閱讀理解的題型及解題技巧

閱讀理解的題型及解題技巧銅陵一中阮興武閱讀理解分值：30分篇數(shù)：4篇題數(shù)：15題(每題2分)用時(shí)：30分鐘2015—2019年高考全國(guó)卷“閱讀理解·四選一”體裁及命題角度考情一覽表2019全國(guó)1卷閱讀選材—原汁原味篇章出處閱讀A篇ontario.ca(加拿大安大略省網(wǎng)站)閱讀B篇KNKX（位于美國(guó)華盛頓州塔科馬市的一個(gè)公共電臺(tái)）閱讀C篇Newsweek(美國(guó)新聞周刊)閱讀D篇TheNewYorkTimes(紐約時(shí)報(bào))1.學(xué)生適當(dāng)多接觸些時(shí)文外刊，比如經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人，各大主流英文媒體網(wǎng)站等，豐富學(xué)生的閱讀知識(shí)面。學(xué)生可以多讀些地道的文章，通過閱讀了解最新的資訊。2.對(duì)于老師來說可以多搜集外刊文章，作為學(xué)生的拓展材料或者自己的命題材料，而不是把閱讀僅僅做為技能培養(yǎng)。3.各大版本的教材文體是基礎(chǔ)，但是一定要跳出教材，后期太拘泥于教材會(huì)固化思維，限制學(xué)生的知識(shí)面。啟示閱讀理解?？嫉?大題型1.WhydidUNESCOsetApril30asInternationalJazzDay?2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword

“that”

inParagraph3referto?3.WhatcanweinferaboutMoran’sopiniononjazz?4.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?了解重點(diǎn)細(xì)節(jié)理解指代關(guān)系推斷觀點(diǎn)理解大意(全國(guó)卷真題)1.細(xì)節(jié)理解題2.詞義猜測(cè)題3.推理判斷題4.主旨大意題一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題怎么問1.特殊疑問句：以when,where,why,what,who,which,how等疑問詞開頭2.判斷是非的形式：Whichoneofthefollowingistrue/NOTtrue?Step1速讀題干，找關(guān)鍵詞Step3仔細(xì)比對(duì)原文和選項(xiàng)，確定答案Step2

略讀，根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞找關(guān)鍵句一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題怎么答[正確選項(xiàng)特征]①一般可以在文章中直接或間接找到答案，但是不可能與閱讀材料一模一樣，而是用不同的詞語或句型去表達(dá)相同的意思。②題干和正確項(xiàng)的信息值之和等于或者約等于原文中某句的信息值。[干擾選項(xiàng)特征]①與短文細(xì)節(jié)部分相吻合，部分相悖。②是短文細(xì)節(jié)，但不符合題干要求。③符合常識(shí)，但不是文章內(nèi)容。④明顯與短文細(xì)節(jié)不符或短文未提及。一、細(xì)節(jié)理解題（全國(guó)卷真題）◆SupportPacificScienceCenterSince1962PacificScienceCenterhasbeeninspiringapassion(熱情)fordiscoveryandlifelonglearninginscience,mathandtechnology.TodayPacificScienceCenterservesmorethan1.3millionpeopleayearandbringsinquiry-basedscienceeducationtoclassroomsandcommunityeventsalloverWashingtonState.It’sanamazingaccomplishmentandonewecannotachievewithoutgeneroussupportfromindividuals,corporations,andothersocialorganizations.VisittofindvariouswaysyoucansupportPacificScienceCenter.Exercise1WhatdoesPacificScienceCenterdoforschools?A.TrainScienceteachers.B.Disnciescicncebooks.C.Distributescientificresearch.D.Takesciencetotheclassroom.Exercise2Ribadeo,SpainAtlowtide,PlayadelasCatedralesinRibadeo,Spainistheperfectbeachtotakeinthenaturalwonderswithouturbanamusementslikerestaurants,barsandhugecrowds.Itboastsbeautifulwildflowersanduniquerockformationsmakingittrulyapictureworthy.

WhichoneofthefollowingistrueaboutRibadeo?Visitorscantrysnorklingthere.Itoffersvisitorsfirst-classhotels.Ithasrestaurants,barsandhugecrowds.Visitorscanenjoyuniquerockformationsthere.[示例](高考真題)SincethefirstEarthDayin1970,Americanshavegottenalot“greener”towardtheenvironment.“Wedidn'tknowatthattimethatthereevenwasanenvironment,letalonethattherewasaproblemwithit,”saysBruceAnderson,presidentofEarthDayUSA.

Butwhatbeganasnothingimportantinpublicaffairshasgrownintoasocialmovement.Businesspeople,politicalleaders,universityprofessors,andespeciallymillionsofgrass-rootsAmericansaretakingpartinthemovement.“Theunderstandinghasincreasedmany,manytimes,”saysGaylordNelson,theformergovernorfromWisconsin,whothoughtupthefirstEarthDay....Greatimprovementhasbeenachieved.In1988therewereonly600recyclingprograms;todayin1995thereareabout6,600.Advancedlights,motors,andbuildingdesignshavehelpedsavealotofenergyandthereforepreventedpollution....2023/1/1325.AccordingtoAnderson,before1970,Americanshadlittleideaabout________.A.thesocialmovementB.recyclingtechniquesC.environmentalproblemsD.theimportanceofEarthDay【分析】A項(xiàng)指社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，原文中未提及，與文章主題不符；B項(xiàng)指回收的技巧，文章第四段有提及，是文章細(xì)節(jié)，但范圍太窄；C項(xiàng)中environmentalproblems是原文第一段第二句中aproblemwithit的同義替換，故C項(xiàng)正確；D項(xiàng)指地球日的重要性，雖然在第一、二段中提及了地球日，但不符合題干要求。Theword/phrase“...”inthepassagemeans_____.Theword/phrase“...”probablyrefersto_____.Theword/phrase“...”couldbebestreplacedby_____.二、詞義猜測(cè)題怎么問[正確選項(xiàng)特征]①與原文上下文聯(lián)系非常緊密。②可以通過上下文內(nèi)容的提示確定，原文提示的方式一般有：定義和解釋、描述和例證、同義和反義、平行關(guān)系以及構(gòu)詞法等。[干擾選項(xiàng)特征]①與上下文并不相吻合的我們所熟悉的定義。②與上下文似乎相吻合的錯(cuò)誤定義。二、詞義猜測(cè)題根據(jù)解釋確定詞義技巧11.Heisaresoluteman,oncehesetsagoal,hewillnotgiveitupeasily.A.determinedB.humorousC.optimisticD.active表解釋的信號(hào)詞：namely,thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,tobemoreexact或后文解釋怎么答二、詞義猜測(cè)題根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)折、因果等關(guān)系確定詞義技巧22.Inthepasttheworldseemedtoruninanorderlyway.Now,however,everythingseemstobeinastateofturmoil.一片混亂表轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞：unlike,but,however,yet,while,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,although,though等表因果的信號(hào)詞：because,as,nowthat,so,therefore,thus,asaresult等根據(jù)上下文情景確定詞義技巧3Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”inthesecondparagraphmeans___.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingout3.RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlythetreesintheAmazontakeinaround500milliontonsofCO2eachyear:equaltothetotalamountofCO2givingoffintheUKeachyear.1.Themomentacollegestudentarrivesoncampus,heorsheisbombardedwithcreditcardoffers.Advertisementsforstudentcreditcardsareeverywhere:inbagsatthebookstore,inthecampusnewspaper,inyourregularmailbox.

Whatdoestheunderlinedphrasemean?

A.BeconfusedbyB.Beterriblyhurtby

C.BeattractedbyD.Besurroundedby2.Ofcourse,allpainkillingmedicationthatworkscanhaveside-effect—nothingisgananteedtobesafeandeffective.Paracetomalhasveryfewunlesstakentoomuch,inwhichcaseitcancauseseriousliverdamage.However,itisn’tveryeffectiveincausingdamagecomparedtootherpainkillers.Drugslikeopiatesarestrongpainkillersbutpotentiallyaddictiveandoftenhaveotherbadeffects.Maybeyouwillfindyouareinadilemmanow.Butdon’tdespair;youcanrefertoapainclinicforsomeprofessionalguidance.Forongoingpain,musicandexercisemaybethebestchoicetohelpyoureducethefeelingofit.

Whatdoestheunderlinedword“despair”meaninPara.2?

A.takeitseriouslyB.takeanyrisks

C.losehopeD.feeldoubtful1.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_____.2.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat_____.三、推理判斷題怎么問推測(cè)深層意義推測(cè)寫作目的推測(cè)文章出處推測(cè)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度5.Themainpurposeofthepassageis_____.4.Wheredoesthispassageprobablycomefrom?3.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowards...?Step1速讀Step4推理Step3詳讀Step2定位速讀題干，找關(guān)鍵詞準(zhǔn)確定位關(guān)鍵句讀懂、讀透相關(guān)信息有理有據(jù)推理判斷三、推理判斷題怎么答[正確選項(xiàng)特征]①“立足原文，只推一步”，即根據(jù)原文內(nèi)容，一步即可推得。②選項(xiàng)中一般不可以出現(xiàn)絕對(duì)概念，如only,never,all,absolutely等，正確答案的表述一般有一點(diǎn)模糊，會(huì)用一些相對(duì)能夠留下一些余地的詞匯，如often,usually,sometimes,some,may,might,can,could,possibly,probably等。[干擾選項(xiàng)特征]①與常識(shí)相吻合，但并不是從短文內(nèi)容推知的，不是基于文章。②看似從原文推斷出來的結(jié)論，然而實(shí)際上與原文不符。③推理過頭，引申過度。偏離文章主題，屬主觀臆斷的結(jié)論。④是短文內(nèi)容的簡(jiǎn)單重述，而非推斷出來的結(jié)論，把直接表達(dá)當(dāng)作間接推理。三、推理判斷題（全國(guó)卷真題）

“The‘ifitbleeds’ruleworksformassmedia,

”saysJonahBerger,ascholarattheUniversityofPennsylvania.

“Theywantyoureyeballsanddon’tcarehowyou’refeeling.Butwhenyoushareastorywithyourfriends,youcarealotmorehowtheyreact.Youdon’twantthemtothinkofyouasaDebbieDowner.

”

推測(cè)深層意義Whatcan

we

infer

about

peoplelikeDebbie

Downer?A.

They’re

socially

inactive．B.

They’re

good

at

telling

stories．C.

They’re

inconsiderate

of

others．D.

They’re

careful

with

their

words．What

did

the

author

think

of

her

winter

life

in

New

York?A.Exciting

B.BoringC.Relaxing D.Annoying(全國(guó)卷真題)The

freezing

Northeast

hasn’t

been

a

terribly

fun

place

to

spend

time

this

winter,

so

when

thechance

came

for

a

weekend

to

Sarasota,

Florida,

my

bags

were

packed

before

you

could

say

“sunshine”.

I

left

for

the

land

of

warmth

and

vitamin

C,

thinking

of

beaches

and

orange

trees.

When

we

touched

down

to

blue

skies

and

warm

air,

I

sent

up

a

small

prayer

of

gratefulness.推測(cè)觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度牢記有關(guān)作者情感態(tài)度的詞語：①表示支持或肯定：positive,supportive,optimistic,humorous,enthusiastic,pleasant,favorable,approving②表示中立：indifferent漠不關(guān)心的,uninterested,objective客觀的,neutral中立的,notmentioned未提及的③表示反對(duì)：disgusted厭惡的,critical批評(píng)的,skeptical懷疑的,negative,disappointed,disapproving不贊成的WATCH

CONTROLThis

is

a

watch

that

James

Bond

would

be

proud

to

wear!This

is

NOT

a

watch

for

ordinary

people!?gives

you

a

daily

weather

forecast.?reminds

you

when

to

hand

in

your

homework.?sets

off

a

silent

warning

alarm

when

parents

or

teachers

are

near.Besides,

your

PENGO

WATCH

CONTROL

will

always

tell

you

the

time

accurately!Originallysold

for

$199NOW

ONLY

$99For

further

information,

click

here.推測(cè)文章出處Where

would

you

be

most

likely

to

find

the

two

texts?A.

On

a

notice

board.

B.

In

a

company

brochure.C.

On

a

teenage

website.

D.

In

a

college

newspaper.[示例](高考真題)

Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes，”butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.60.WhatcanweinferaboutServal'schildren?A.Theywereunwillingtobrushtheirteeth.B.Theyoftenfailedtocleantheirtoothbrushes.C.Theypreferredtouseatoothbrushwithadryhead.D.TheylikedbrushingtheirteethafterServalcamehome.【分析】A項(xiàng)根據(jù)原文第五段中的“...butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry”一步即可推得，孩子們沒有刷牙，說明孩子們不愿意刷牙；B項(xiàng)為推理過頭，選項(xiàng)中“failedtocleantheirtoothbrushes”屬于主觀臆斷；C項(xiàng)干擾性較大，雖然原文中有“theirtoothbrushheadsdry”，但并非指“atoothbrushwithadryhead”；D項(xiàng)也屬于推理過頭，從原文只能推斷出孩子們不愿意刷牙，而推斷不出孩子們喜歡Serval回家后刷牙。四、主旨大意題1.Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassageis_____.2.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.3.What’sthemainideaofthispassage/...paragraph？4.What’sthefirst/second...paragraphmainlyabout?怎么問Step1速讀題干Step4總結(jié)主旨Step3確定主題句Step2確定主題詞確定主旨大意類題目正確選項(xiàng)通常包含主題詞首段或尾段，每一段的首句或尾句根據(jù)主題詞和主題句，總結(jié)主旨，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，確定答案四、主旨大意題怎么答[正確選項(xiàng)特征]①涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文。②確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。③精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語言表意的程度及色彩。[干擾選項(xiàng)特征]①覆蓋面太大、太籠統(tǒng)，大大超出了短文論述的范圍。②覆蓋面偏窄，在內(nèi)容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要點(diǎn)；僅為短文的某一要點(diǎn)甚至某一細(xì)節(jié)。③與短文有部分交集，但偏離文章主題，有重疊但不重合。四、主旨大意題(全國(guó)卷真題)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.Thevehicle-namedtheTransition–hastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whichflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandbums5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.ThebasicdataoftheTransition.B.Theadvantagesofflyingcars.C.Thepotentialmarketforflyingcars.D.ThedesignersoftheTransition.Exercise1(全國(guó)卷真題)The

meaning

of

silence

varies

among

cultural

groups.

Silences

may

be

thoughtful,

or

they

may

be

empty

when

a

person

has

nothing

tosay.

A

silence

in

a

conversation

may

also

show

stubbornness,

or

worry.

Silence

may

be

viewed

by

some

cultural

groups

as

extremely

uncomfortable;

therefore

attempts

may

be

made

to

fill

every

gapwith

conversation.

Persons

in

other

cultural

groups

value

silence

and

view

it

as

necessary

for

understanding

a

person's

needs.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericansD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGoldExercise2[示例](高考真題)ItwasMother'sDaymorninglastyearandIwasdoingshoppingatourlocalsupermarketwithmyfive-year-oldson,Tenyson.Aswewereleaving,wefoundthatonlyminutesearlieranelderlywomanhadfallenoverattheentranceandhadhitherheadontheconcrete.Herhusbandwaswithher,buttherewasbloodeverywhereandthewomanwasembarrassedandclearlyinshock.Walkingtowardsthescene,Tenysonbecameveryupsetaboutwhathadhappenedtothecouple.Hesaidtome,“Mum,it'snotmuchfunfallingoverinfrontofeveryone.”

Atthefrontofthesupermarket,acharity(慈善)grouphadsetupastandsellingcookedsausagesandflowerstoraisefunds.Tenysonsuggestedthatweshouldbuytheladyaflower.“Itwillmakeherfeelbetter，”hesaid.Iwasamazedthathe'dcomeupwiththissweetidea.Sowewentovertotheflowersellerandaskedherifwecouldbuyaflowerfortheladytocheerherup.“Justtakeit，”shereplied.“Ican'ttakeyour