第十講：進(jìn)出口貿(mào)過(guò)程易

GeneralProceduresofExportandImportTransactionGeneralProceduresOfExportTransactionsGeneralProceduresof

ExportandImportTransactionPreparationforTransaction1BusinessNegotiation2SigningContract3ImplementationofContract41.GeneralProceduresofExportStep1Step2Step3Step4MarketResearchResearchontheCountriesorRegionsResearchontheMarketResearchontheCustomerSelectCustomerCreditInformation3CPrinciple：Credit、Capital、CapacityImplementexportplanGoodsPlaceQuantityPricePaymentNegotiatetermsoftransactionQuality、Quantity、PackingTradeTerms、PricePaymentTransportation、Insurance1.1ResearchontheCountriesorRegionspolitical,financialandeconomicconditions;policies,lawsandregulationsgoverningforeigntrade,foreignexchangecontrol,customstariffsandcommercialpractices;foreigntradesituation(thestructure,quantity,volumeofexportingandimportingcommodities,tradingpartnersandtraderestrictions,etc.).1.2ResearchontheMarketproductionconsumptionpriceanditstrendthemajorimportingorexportingcountriesofaparticularcommoditymarketingandpromotionTheFourP’s:ProductPricePlacePromotion

1.3ResearchontheCustomercreditinformationofthecustomerreputationsizeofhisbusinesshowhepayshisaccountsinformationabouthistradeactivities.HowtoObtainCustomer’sInformation業(yè)務(wù)函電往來(lái)

通過(guò)銀行調(diào)查

與客戶(hù)談判的材料

國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)出版物

工商團(tuán)體證信機(jī)構(gòu)

我國(guó)駐外經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)

ResourcesSpecimenLetter

(Seller’slettertohisbankmanager,askingforinformation)DearSir,IamthinkingofgrantingcredittoMessrs…of…whomIhaveonlyslightknowledgegainedduringafewmonthsoftradingonacashbasis.

Ifyoucanfindoutanythingabouttheirfinancialandcreditstanding,Ishallbeverygratefultoyou.Theygivemeonlytheirbankers,The…Bankof…asareference,andtheyestimatetheirmonthlyordersatabout800pounds.Ihopethatyouwillbeabletoassistme.Yoursfaithfully,SpecimenLetter(favorablereply)

DearSirs,Withreferencetoyourenquiryof…concerningthefirmsnamedontheenclosedslip,wecanadviseyouthattheyareoldestablisheddealersofthehighestreputeandcreditstanding,andareconsideredsafeforthecredityoumention.Thisinformationisforyourownuseonlyandisgivenwithoutresponsibility.Yoursfaithfully,SpecimenLetter

(unfavorablereply)DearSirs,ReplyingtoyourenquiryDD/CCof…weregrettosaythatwecannotgiveinformationinthiscase.Wewouldadviseyoutoactwithcaution.Yoursfaithfully,2.BusinessNegotiationAcceptanceCounter-offerOfferInquiry接受還盤(pán)發(fā)盤(pán)詢(xún)盤(pán)

BusinessNegotiation

Thenegotiationisthedealingsbetweenseller(orexporter)andbuyer(orimporter)inordertoreachanagreementofthetermsinrespectofquality,quantity,packing,price,shipment,insurance,payment,inspection,claimanddisputes,arbitration,forcemajeure,etc.

Onlywhenthepartiesallagreeonthevarioustermsconsultedcanthebusinessbedoneandthecontractofsalesconcluded.Businessnegotiationcanbeconductedthroughcorrespondence,telephone,cableortelex.2.1Enquiry

Anenquiryisarequestforbusinessinformation,suchaspricelists,catalogues,samplesanddetailsaboutthegoodsortradeterms.Itcanbemadebyeithertheimporterortheexporter.Onreceivingtheenquiry,itisaregularpracticethattheexportershouldreplytoitwithoutdelaytostartthenegotiation.2.1EnquiryItshouldbenotedthatwhoevermakesanenquiryisnotliableforthebuyingortheselling,andtheoppositeparty,inthemeantime,canmakenoreplyatall.Butaccordingtothecommercialpracticethereceiverofanenquirywillrespondwithoutdelayintheusualformofaquotation,anoffer,orabid.ENQUIRIES買(mǎi)方詢(xún)盤(pán)請(qǐng)報(bào)中國(guó)松香5/6月裝運(yùn)100公噸CIF倫敦。

PLSQUOTELOWESTPRICECFRSINGAPOREFOR500PCSFLYINGPIGEONBRANDBICYCLESMAYSHIPMENTCABLEPROMPTLY(請(qǐng)報(bào)500輛飛鴿牌自行車(chē)成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)至新加坡的最低價(jià)，五月裝運(yùn)，盡速電告)賣(mài)方詢(xún)盤(pán)可供中國(guó)綠茶8月裝運(yùn)，如有興趣請(qǐng)遞盤(pán)（電告）。CANSUPPLYALUMINIUMINGOT99PCTJULYSHIPMENTPLSCABLEIFINTERESTED（可供99%鋁錠，七月份裝運(yùn)，如有興趣請(qǐng)電告）Specimenletters(aninquiry)DearSirs,Messrs.Brown&Clarkofthiscityinformusthatyouareexportersofallcottonbed-sheetsandpillowcases.Wewouldliketosendusdetailsofyourvariousranges,includingsizes,colorsandprices,andalsosamplesofthedifferentqualitiesofmaterialused.Specimenletters(aninquiry)Wearelargedealersintextilesandbelievethereisapromisingmarketinourareaformoderatelypricedgoodsofthekindmentioned.Whenreplying,pleasestateyourtermsofpaymentanddiscountyouwouldallowonpurchaseofquantitiesofnotlessthan100dozenofindividualitems.PricesquotedshouldincludeinsuranceandfreighttoLiverpool.yoursfaithfully,2.2Offer

AccordingtoUnitedNationsConventiononContractsforSaleofGoods,aproposalforconcludingacontractaddressedtooneormorespecificpersonsconstitutesanofferifitissufficientlydefiniteandindicatestheintentionoftheofferortobeboundincaseofacceptance.發(fā)盤(pán)（Offer）又稱(chēng)發(fā)價(jià)、要約，交易的一方向?qū)Ψ教岢鲑I(mǎi)賣(mài)某種商品的各項(xiàng)交易條件，并愿意按照這些條件達(dá)成交易，訂立合同的一種肯定明確的表示。法律后果：發(fā)盤(pán)一經(jīng)發(fā)出，即具有法律約束，在其有效期內(nèi)發(fā)盤(pán)人不得任意撤銷(xiāo)或修改。發(fā)盤(pán)一經(jīng)受盤(pán)人在有效期內(nèi)表示無(wú)條件的接受，發(fā)盤(pán)人將承擔(dān)按發(fā)盤(pán)條件與受盤(pán)人訂立合同的法律責(zé)任，合同成立后對(duì)雙方都有法律約束力。構(gòu)成發(fā)盤(pán)的條件條件1發(fā)盤(pán)要向一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上特定的受盤(pán)人提出條件2發(fā)盤(pán)內(nèi)容必須十分確定a.標(biāo)明貨物的名稱(chēng)b.明示或默示地規(guī)定貨物的數(shù)量或規(guī)定數(shù)量的方法c.明示或默示地規(guī)定貨物的價(jià)格或規(guī)定明確價(jià)格的方法條件3發(fā)盤(pán)要表明一經(jīng)受盤(pán)人接受，發(fā)盤(pán)人即受約束的意旨《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約》規(guī)定：FirmOfferandNon-firmOffer

Afirmoffer

isakindofofferwhichismadetoaspecificpersonorpersonstoexpressorimplyadefiniteintentionoftheofferortomakeacontractunderaclear,completeandfinaltradeterms.

Onceitisunconditionallyacceptedbytheoffereewithinitsvalidity,thisfirmoffercannotberevokedoramendedandisbindingonbothofferorandofferee.Thenthetransactioniscompletedandacontractisconcludedrightaway.Afirmofferlapseswhenitexceedsthetermsofvalidity.Thelapsedofferisnolongerbindingontheofferor.Atthismoment,eveniftheoffereeexpresseshisacceptance,theofferorisentitledtorefuseit.

實(shí)盤(pán)示例“茲發(fā)盤(pán)1000打運(yùn)動(dòng)衫，規(guī)格按3月1日樣品，每打CIF紐約80美元，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)出口包裝，5-6月裝運(yùn)，以不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證支付，限4月20日復(fù)到有效?！?/p>

“可供青島絲綢800公斤，28.5×49每公斤8美元，F(xiàn)OB青島，5/6月裝運(yùn)，不可撤銷(xiāo)信用證付款?！盨pecimenletters(afirmoffer)DearSirs,Weareverypleasedtoreceiveyourenquiryof15thJanuaryandencloseourillustratedcatalogueandpricelistgivingthedetailsyouaskfor.Alsobyseparatepostwearesendingyousomesamplesandfeelconfidentthatwhenyouhaveexaminedthemyouwillagreethatthegoodsarebothexcellentinqualityandreasonableinprice.Specimenletters(afirmoffer)Onregularpurchasesinquantitiesofnotlessthan100dozenofindividualitemswewouldallowyouadiscountof2%.PaymentistobemadebyirrevocableL/Catsight.Becauseoftheirsoftnessanddurability,ourallcottonbed-sheetsandpillowcasesarerapidlybecomingpopularandafterstudyingourpricesyouwilllearnthatwearefindingitdifficulttomeetthedemand.Specimenletters(afirmoffer)

Butifyouplaceyourordernotlaterthantheendofthismonth,wewouldensurepromptshipment.Weinviteyourattentiontoourotherproductssuchastable-clothandtablenapkins,detailsofwhichyouwillfindinthecatalogue,andlookforwardtoreceivingyourfirstorder.YoursFaithfully,Non-firmoffer

Anon-firmoffer

isanofferwithoutengagement.Itisunclear,incompleteandwithreservation.Ithasnobindingforceupontheofferor.Thetradetermsarenotindicatedclearlyanddefinitely.Thecontentisnotsocompletedasthatofafirmoffer.Ithasnotermofvalidity.Non-firmofferMoreover,theofferormakestheofferwithreservation:theofferissubjecttohisfinalconfirmation.Soanon-firmofferoftenbearssuchwording“thisofferissubjecttoourfinalconfirmation”,or“thepricesaresubjecttochangewithoutnotice”.Specimenletters(anon-firmoffer)

Gentlemen:DriedApricotWithoutPit

InreplytoyourletterofAugust15th,wearemakingyouanoffer,subjecttoourfinalconfirmation,asfollows:Commodity:DriedApricotWithoutPitof2000crop

Specification:Asperattachedbrochure

Specimenletters(anon-firmoffer)

Packing:250gtoaplasticbag,100bagstoacartonQuantity:400cartonsPrice:US$75netpercartonCFRJiddaShipment:September/October,2000Payment:byconfirmedirrevocableletterofcreditpayablebydraftatsighttobeopenedinourfavour,30daysbeforethetimeofshipment.Specimenletters(anon-firmoffer)

Underseparatecover,wehavesentyousamplesofourvariouskindsofcannedfoodandotherdriedfruits.Ifyouhaveanyotherquestionspleasedonothesitatetowriteus.Ifyoufindtheaboveacceptable,pleasecableusforconfirmation.YoursFaithfully,發(fā)盤(pán)的生效（1）口頭發(fā)盤(pán)自對(duì)方了解發(fā)盤(pán)內(nèi)容時(shí)生效（2）書(shū)面發(fā)盤(pán)a.投郵（發(fā)信）主義——英美法系b.到達(dá)（受信）主義——大陸法系（3）數(shù)據(jù)電文形式進(jìn)入特定系統(tǒng)時(shí)間發(fā)盤(pán)的有效期（1）口頭發(fā)盤(pán)除發(fā)盤(pán)人發(fā)盤(pán)時(shí)另有聲明外，受盤(pán)人只能當(dāng)場(chǎng)表示接受，方為有效（2）書(shū)面發(fā)盤(pán)a.規(guī)定最遲接受的期限例如:“發(fā)盤(pán)限5月1日復(fù)到我方有效”b.規(guī)定一段接受的期限例如:“發(fā)盤(pán)有效期為10天”或“發(fā)盤(pán)限10天回復(fù)”c.不明確規(guī)定有效期限，在合理時(shí)間內(nèi)有效思考題

一法國(guó)商人于某日上午走訪我國(guó)外貿(mào)企業(yè)洽購(gòu)某商品。我方口頭發(fā)盤(pán)后，對(duì)方未置可否，當(dāng)日下午法商再次來(lái)訪表示無(wú)條件接受我方上午的發(fā)盤(pán)。此時(shí)，我方已獲知該項(xiàng)商品的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)價(jià)格有趨漲的跡象。對(duì)此，你認(rèn)為我方應(yīng)如何處理為好，為什么？分析

中國(guó)與法國(guó)均系《聯(lián)合國(guó)國(guó)際貨物銷(xiāo)售合同公約》締約國(guó)，洽談過(guò)程中，雙方對(duì)《公約》均未排除或作出任何保留。因此，雙方當(dāng)事人均應(yīng)受該《公約》約束。按《公約》規(guī)定：對(duì)口頭要約，須立即接受方能成立合同。據(jù)此，我方鑒于市場(chǎng)有趨漲跡象，可以予以拒絕或提高售價(jià)繼續(xù)洽談。發(fā)盤(pán)的撤回與撤銷(xiāo)公約規(guī)定，發(fā)盤(pán)在未生效之前，可撤回，如果撤回通知早于或同時(shí)于原發(fā)盤(pán)送達(dá)受盤(pán)人（1）撤回

Withdrawal（2）撤銷(xiāo)

Revocation發(fā)盤(pán)在生效之后、未接受之前，可以撤銷(xiāo)，如果撤銷(xiāo)通知在受盤(pán)人發(fā)出接受通知前送達(dá)受盤(pán)人思考：A公司可以撤銷(xiāo)發(fā)盤(pán)嗎？

2月11日A公司向海外B公司發(fā)盤(pán)：H型壓縮機(jī)50臺(tái)，每臺(tái)100美元CIF紐約，6月1日前裝運(yùn)，限2月15日復(fù)到。2月12日，國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上，壓縮機(jī)開(kāi)始漲價(jià)，到了2月13日已經(jīng)上漲了20%，此時(shí)B公司來(lái)電對(duì)A公司2月11日的發(fā)盤(pán)表示接受。A公司立即向B公司去電撤銷(xiāo)其2月11日的發(fā)盤(pán)。發(fā)盤(pán)的失效ONETWOTHREEFOURFIVE有效期已過(guò)受盤(pán)人拒絕或還盤(pán)發(fā)盤(pán)人依法撤銷(xiāo)發(fā)盤(pán)人或受盤(pán)人在發(fā)盤(pán)被接受前喪失行為能力發(fā)生不可抗力事件2.3Counter-offer

Areplytoanofferwhichpurportstobeanacceptancebutcontainsadditions,limitationsorothermodificationsisarejectionoftheofferandconstitutesacounter-offer.Thismeanstheoffereedeclinesthetermsoftheoffer.Therefore,acounter-offeris,infact,anewofferand,atthesametime,theoriginalofferlapses.2.3Counter-offer

Additionalordifferentterms,putforwardbytheofferee,relatingtotheprice,payment,qualityandquantityofthegoods,placeandtimeofdelivery,extentofoneparty’sliabilitytotheotherorthesettlementofdisputesareconsideredtoalterthetermsofoffermaterially.2.3Counter-offer

Onreceivingthecounter-offer,theofferormayweightheadvantagesanddisadvantagesanddecidetoacceptordeclineitaccordingtothespecificsituation.Hemayalsomakeare-offertoputforwardsomenewtermsorconditions.Thisiscalledan“anti-counter-offer”.OfferandCounter-offerOfferorOffereeOffer(newofferor)(newofferee)Counter-offer(newofferor)(newofferee)AntiCounter-offer還盤(pán)示例你10日電收悉，還盤(pán)每打70美元CIF紐約。你10日電收悉，裝運(yùn)期5月D/P遠(yuǎn)期30天。YOURCABLE10THCOUNTEROFFERUSD70PERDOZENCIFNEWYORK（你10日電收悉，還盤(pán)每打70美元CIF紐約）YOURCABLE10THMAYSHIPMENTD/P30DAYS（你10日電收悉，裝運(yùn)期5月D/P遠(yuǎn)期30天）Specimenletter(acounter-offer)DearSirs,“D.D”RaincoatsThankyouforyourletterofJune25offeringusyour“D.D”brandraincoats.Tobecandidwithyou,welikeyourraincoats,butyourpricesappeartobeonthehighsideascomparedwiththoseofothermakes.Itisunderstoodthattoacceptthepricesyouquotedwouldleaveuslittleornomarginofprofitonoursales.AsyouknowKuwaitSpecimenletter(acounter-offer)isadevelopingcountry;itsprincipaldemandisforarticlesinthemediumpricerange.Weappreciateyourpromptresponsetoourenquiryandwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoconcludesometransactionswithyou.Wewouldtherefore,suggestthatyoumakesomeallowance,say10%onyourquotedpricessoastoenableustointroduceyourproductstoourcustomers.If,however,youcannotdoso,thenweshallhavenoalternativebuttoleavethebusinessasitis.Specimenletter(acounter-offer)foryourinformation,someparcelsformHongKonghavebeensoldhereatamuchlowerprice.Wehopeyouwillconsiderourcounterofferfavorablyandletushaveyouracceptancebyfax.Itmayinterestyoutoknowthatonceyouhaveopenedupamarkethere,youwouldhaveeveryadvantageofdevelopingabeneficialtradeintheGulf.Yourssincerely,2.4Acceptance

Acceptanceisastatementmadebyorotherconductoftheoffereeindicatingunconditionalassenttoanoffer.Anacceptanceoraconfirmationisinfactanunreservedassentofthebuyersorthesellers,whoaftermutualnegotiationsarewillingtoenterintoacontractinaccordancewithtermsandconditionsagreedupon.構(gòu)成有效接受的條件4.接受通知的傳遞方式應(yīng)符合發(fā)盤(pán)的要求。（投郵生效；到達(dá)生效）2.接受必須同意發(fā)盤(pán)所提出的交易條件1.接受必須由特定受盤(pán)人做出3.必須在發(fā)盤(pán)規(guī)定的時(shí)效內(nèi)做出Accordingtothepracticeinforeigntrade,anacceptanceshouldabide:

Anacceptancemustbeabsoluteandunconditional.

Itshouldbeanunreservedassenttoallthetermsputforwardintheoffer.Inprinciple,ifanyadditions,modificationsorlimitationstotheofferaremadetheyareacounter-offer,andnotanacceptance.Accordingtothepracticeinforeigntrade,anacceptanceshouldabide:

Anacceptancecanbemadebyanactperformedbyanofferee,

suchasonerelatingtothedispatchofthegoodsorpaymentoftheprice.Inthisway,theoffereemayindicateassentwithoutnoticetotheofferor.Theacceptanceiseffectiveatthemomenttheactisperformed,providedthattheactisperformedwithinthestipulatedperiodoftime.Accordingtothepracticeinforeigntrade,anacceptanceshouldabide:

Anacceptancemustbeclearlyexpressedbytheofferee’sverbalorwrittenstatement.

Silenceorinactivityisbynomeansanacceptance.

Anacceptancemustbemadebyoffereewithinthevalidperiodofafirmoffer.

Asarule,anacceptancegoesintoeffectimmediatelyassoonasitreachestheofferor.Specimenletter(anacceptance)DearSirs,WearegladtoknowfromyourletterofJuly10ththatyouhaveacceptedourofferdatedJuly4th.Inreply,weconfirmhavingsoldtoyou15,000metrictonsofsmallredbeansonthefollowingtermsandconditions:Specimenletter(anacceptance)Price:atUS$400permetrictonCFRSeattle.Packing:ingunnybagsofabout50kilogramsneteach.Quality:FAQ1998.Shipment:tobeeffectedfromShanghaitoSeattleduringDecember1998.Payment:byaconfirmedandirrevocableletterofcreditinourfavor,payablebydraftatsight.Specimenletter(anacceptance)Wearepleasedtohavetransactedthisfirstbusinesswithyouandlookforwardtothefurtherexpansionoftradetoourmutualbenefit.Yoursfaithfully,3.SigningContract

WhatIsaContract?Acontractisanagreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatisenforceableinacourtoflaw.Ininternationaltrade,exportandimportcontractincludes:contract,confirmation,agreementandmemorandum.國(guó)際貨物買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同的基本形式合同形式書(shū)面形式合同確認(rèn)書(shū)協(xié)議備忘錄意向書(shū)訂單委托訂單口頭形式以行動(dòng)表示國(guó)際貨物貿(mào)易合同示例賣(mài)方：_____地址：_______郵碼：_____電話：_____

法定代表人：____________職務(wù)：____________乙方：______地址：______郵碼：______電話：_____

法定代表人：____________職務(wù)：____________經(jīng)賣(mài)買(mǎi)雙方友好協(xié)商一致同意成交下列商品，訂立條款如下，共同遵守：

1.商品：2.規(guī)格：3.數(shù)量：4.單價(jià)：

5.總價(jià)：U.S.D(大寫(xiě)：)6.包裝：7.裝運(yùn)期：

8.裝運(yùn)口岸和目的地：9.保險(xiǎn)：10.付款條件：11.裝船標(biāo)記及交貨條件：貨運(yùn)標(biāo)記由賣(mài)方指定。

12.注意：開(kāi)立信用證時(shí)請(qǐng)注明合同編號(hào)號(hào)碼。

賣(mài)方：______買(mǎi)方：______

代表：_______代表：________

簽約日期：____年__月__日約首正文約尾4.ImplementationofContract出口合同的履行程序1.PreparingGoodsforShipment2.Reminding,ExaminingandModifyingL/C3.InspectionApplication5.CustomsFormalities6.Insurance7.DocumentsPreparationforBankNegotiation8.SettlementofDisputes4.CharteringandBookingShippingSpace4.1PreparingGoodsforShipment

Afteracontractismade,itisthemaintaskfortheexportertopreparethegoodsforshipmentandcheckthemagainstthetermsstipulatedinthecontract.Thequality,specification,quantity,markingandthepackingshouldbeinlinewiththecontractortheL/C,thedateforthepreparationshouldagreewiththeshippingschedule.4.2InspectionApplication

Ifrequiredbythestipulationsofthestatesorthecontract,theexportershouldobtainacertificateofinspectionfromtheinstitutionsconcernedwherethegoodsareinspected.Usually,thecommoditywillbereleasedonlyaftertheissuanceoftheinspectioncertificatebytheinspectionorganization.4.3Reminding,ExaminingandAmendingofLetterofCredit(L/C)Ininternationaltrade,abanker’sletterofcreditiscommonlyusedforthepaymentofthepurchaseprice.Inthecourseoftheperformanceofcontract,oneofthenecessarystepsfortheselleristourgethebuyertoestablishL/C.Accordingtothecontract,thebuyershouldestablishtheL/Contime,butsometimeshemaydelayitforvariousreasons.Forthesafecollectionofpayment,thesellerhastourgethebuyertoexpeditetheopeningofL/C.Uponreceiptofaletterofcredit,thesellermustexamineitverycarefullytomakesurethatalltermsandconditionsarestipulatedinaccordancewiththecontract.Ifanydiscrepanciesexist,thesellershouldcontactthebuyerimmediatelyfornecessaryamendmentssoastoguaranteethesmoothexecutionofthecontract.4.4Charteringand

BookingShippingSpaceAfterreceivingtherelevantL/C,theexportershouldcontracttheship’sagentsortheshippingcompanyforthecharteringandthebookingofshippingspaceandpreparefortheshipmentinaccordancewiththeimporter’sshippinginstruction.Charteringisrequiredforgoodsoflargequantitywhichneedsfullshipload;andforgoodsinsmallquantities,spacebookingwouldbeenough.4.5CustomsFormalities

Beforethegoodsareloaded,certainproceduresincustomsformalitieshavetobecompleted.Asrequired,completedformgivingparticularsofthegoodsexportedtogetherwiththecopyofthecontractofsale,invoice,packinglist,weighmemo,commodityinspectioncertificateandotherrelevantdocuments,havetobelodgedwiththeCustoms.4.5CustomsFormalities

Afterthegoodsareonboard,theshippingcompanyortheship’sagentwillissueabillofladingwhichisareceiptevidencingtheloadingofthegoodsonboardtheship.

出口貨物報(bào)關(guān)單示例4.6InsuranceTheexporttradeissubjecttomanyrisks.Forexample,shipsmaysinkorconsignmentsmaybedamagedintransit,exchangeratesmayalter,buyersdefaultorgovernmentsuddenlyimposeanembargo,etc.Itiscustomarytoinsurancegoodssoldforexportagainsttheperilsofthejourney.Thecoverpaidforwillvaryaccordingtothetypeofgoodsandthecircumstances.Iftheexporterhasboughtinsuranceforthegoods,hewillbereimbursedforthelosses.4.7DocumentsPreparationforBankNegotiationweightmemoinsurancepolicycertificateoforiginbillofladingcommercialinvoicecertificateofinspectionpackinglistCorrect/completeConcise/clean4.8SettlementofDisputes

Sometimescomplaintsorclaiminevitablyariseinspiteofthecarefulperformanceofacontractbytheexporterandimporter.

Reasons

:moreorlessquantitydelivered,wronggoodsdelivered,poorpacking,inferiorquality,discrepancybetweenthesamplesandthegoodswhichactuallyarrived,delayinshipment,etc.4.8SettlementofDisputes

Inaccordancewithspecificconditions,complaintsandclaimsmaybemadetotheexporter,importer,insurancecompanyorshippingcompany.Oncedisputesarise,itisadvisedthatarbitrationisbetterthanlitigation,andconciliationisbetterthanarbitration.

negotiation>conciliation>arbitration>litigation

5.GeneralProceduresofImportTransactiontoconductmarketinvestigationtoformulateimportplanforacertaincommoditytosendinquiriestotheprospectivesellersoverseastocompareandanalyzetheoffersorquotationsreceivedtomakecounter-offersanddecideonwhichofferismostbeneficialGeneralProceduresofImportTransaction5.GeneralProceduresofImportTransactiontosignapurchasecontracttoapplytoabankforopeningaletterofcredittobookshippingspaceorcharteracarryingvesselfortakingoverthecargoes,ifthecontractisintermsofFOBtoeffectinsurancewiththeinsurancecompanyuponreceiptofshippingadvicetoapplyforinspectionifnecessarytoattendtocustomsformalitiestoclearthegoodsthroughtheCustomstoentrustforwardingagentswithallthetransportarrangementsfromtheporttotheend-user’swarehousetosettledisputes(ifany)進(jìn)口合同的履行6.進(jìn)口索賠1.開(kāi)證5.報(bào)關(guān)/報(bào)驗(yàn)/接貨

4.審單/付款/贖單2.租船/訂艙/催裝3.投保Procedures進(jìn)口合同的履行程序6.OrganizationsInvolvedin

ExportandImportTransactionTheexportersTheshippingagentsattheportorairportofloadingTherailways(insomecases)intheexporter’scountryTheroadhauler(insomecases)intheexporter’scountryTheportauthorityTheshippingcompany(forseafreight)Theairline(forairfreight)TheinsurancecompanyorbrokersTheexporter’sbankTheimporter’sbankTherailways(insomecases)intheimporters’countryTheroadhauler(insomecases)intheimporters’countryTheshippingagentattheportorairportofdischargeTheimporters7.SpecialistsInvolvedin

ExportandImportTransaction

Ashippingagentand/orfreightforwarder

(forwardingagent)willtakeresponsibilityforthedocumentationandarrangeforthegoodstobeshippedbyair,sea,railorroad.Theseservicesmaybecarriedoutbythesupplier’sownexportdepartment,iftheyhavetheexpertise