高三英語(yǔ)一輪基礎(chǔ)復(fù)習(xí)學(xué)案 2. 名詞的基本知識(shí)

名詞的基本知識(shí)詞性名詞(n.)表示人或事物的名稱的詞動(dòng)詞(v.)表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)的詞形容詞(adj.)表示人或事物特征的詞副詞(adv.)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞的詞連詞(conj.)連接詞/短語(yǔ)/句子與詞/短語(yǔ)/句子介詞(prep.)表示名詞和代詞與其他詞的關(guān)系代詞(pron.)代替名詞、形容詞和數(shù)詞的詞冠詞(art.)與名詞連用，說明人或事物的作用數(shù)詞(num.)表示數(shù)量和順序的詞感嘆詞(int.)表示說話人感情或語(yǔ)氣的詞什么是名詞？名詞：是對(duì)人物、事物、地點(diǎn)命名PERSONTHINGPLACEaboyalanguageacityagirlawatchourcountrymyteacheracatahotelJoealegParisEllenHondaMexicoMrs.LopezEarthCentralHotel練習(xí)一：找出句子里的名詞（括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字是句子中名詞數(shù)量的提示）Whatisyourfavoritefood?(1)Thisisanexcellentquestion.(1)Myfavoritefoodforbreakfastisasandwichwitheggs.(4)Myfavoritefoodforlunchissalad.(3)Myfavoritefoodfordinnerischickenwithlemonsandredpeppers.(5)Myfavoritefoodfordesertischocolate.(3)Chocolateisthebestfood.(2)Ieatchocolateeveryday.(2)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：重要考點(diǎn)單數(shù)指一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)指兩個(gè)或多個(gè)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則ananimalthreeanimals多數(shù)名詞直接+sanaddresstwoaddressesch/sh/s/o/x結(jié)尾+esababyfivebabies輔音+y結(jié)尾，去y改i+esadaytendays元音+y結(jié)尾，直接+saleaffourleavesf或fe結(jié)尾，去f改v+es練習(xí)二：名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化1.在詞尾直接+sshop — desk —computer— school— face — house—以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加esbus —watch—box —brush—以o結(jié)尾的詞，有生命的加es，無(wú)生命的加stomato—hero —radio—zoo —potato—Nergo—photo—piano—以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，y變i加esbaby—city —factory—story—以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，f變v加esthief—wolf—self —wife—life—shelf —leaf —half —knife—直接+sroof—proof—handkerchief—belief—gulf—名詞復(fù)數(shù)不規(guī)則變化常見特殊變化man—woman—policeman—child—tooth—goose—foot—mouse—單復(fù)數(shù)同形Chinese/Japanese/deer/sheep/fish只有復(fù)數(shù)沒有單數(shù)people/shoes/glasses/gloves/shorts/clothes/socks/trousers/pants/scissors/chopsticks可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞：普通考點(diǎn)可數(shù)名詞可以變復(fù)數(shù)形式不可數(shù)名詞沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，只有單數(shù)形式可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞atest,twotestshomeworkachair,threechairsfurnitureapieceofbread,afewpiecesofbreadbread注意：不可數(shù)名詞只有單數(shù)，不和a/an及數(shù)詞搭配使用。不可數(shù)名詞表示數(shù)量時(shí)，需要使用量詞。apieceofnews一條新聞twopiecesofbread兩塊面包threepiecesofpaper三張紙fourglassesofmilk四杯牛奶fivebottlesofwater五瓶水sixcupsoftea六杯茶食物相關(guān)的不可數(shù)名詞beef牛肉fish魚肉mutton羊肉beer啤酒food食物pork豬肉bread面包fruit水果rice米飯breakfast早餐honey蜂蜜salt鹽chicken雞肉jam果醬soup湯chocolate巧克力juice果汁sugar糖coffee咖啡lunch午餐tea茶coke可樂meat肉dinner晚餐milk牛奶自然相關(guān)的不可數(shù)名詞air空氣light光water水fog霧rain雨weather天氣grass草snow雪wind風(fēng)ice冰time時(shí)間具體事物相關(guān)的不可數(shù)名詞equipment設(shè)備ink墨水newspaper報(bào)紙furniture家具jewelry珠寶paper紙hair頭發(fā)money錢powder粉末homework作業(yè)music音樂housework家務(wù)news新聞抽象概念相關(guān)的不可數(shù)名詞advice建議justice正義science科學(xué)business商業(yè)kindness善良strength力量experience經(jīng)驗(yàn)knowledge知識(shí)truth真理fun樂趣literature文學(xué)vocabulary詞匯help幫助population人口wisdom智慧honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)progress進(jìn)步work工作information信息scenery風(fēng)景練習(xí)三：改正句子中名詞的錯(cuò)誤Twoweekhavefourteenday.Someyoungchildhaveproblemswiththeirtooth.Wehaveoneteachersfortwohoureverymorning.Somepeoplesprefertodotheirhomeworkslateatnight.Howmanydayarethereinayears?專有名詞的書寫規(guī)則專有名詞指特定的人物、事物或地點(diǎn)的名字單個(gè)詞匯的專有名詞首字母大寫多個(gè)詞匯的專有名詞每個(gè)單詞首字母大寫名詞專有名詞acityBeijing,Shanghai,NewYork,TokyonamesDr.Brown,Mr.Nelson,MichaelJamestimeMonday,Tuesday,March,AugustlanguagesChinese,English,Japanese,Korean月份與星期的名稱Monday星期一Tuesday星期二Wednesday星期三Thursday星期四Friday星期五Saturday星期六Sunday星期日J(rèn)anuary一月February二月March三月April四月May五月June六月July七月August八月September九月October十月November十一月December十二月人名的書寫方法外國(guó)人名Michael名James姓中國(guó)人名XiHuang/HuangXi QiongjiaoPeng/PengQiongjiaoYiSima/SimaYi動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)作的名詞形式：重要考點(diǎn)read動(dòng)詞—reading名詞write動(dòng)詞—writing名詞learn動(dòng)詞—learning名詞collect動(dòng)詞—collection名詞（盡量先填collection，而不是collecting）注意：如果某個(gè)動(dòng)詞有專屬的名詞形式，則避免使用動(dòng)名詞。冠詞：對(duì)名詞進(jìn)行限制不定冠詞a/an 定冠詞the 零冠詞/注意：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞禁止裸奔，必須加限制詞限制詞的種類1.冠詞atable/thetable2.指向形容詞thistable/thattable/thesetables3.歸屬形容詞mytable/yourtable/histable4.數(shù)量詞onetable/twotables5.冠詞+形容詞aredtable/awoodentable注意：復(fù)數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞可以使用the，不適用a/an，不一定需要限制詞(the)money/somemoney/alotofmoney/muchmoney/littlemoneyMoneyisgreat.不定冠詞a/an 不確定某一個(gè)general概括性的Iwanttoseeamoviethisweekend.元音音素前使用an，輔音音素前使用a.特別：auniversity/ju:/ auniquepersonanumbrella anuncleanhour anhonestboyahalf元音/元音字母：a,e,i,o,u,h定冠詞the 確定這個(gè)/那個(gè) specific具體Iwanttoseethemoviethisweekend.aman某一個(gè)人（不知道是誰(shuí)，任何一個(gè)人）theman這個(gè)人/那個(gè)人（很明確的，唯一）答案練習(xí)一：找出句子里的名詞（括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字是句子中名詞數(shù)量的提示）Whatisyourfavoritefood?(1)Thisisanexcellentquestion.(1)Myfavoritefoodforbreakfastisasandwichwitheggs.(4)Myfavoritefoodforlunchissalad.(3)Myfavoritefoodfordinnerischickenwithlemonsandredpeppers.(5)Myfavoritefoodfordesertischocolate.(3)Chocolateisthebestfood.(2)Ieatchocolateeveryday.(2)練習(xí)二：名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化1.在詞尾直接+sshop —shops desk —deskscomputer— computers school—schools face —faces house—houses以s、x、ch、sh結(jié)尾的詞，在詞尾加esbus —buseswatch—watchesbox —boxesbrush—brushes以o結(jié)尾的詞，有生命的加es，無(wú)生命的加stomato—tomatoeshero —heroesradio—radioszoo —zoospotato—potatoesNergo—Nergosphoto—photospiano—pianos以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞，y變i加esbaby—babiescity —citiesfactory—factoriesstory—stories以f或fe結(jié)尾的詞，f變v加esthief—thieveswolf—wolvesself —selveswife—wiveslife—livesshelf —shelvesleaf —leaveshalf —halvesknife—knives直接+sroof—roofsproof—proofshandkerchief—handkerchi