)律，歸納得出結(jié)論。.4、兩種類型.20Type2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的問題。進而篩選出有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料進行深入的分析討論，分析原因。最后找出解決問題的方法。.Type2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反215、例文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:.5、例文Directions:Forthispart,22(1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;(2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;(3)drawyourownconclusions..(1)statethechangesinpeopl23YearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%.Year19861987198819891990Grain24Sample:

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4%,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily..Sample:.25Therearechieflytworeasons,Ithink,forthechanges.Intheolddays,peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell-to-dofamilies.Butnow,withtheimprovementoflivingstandard,mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem.Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth..Therearechieflytworeas26

Inshort,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat..Inshort,withtheimprove27Shiningpoints:overtheperiodfrom1986to1990,suchasmilkandmeat,well-to-do,paymoreattentionto,notonlymorebutalsobetter,dogoodto,moreobviousandgreat,.Shiningpoints:overtheperiod28評論：Score:14主題鮮明，論點明確，切中題意，內(nèi)容豐富，思想表達清楚，連貫。.評論：.296、寫作練習ABoominAdultEducation.6、寫作練習ABoominAdultEducatio30

Fromthegraph，weknowthestatisticsoftheadulteducationparticipationandtheincreasingnumberoftheparticipantsinXcity．In1985therewereonlyeightythousandpeopletakingpartintheadulteducation，butin2000thenumberhasgrowntotwomillionfourhundredthousandpeople．Obviouslytherearemoreandmorepeoplewhohopetogetadvanceddegreesandgainmoreknowledgeaftertheybegantowork．.Fromthegraph，weknowthe31

Therearemanyreasonsresponsibleforthegreatchange，andthefollowingarethetypicalones．Foronething，it'sduringtheworkthatpeoplebegintorealizewhattheyhavelearnedbeforeit’sfarfromenoughandwhatkindofknowledgetheyurgentlyneed．Next，asthescienceandtechnologyinChinaaredevelopingsofast，adultsaftergraduationhavetogobacktouniversitiestorefreshthemselvessoastoimprovetheircompetitiveabilityinsociety．Themainreasonisthepopulationgrowththataffectspeople'spromotionchances．Manypeoplewithoutbachelordegreeshavebecomelaid-offemployees．Therefore，suchcompetitivesocialbackgroundstimulatesmanypeopletocontinuetostudy．.Therearemanyreasonsres32However，thisgraphmaynotpredicttheentiresituationinthefuture．Ibelieveonethingisquitecertainthateducationcan'tbeseparatedfromoursocialdevelopment．.However，thisgraphmaynot33韓都衣舍淘寶店

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潮州新聞網(wǎng)

韓都衣舍童裝時尚女裝

/

網(wǎng)購韓都衣舍首選麥考林

/

韓都衣舍官方旗艦店

說明文寫作.韓都衣舍淘寶店/34一、概述二、寫作方法及例子三、圖表作文.一、概述.35一、概述

說明文是描述某一事物、事由或過程的文章。它用于說明客觀事物的特點和性能，或介紹某種操作的程序，或解釋某些抽象概念，或闡明某種科學原理、自然現(xiàn)象等，完全是就事論事的描述，所以也稱技術(shù)性的描寫文。詞典、教材、論文、實驗報告、甚至廣告等都屬這類文體。.一、概述說明文是描述某一事物、事由或過程的文章。36二、寫作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）像詞典那樣直接地給字或詞下定義，也包括進一步通過舉例、對比、比喻邏輯推理等寫作方法解釋事物，使讀者對事物的特點有更全面的了解。.二、寫作方法及例子1、下定義（definition）.37例：

Ambitionmeansthegoalinourlife.Tohaveone’sambitiondoesnotnecessarilymeantobecomeoneofthechiefstateleaders.Thisisnottherealsenseoftheword.Trueambitionencouragesusalwaystolookforwardandnottolosehopeinfaceoffailure.Ambitiondiffersfrompersontopersonandeveryonehashisownambition.Yetnoteveryoneofuscansucceedinwhatwedesiretodo..例：.382、舉例子（Illustration）。例：

Americansvaluemanuallabor.Theyhavegreatrespectforcraftsmanship.ManyAmericansprefercrafthobbies.Forexample,somebuildsmallboatsintheirleisuretime.Othersmakenewfurnitureorrefinishantiquefurniture.Othersenjoy.2、舉例子（Illustration）。.39gardeningorpainting.Manylow-incomeAmericanfamilieshavebeautifulfurnitureorpaintingsorpotteryorboats.Theymakethesethingsandtheyareproudoftheirmanualskill.Infactsomepeoplearereallyveryhandy..gardeningorpainting.Manylo403、分類（Classification）。把事物分作若干類型并說明或描述各事物的特點和差異。.3、分類（Classification）。.41例：

Allmatterisinoneofthethreestates.Itmaybeinthestateofagas,aliquidorasolid.

Asolidhasdefiniteshapeanddefinitevolume.Aliquidhasdefinitevolume,butithasnodefiniteshape.Itmayflowortaketheshapeofitscontainer.Agaschangesnotonlyinshapebutalsoinvolume,foritexpandsandcontractseasily..例：.424、比較（Comparison）和對照（Contrast）比較和對照在英語寫作中應(yīng)用非常廣泛。一般來說，比較時指對人或事件之間相同點進行分析；對比是對人或事物之間的不同點進行比較。不過在很多情況下，這兩種方法不能截然分開。.4、比較（Comparison）和對照（Contrast）.43例：

Itiseasytobeawinner.Awinnercanshowhisjoypublicly.Hecanlaughandsinganddanceandcelebratehisvictory.Peoplelovetobewithwinners.Winnersareneverlonely.

Unlikewinners,losersarethelonelyonesoftheworld.Itisdifficulttofacedefeatwithdignity.Loserscannotshowtheirdisappointmentpublicly.Theycannotcryorgrieveabouttheirdefeat.Theymaysufferprivately,buttheymustbecomposedinpublic.Theyhavenothingtocelebrateandnoonetosharetheirsadness..例：.445、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。指分析某一事物或現(xiàn)象的前因后果。有的文章以分析原因為主，有的文章以說明造成的結(jié)果為主，一般說來，不存在單獨表示原因或結(jié)果的文章。.5、因果分析（CauseandEffect）。.45例：

Climateaffectsthecultureofacountry.Menmustlearntolivewithinthelimitationsoftheirenvironment,andclimateisanimportantpartofthephysicalenvironment.Lifeinatropicalcountryislessstrenuousandmorecasualthanitisinatemperateone.Menworkshorterhoursandlessvigorouslyinahotclimate.Theycnnotplayhardeither.Theytireeasily.Theycanrelaxbyreading,bysippingcooldrinks,orbylisteningtosoothingmusic.Theymusttrytoconservetheirenergy.ThewisestoneslearntorespectthedemandsofNature..例：.466、敘述過程（ProcessAnalysis）。例：如何做漢堡包

Makinghamburgersisreallyverysimple.Allyouneedisapoundofmincedbeef,whichyoumixwiththeotherthings–saltandpepper,ateaspoonofmustard（芥末）,andaneggaswell.Youbreaktheegginabowl,andmixallthethingstogetherwithafork.Whenitissmoothandwell-mixed,makeroundhamburgersfromthemixture,androlltheminsomeflour..6、敘述過程（ProcessAnalysis）。.47Thenyouneedafryingpanandsomeoil.Frythehamburgersonbothsidesforabout15minutes,untiltheyarereallybrown.Whentheyareready,getsomesoftbreadrollsandcuttheminhalf.Putthehamburgersinsidethemandeatthemassoonaspossible.(實際上，人們寫作說明文的時候，一般常采用綜合法，在一篇文章中同時交叉使用兩種或兩種以上的方法，使文章表達得更完整、更有力。).Thenyouneedafryingpanand48三、圖表作文1、定義2、特點及要求3、技巧4、兩種類型5、例文6、寫作練習.三、圖表作文1、定義.491、定義

圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表(table)，坐標曲線(graph)或圓形餅圖(piechart)等資料數(shù)據(jù)來闡述論題的作文。也是科技文獻中常用的一種表達手段。.1、定義圖表作文是采用統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表(table)502、特點及要求

圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作為作文提示，并以此為依據(jù)要求考生用簡潔生動的語言，把圖表中給定的信息完整而又準確地表達出來。圖表作文不但要求作者具有一定的英文寫作能力，而且要求具有較強的觀察力，分析力和充分的想象力。.2、特點及要求圖表作文利用圖象，表格和曲線圖作513、技巧

無需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是選擇有典型性和代表性的重點數(shù)據(jù)，同時要注意文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)，詳略得當。.3、技巧無需一條不漏地將數(shù)據(jù)資料加以描述，而是524、兩種類型Type1:要求客觀陳述圖表信息內(nèi)容的作文側(cè)重對比分析和說明資料數(shù)據(jù)之間的關(guān)系上。最后分析和查找出規(guī)律，歸納得出結(jié)論。.4、兩種類型.53Type2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的問題。進而篩選出有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)資料進行深入的分析討論，分析原因。最后找出解決問題的方法。.Type2:要求深入分析原因內(nèi)容的作文先闡述圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反545、例文Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:.5、例文Directions:Forthispart,55(1)statethechangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears;(2)givepossiblereasonsforthechanges;(3)drawyourownconclusions..(1)statethechangesinpeopl56YearFood19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruitandvegetables24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100%.Year19861987198819891990Grain57Sample:

Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplaceinpeople’sdietovertheperiodfrom1986to1990.Theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedby4%,whiletheconsumptionofhighqualityfood,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily..Sample:.58Therearechieflytworeasons,Ithink,forthechanges.Intheolddays,peoplecouldnotoftenaffordmeatandmilkwhosepricewasonlywithinreachofwell-to-dofamilies.Butnow,withtheimprovementoflivingstandard,mostpeoplehaveenoughmoneytobuythem.Andpeopleoftodayalsopaymoreattentiontonutrition.Theywanttoeatnotonlymorebutalsobetter.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructurewhichwilldogoodtotheirhealth..Therearechieflytworeas59

Inshort,withtheimprovementofpeople’slivingstandard,changesintheirdietwillbemoreobviousandgreat..Inshort,withtheimprove60Shiningpoints:overtheperiodfrom1986to1990,suchasmilkandmeat,well-to-do,paymoreattentionto,notonlymorebutalsobetter,